Master of Engineering (Civil)

INNOVATION IN COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

KKKA6263

PROJECT 1

Prepared for Prof Fauzi Zain

Prepared by :
Name : ID
Abdulrahman Omar Ameen: P113892
Ameen Rami Ghazi Mohammed: P114292
Kareem Abdulla Abduljabbar Noman: P113957

2021/2022
 State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious
Composites

Abstract
Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is a type of high-performance fibre reinforced
cementitious composite that has no more than 2% fibre content. ECC is well-known for
having a high ductility and strength. This study discusses the many types of fibres utilized
in ECC, as well as the improved mechanical qualities of ECC. In addition, the paper
discusses some of the different applications of ECC in construction. The kind and qualities
of fibres have a substantial impact on the properties of ECC, as demonstrated in this article
review.

State Of Art Review Paper On Natural Fiber Reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites I
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2

2 Fibre used in ECC............................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Basalt Fibre ................................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Steel Fibre ................................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Hybrid Fibre ................................................................................................................ 4

2.4 Polyethylene Fibre....................................................................................................... 4

2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibre .............................................................................................. 5

2.6 Polypropylene Fiber .................................................................................................... 5

3 Enhanced Properties of Fibre ............................................................................................. 6

4 Application of ECC ............................................................................................................ 9

5 Conclusion and recommendation ..................................................................................... 10

6 References ........................................................................................................................ 12

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 1
1 Introduction
Concrete is one of the most used and oldest building materials in the world. Concrete is
made up of fine and coarse materials that are held together by a cement paste made up of
cement and water and can be shaped and sized to fit any need. Concrete is appropriate for
use as a building material. Since then, concrete has gained several advantages, including
high and absolute fire resistance, resistance to wind and water, and low maintenance costs.
Concrete. On the other hand, is notorious for having a poor tensile strength in comparison
to compressive strength [1]. As a result, conventional concrete is regarded brittle and hard,
and it is also nearly difficult to bend [2]. If this property is used on construction sites, it
may cause certain issues. As a result, various novel concrete technologies and current
concrete specification methodologies have been developed. Japan produced a new family
of cementitious materials in the latter few years of the 20th century and the first few years
of the current decade. High-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites
(HPFRCC) was the name given to this family at first. The key advantages of this material
are its outstanding tensile strength and good durability under diverse exposure situations.
Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) are a specific family of high-performance
fiber-reinforced cement composites created in the United States based on micromechanical
concepts [3]. Figure 1 shows an example of Engineered Cementitious Composites vs
Conventional Concrete.

Figure 1:Engineered Cementitious Composites vs Conventional Concrete

Engineered Cementations Composites (ECC) also known as strain hardening cement-

based composites (SHCC) or more popularly as bendable concrete. ECC was introduced
first by Victor Li in the early 1990s at Michigan University, USA [4]. Li et al. [5] and Li
[6] developed ECC based on the micromechanics principle, fiber crack bridging behaviour,

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 2
 multiple cracks, and pseudo-strain hardening. The basic approach to ECC development is
generally aimed at generating mutual mechanical interactions between the fiber, matrix,
and fiber- matrix interfaces, as well as improving ductility and tensile strength. Engineered
cementitious composite (ECC) is a cement-based material having a fibre content of less
than 2% by volume fraction or less than 2% by weight [6]. The mechanical properties of
ECC are controlled by the type, shape, and volume percent of the components employed
in the mixture, and the mechanical properties of the material are impacted greatly by the
fibre characteristics. Apart from that, the most common fibres used are a form of polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA), although other fibres such as high-strength polyethylene (PE) fibre, steel
(SE) fibre, or polypropylene (PP) fibre have also been employed [7]. Li, V. C tabulated
the major mechanical features of the ECC shown in Table 1. The use of fibres enhances the
concrete's strength and strain capacity, as well as its ability to absorb energy [8]. Therefore,
the energy absorbing properties of ECC make it extremely suitable for critical elements in
seismic areas [9].

