Materials Today: Proceedings 27 (2020) 1073–1078

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Influence of titanium oxide fillers on the tensile and flexural properties

of E-glass fabric/epoxy composites
Balu Maloth a,⇑, N.V. Srinivasulu b, R. Rajendra c
a
Osmania University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, O.U, Hyderabad, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osmania University, College of Engineering, O.U, Hyderabad, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In present scenario E-Glass fabric polymer is playing a major role in the field of structural and aerospace.
Received 6 January 2020 The elemental composition of filler materials and its size of particles play a vital role in the development
Received in revised form 20 January 2020 of mechanical and physical characteristics of micro filler integrated polymer matrix composites. In this
Accepted 23 January 2020
paper E- glass fabric/epoxy composite materials are modified by adding the combination of Titanium
Available online 15 February 2020
oxide (TiO2) and amine terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (ATBN) to improve the mechanical properties.
Vacuum bagging method is employed to develop the polymer matrix composites and the composites are
Keywords:
experienced underneath tensile and flexural test at room temperature in order to scrutinize the strength.
Surface roughness E-Glass fabric polymer
TiO2/ATBN
Scanning electron microscopy analysis used to identify the mode of failure of the composite, debonding
Vacuum bagging method and pull out of fiber is observed in the composites. Agglomeration of micro filler materials in the matrix is
Polymer matrix composites observed in scanning electron microscopy images which reveal micro structural information of fractured
Tensile strength surfaces of composites. The mechanical characterization results showed that the tensile and flexural
Flexural strength strength of developed composites are comparable to the strength of the E-glass fabric.
Scanning electron microscopy Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International con-
ference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.

1. Introduction Filler and/or fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs) are at

Now a days, Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite
has one of the most significant composite materials for structural
application. FRP composite has taken centre of attraction for inter-
disciplinary research, because of its diversified application. How-
ever the physical and mechanical properties of these FRP
composites are still being modified for different applications. The
biggest challenge for most materials engineers is the creation of
new polymer matrix composites or alteration of presented com-
posite materials. Composites dependent on epoxy have consider-
able potential to replace traditional metal structures.
Modification of the existing polymer composites is one of the ways
to develop the new polymer matrix composites. In almost all engi-
neering applications, fiber with or without particulate incorpo-
rated fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are
employed to increase the interest in advanced PMCs, hybrid PMCs
are still undergoing significant research and development today.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: balu.1703@gmail.com (B. Maloth).
present utilized in specific aero-space and automotive industries,
because it has unique properties such as high strength, high rigid-
ity lightweight, and resistance to corrosion [1]. Functional fillers
are infused in FRPCs to increase the stiffness and heat deflection,
decrease shrinkage, vacuum and strong in composite appearance
by increasing the temperature. Research is developing filler incor-
porated FRPCs in order to obtain their high mechanical and wear
resistance properties use these materials in different mechanical
components such as chute liners, brake pads, clutches and gears
[2].
Components are subject to various loads, velocity and sliding
distance in most engineering applications, where wear failure
becomes critical. The development of new material with superior
properties was applied to achieve the advantages of two different
hybridization techniques of fibers than two original different mate-
rials. Few recent studies show that glass and basalt fiber hybridiza-
tion in thermo set plastic matrices improves mechanical properties
[3,4,5,6]. In laminates under tensile stress, cracks of matrix and
fracture of fiber play a vital role. Delaminating can be observed
due to a wide range of damage caused by foreign objects, poor