Table 1: Mechanical properties of ECC shown by Li, V. C

Compressive First cracking Ultimate tensile Ultimate Young’s Flexural Density

strength strength strength tensile strain modulus strength
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (%) (GPa) (MPa) (kg/m3)

20-95 3-7 4-12 1-8 18-34 10-30 950-2300

It's worth noting that the ECC's qualities can be tweaked utilizing micromechanical
approaches. Even greater mechanical qualities than those in Table 1 may be expected in
the future, depending on demand and advanced technology [10].

2 Fibre used in ECC

The biggest concern with concrete is cracking, which increase the possibility of steel bars
in concrete constructions corroding. Plastic shrinkage and settling cause the cracks to
appear. Furthermore, the cracks impair the concrete's equality. Therefore, fibers added to
cementitious composite to decrease the crack’s width. Fibers in the cementitious matrix act
as a bridge across fractures, preventing the crack from widening [11]. Additionally, fibres
increase the strength, strain capacity, and energy absorption of cementitious composites,
reducing the damage to a concrete part during impact [8]. ECC mixtures have employed a
variety of fibres, including polyethylene (PE) fibre, polypropylene (PP) fibre, polyvinyl

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 3
 alcohol (PVA) fibre, and steel (SE) fibre [12]. Sample of fibers used in previous studies
are shown in table 2

2.1 Basalt Fibre

Basalt fibres are a relatively new form of fibre that has recently been employed in
composites. Basalt fibres are known for their high tensile strength and are resistant to heat.
[13]. Basalt fibres are made by melting basalt ore at high temperatures of up to 1500
degrees Celsius and a spinneret is used to stretch melting basalt [14]. Due to their
hydrophilic character, Basalt fibres distributed freely throughout the concrete mix without
creating segregation [15].

2.2 Steel Fibre

Steel fibre may be used to boost the tensile strength of ECC due to its outstanding material
qualities [12]. As well as steel fibre boosts the flexural, impact, and fatigue strength of
composites in addition to tensile strength.

2.3 Hybrid Fibre

Adding high modulus fibres like carbon fibre and steel fibres boosted the bulk strength of
cementitious materials. Their significant brittleness. On the other hand, prevents ductility
or strain hardening. The addition of low modulus fibres such as Polyethylene and
Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers increased the ductility of cementitious materials [12]. According
to Ahmed and Maalej [16], the tensile strength of steel and Polyethylene fibre reinforced
ECC is higher than ECC reinforced with Polyethylene fibre solely, and it has superior
strain capacity than steel fibre reinforced ECC.

2.4 Polyethylene Fibre

Polyethylene (PE) fibre has a high modulus of elasticity and a high strength. Therefore,
PE fibres have been utilized to create ECC with increased tensile strength and ductility
[17]. Additionally, PE fibres have a high bridging capacity, which helps cementitious
composites to be more ductile [18]. Despite the fact that, PE fibre improves the mechanical
qualities of ECC, it is still expensive to employ in construction [12]. Furthermore, due to
their hydrophobic character, PE fibres do not have a strong enough connection with
cementitious matrix also PE fibre has a limited tolerance to high temperatures [13].

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 4
2.5 Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibre
Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibre (PVA fibres) are extensively utilized in ECC. PVA fibres,
according to Wang and Li [19], are the most suited polymeric fibres for the use as ECC
reinforcement. PVA fibers have a higher tensile strength. The PVA fibres tend to generate
molecular bonds in the matrix during the drying phase of the composite, in which it
increases the tensile strength and ductility of the matrix [20]. PVA fibre, on the other hand,
tends to boost ECC costs and it is not widely used [13]. According to Wang and Li [19]
PVA fibres prefer to break rather than be drawn out Because of its hydrophilic nature. In
addition to that, PVA fibres can alter the workability of ECC mix because to their
hydrophilic nature [21]. Li et al. [7] suggested coating the surface of PVA fibres with oil
to lessen the binding strength between them and the matrix.

2.6 Polypropylene Fiber

Polypropylene (PP) fibers have a low tensile strength and modulus of elasticity [13].
Therefore, the mechanical properties of PP in ECC are lower than other types of ECC like
PVA in ECC [22].

Table 2: Sample of fibers used in previous studies

Reference Fiber Length Dia. Tensile Modulus Fiber Density

type (mm) (μm) strength of elongation (g/cm3)
(MPa) Elasticity (%)
(GPa)
Abid et al. [23] PP 12 18 300-400 4 - 0.91
Du et al. [13] Basalt 12 16 2800 100 4 2.68
Liew et al. Reference PVA 18 200 1000 29 - 1.3
Fiber type steel 20 200 2300 200 - 7.86
MohammedLengthet(mm)
al. [24] PVA 12 40 1600 41 - 1.3
Dia. (μm) Tire wire 20 11-43 >1200 200 - 7.84
RanjithTensile strength
et al. [25] PP 12 - 600 5 25 0.91
(MPa) Modulus of Glass 12 - 2200 80 0-4 2.78
Elasticity
Soe et al. [12] Steel 12 200 2600 200 - 7.8
(GPa) PVA 8 39 1600 66 - 1.3
Wang et Fiber elongation PVA
al. [26] 12 39 1620 42.8 6 1.3
(%) Density (g/cm3)
steel 13 200 2850 200 - 7.8
Abid et al. [1]
basalt 12 13 1950 76.5 2.55 2.55
PP 12 18
Zhang et al. [14] Basalt 12 14.1 2230 85.8 2.85 2.695
300-400
Steel 13 200 2200 201 - 7.86
4 -
Zhu et 0.91
al. [22] PP 12 30 500 3.5 20 0.91
Du et al. [9]
Basalt 12 16
2800 100
4 2.68
Liew et al. [30]
PVA 18 200
1000 29 -
1.3 State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 5
steel 20
200 2300
3 Enhanced Properties of Fibre
Wang and Li [19] investigated the properties of designed cementitious composites
reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol fibres. They used polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a
reinforcement in designed cement composites. PVA fibre makes up 2% of the total
volume. Micromechanics models have shown to be a useful tool in PVA-ECC design. The
tensile behavior was studied, and the tensile strain capacity was found to be greater than
3%. The tensile strength rose from 3.0 to 5.4 MPa after 24 hours and 90 days. In terms of
compressive strength, it was around 65 MPa in the first 14 days. Following that, the
strength rise was substantially slower, and at 8 months, the strength was 75 MPa. Due to
the high binder concentration in ECC, the drying shrinkage of PVA-ECC M45 was up to
80 percent greater than conventional structural concrete. Under restrained shrinkage,
however, the cracking behavior of PVA-ECC M45 is substantially better than concrete
owing to strain hardening.

A Comparative Study of Polypropylene, Recron, and Steel Fiber Reinforced Engineered

Cementitious Composites was undertaken by Sasikala and Vimala [11]. The compressive
strength of steel fibre reinforced designed cementitious composites performs better in all
percentages, according to the study (0.5 percent, 1.0 percent, 1.5 percent, and 2.0 percent).
Steel fibre had 1.35 percent higher compressive strength than Recorn fibre at all
percentages of the combination. When it comes to flexural strength, the test findings reveal
that increasing the fibre percentage (0.5 percent, 1.0 percent, 1.5 percent, and 2.0 percent)
improved the flexural strength performance of fibre reinforced engineered cementitious
composites when compared to ordinary concrete. As for split tensile strength, The split
tensile strength of steel fibre was larger than Recron fibre and Polypropylene fibre at all
percentages of the combination. Steel fibre has stronger compressive and tensile strength
than Recron fibre and Polypropylene fibre, according to the research. Additionally,
Polypropylene fibre outperformed steel fibre and Recron fibre in terms of flexural strength.

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 6
The mechanical and electrical characterization of steel fibre and carbon black designed
cementitious composites was explored by Shia et al. [7]. The mechanical properties of two
types of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) were investigated in this study: SF-
ECC made with 0.58 percent steel fibre and 1.75 percent PVA, and CB-ECC made with a
1 percent weight ratio to cementitious materials and 1.75 percent PVA. The four-point
bending test was used to determine flexural strength. According to the results of the
experiments, SF-ECC has a higher stiffness but a poorer strain hardening behavior than
CB-ECC. The flexural strength of SF-ECC ranges between 9.93 MPa and 11.46 MPa,
while the flexural strength of CB-ECC is approximately half that of SF-ECC, ranging
between 5.48 MPa and 6.15 MPa. The large variation in flexural resistance is attributable
to the differential in steel fibres and CB powders, as the proportions of PVA fibres are the
same for these two ECC types.

SH et al. [28] looked into the use of natural and synthetic fibres in bendable concrete (Jute
and Nylon). 0 percent, 0.5 percent, 1 percent, and 1.5 percent fibre volume fractions were
considered in this study. In his paper, he determined the compressive, split tensile, and
flexural strengths of bendable concrete (ECC). When the compressive, split tensile, and
flexural strength of ECC specimens were compared to ordinary concrete, it was discovered
that adding nylon (1.5%) and jute fibres (1.5%) increased the compressive, split tensile,
and flexural strength. As a result, bendable concrete is found to be superior to ordinary
concrete, being more flexible to tolerate fractures and more effective in seismic zones.

Mohammed et al. [24] investigated hybrid fibre optimization in engineered cementitious

composites. Waste materials in the form of tire wires were combined with PVA fibres to
create a new hybrid fibre reinforced cementitious composite. The use of high and low
modulus fibres (Hybrid fibres) in ECC should enhance strength bulk strength, modulus of
elasticity, and strain capacity mainly for energy absorption. Tire wires (from 0% to 0.6%)
and PVA fibre (from 0% to 0.6%) were used (0 percent to 2.41 percent ). The compressive
strength of all mixtures increased with age, as expected. However, the compressive
strength of HFRECC samples ranged from 38 to 54 MPa, 69 to 90 MPa, and 78 to 102
MPa for 3, 28, and 90 days, respectively, according to the test findings. PVA fibres have
typically led to the creation of better strength than tire wire steel fibre. PVA fiber-
containing HFRECC combinations had lower compressive strength than fiber-free and tire
wire fiber-containing mixtures. This is due to the fact that PVA fibres create an increase
in porosity [29]. Flexural strength and direct tensile strength enhanced as hybrid fibre

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 7
content increased due to fibre bridging capabilities and matrix fiber interfacial interaction.
The PVA fibres aided in increasing the strain hardening component of the HFRECC and
were able to preserve up to 5% stain capacity. The ECC combination including 1.5 percent
PVA, and 0.5 percent tire wire performed better in terms of first crack and final flexural
strength.

Abid et al. [23] investigated the mechanical characteristics of engineered cementitious

composites (ECC) using polypropylene. The compressive strength result revealed that
changing the fibre percentage had no significant influence on compressive strength. For
various polypropylene fibres dosages, compressive strength values range from 42.6 to 45
MPa. As a result, the amount of PP fibre in ECC fibre composites has no influence on the
compressive strength. When compared to ordinary concrete, the split tensile strength of
PP-ECC performed better in all volume fractions. In terms of flexural strength, as the fibre
content increases, so does the strength.

Liew et al. [23] conducted an investigation to see how adding quartz powder affected the
compressive strength capacity and characteristics of FR-ECC utilizing polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) and steel fibres with volume fractions of 0 percent, 0.5 percent, 1.0 percent, 1.5
percent, and 2 percent. The compressive strength findings for the use of PVA fibres
revealed that the strength augmentation of the ECC was efficiently realized in
combinations including 0.5 percent, 1 percent, and 1.5 percent PVA fibre content. The
compressive strength of the combinations with 𝑣𝑓 of 1.5 percent was the best. The
compressive strength of mixtures with 𝑣𝑓 greater than 1.5 percent, which was reduced by
2 percent. The addition of quartz powder to the PVA fiber based ECC increased the
average compressive strength by 6.85%. The micro-steel fibres employed in this work
have a very high tensile strength of 2300 MPa, and the steel fibre type is hooked ends.
Steel fibers-ECC samples have a higher compressive strength than PVA fibres ECC
samples because to this circumstance. The steel fibers-ECC samples had the best
compressive strength when the 𝑣𝑓 was set at 2%. The addition of quartz powder to the
steel fiber based ECC, on the other hand, increased the average compressive strength by
8.09 percent.

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 8
4 Application of ECC
ECC has been investigated as a promoting material for a variety of applications, including
new constructions, structural maintenance, earthquake resistance, impacts and blast
resistance, and high strain capacity behavior. ECC has been applied in a variety of
structural applications in Australia, Japan, Korea, and the United States [30].

The multiple cracking behavior of ECC effectively improves energy dissipation capacity
and reduces the risk of catastrophic structural failure in unanticipated disasters like
earthquakes. ECC is recommended for structures that are often subjected to seismic
loading [31]. ECC used as a concrete replacement in beam-column connections can
improve joint shear resistance, crack response, and energy absorption capacity [32]. This
suggests that ECC can improve a structure's seismic resistance. As a result, 54 ECC
coupling beams were used to protect the Glorio Roppongi high-rise apartment in Japan
from earthquake damage shown in Figure 2 [30].

Figure 2: Glaorio Roppongi High-Rise, ECC coupling beam

To minimize or postpone the creation of reflecting cracks, ECC can be used as an overlay
on existing concrete airport pavement. ECC overlay greatly increases the load bearing
capacity of concrete airport pavement and delays the development of reflecting cracks,
according to Ma and Zhang's [33] study.

According to Lepech and Li [34] in 2005, a 30 𝑚3 of ECC was casted in a bridge deck
link slab in southeast Michigan, USA shown in Figure 3. A full-scale load test was
conducted to assess the structural response of the fabricated ECC link slab. These load

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 9
 tests confirmed that using an ECC link slab instead of a traditional expansion joint had no
effect on the bridge spans' simply supported behavior. After two years, the performance of
the ECC link slab has not changed. It is determined that the ECC link slab may successfully
replace the conventional expansion joint while requiring less maintenance. Similarly, the
roadbed of the Mihara bridge in Hokkaido, Japan, was built with ECC. Around 40% of
materials have been reduced in bridge construction [30].

Figure 3:ECC in a bridge deck link slab, USA

Shanour et al. [35] look at the flexural properties of concrete beams that contain ECC.
Several beams with ECC layers of 100 mm and 200 mm were cast and tested in that
experiment. The results of the study reveal that a thin coating of PVA-ECC in a concrete
beam improves flexural behavior and increases ultimate load.

5 Conclusion and recommendation

In Conclusion, this paper has summarized 35 Papers that used different fibres in
Engineered Cementitious Composites, those fibres are, basalt fibre, steel fibre, hybrid
fibre, Polyethylene fibre (PE), Polyvinyl Alcohol fibre (PVA), and Polypropylene fibre
(PP). It was found that the cracking behavior of PVA in ECC is substantially better than
concrete owing to strain hardening. Also, it was found out that the amount of PP fibre in
ECC fibre composites has no influence on the compressive strength. However, split tensile
strength of PP-ECC performed better. When it was compared between Steel fibre and
Polypropylene fibre, it was noticed that Steel fibre has stronger compressive and tensile

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 10
strength than Polypropylene fibre. Additionally, Polypropylene fibre outperformed steel
fibre fibre in terms of flexural strength.

In Addition to that, this paper found out that ECC can provide a greater fatigue life when
compared with conventional concrete. Beside that, ECC is stronger, more durable, and
lasts longer than the conventional concrete. Therefore, ECC can be used to enhance the
flexural performance of RC beam and reduce the use of steel reinforcement. Also, it was
noticed that ECC has more cracking resistance, giving it the strength to be used as an
earthquake resistant structure.

On the other hand, different types of natural and artificial fibres with varying diameters and
lengths might be used in ECC should be examined to find their mechanical characteristics.
Further experiments on the hybrid Engineered Cementitious Composite can be carried out
utilising alternative low and high modulus fibres. Further research may be done by partially
substituting cement with mineral admixtures such as metakaolin, ground granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBFS), and rice husk ash, among others.

State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 11
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State of Art review paper on Natural fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composites 15