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.462
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International conference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.
1074 B. Maloth et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 27 (2020) 1073–1078
manufacturing procedure, and environmental cycle fatigue. Com-
posites deliver two imminent benefits compared to homogenous
material. First, Specific polymer composites are possible modes
of Energy-absorbing damage, making it desirable for lightweight,
impact-resistant applications. In addition, composites have
allowed a significant increase in durability for use in traditional
(opaque) armor systems [7]. Second, Furthermore, composites
would provide engineers with greater flexibility in the construc-
tion of clear laminates, permitting part characteristics and volume
fraction control to adjust the dielectric constant of composite
structures and thus how distress waves spread from one layer to
the neighboring layer through the laminate [8]. Particulate packed
polymer composites in many respects change the physical and
mechanical properties [9,10].
The tension added to well-bonded particles can be moved easily
from the polymer matrix resin to the particles [11]; This enhances
the strength clearly, though, there is a reduction in strength for
poorly bonded micro-particles [12]. Their poor resistance to crack-
ing growth is the disadvantage of thermosetting resins. But it has
been noticed that inorganic particles are successful durability to
thermo-set resins [13]. Glass fiber is currently the typical
thermo-set matrix reinforcement material for different aerospace
and automotive purposes. Woven textile reinforced epoxy compos-
ite materials are having good mechanical properties because of it is
in orthotropic direction for their high specific strength and rigidity.
These attractive properties of the polymer matrix composites are
influenced in several applications of the composites in the areas
where as high in the performance and low weight in structural
are important [14,15]. The electronic characteristics of polymer
composites are supported by glass fiber. By incorporating small
quantities of glass fibers are in composites, the mechanical and
physical characteristics of fiber-reinforced polymer composites
are enhanced [16,17].
Glass fiber fracture activity strengthened polymer or hybrid
composites, with similar to the depth ratio and specific fraction
of volume in the E and S-glass fiber and non-saturated polyester
matrix composites. High volume of glass fiber is augmenting the
resilience of the fracture [18,19]. By adding fly ash particles, the
toughness of fracture in minimized the epoxy resins. The fracture
durability of fly ash filled composite was found to be not depen-
dent of the primary crack duration and it based on the fiber stag-
ging, although rigidity was enhanced using inserting fly ash filler
[20]. The long glass fiber fracturing actions strengthened compos-
ite as a filler with CaCO3. They claimed that the durability
decreased with the application of filler. He also revealed that the
durability of the fracture of unreinforced material stayed unfected
[21,22].
Based on the aforementioned literature, it was observed that in
the polymer research combined components, namely fibric and fil-
ler, exhibited enhanced mechanical properties and enhanced frac-
ture toughness. Purpose of this study is to examine the importance
of filler material (TiO2) in composite reinforced epoxy in E-glass 8
mill woven fabric. The static mechanical properties and fracture
analysis by microscopy of the proposed composites were
examined.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
First contemporary fabrics to be utilized in polymer matrix
composites are glass fabric. Several different fabrics of glass are
currently being made and S-glass and E-glass are the best known.
The E-glass is chosen because of its electrical conductivity charac-
teristics. Although most if the glass fabric is tough and compara-
tively inexpensive and also is less durable than carbon
reinforcement, which is lower in relative density than the pro-
posed material. High-quality E-glass material is twisted at different
temperature and also it is very quickly chilled earlier than even
creature prearranged a ’scale’ coating over it. It is a combination
of whose important purpose is to save from harm the surface of
glass against corrosion, resulting in a loss of energy. It also includes
a silane SiH4 compound that serves as a glass-matrix bonding
agent.
Glass fabric is a general term such as steel or carbon fiber. A
diversity of different element compounds is accessible on the mar-
ket. Common silica-based glass fibers (50–60% Silicon dioxide)
comprise the range of other compounds are iron oxides, sodium,
aluminum and calcium boron. Table 1 describes the mixture of
most widely utilized fabrics of glass [23]. In the E- glass material,
’E’ means for electrical and it means that E-glass is a superior elec-
trical conductor, apart from providing good mechanical properties.
In the C- glass material, ‘C’ means corrosion and it means stronger
chemical corrosion; ’S’ means of the silica content present in the
glass fiber and it helps them to resist elevated temperatures than
other type of glasses. The most widely utilized in the fabric based
plastic composites industry are S and E-glass fibers. For chemical
applications, C-glass fiber is used and is having higher acid resis-
tance against corrosion than E-glass. The aspect ratio is known as
the ratio between the length-to-diameter (l/d) and its high for all
type of class fiber. Lengthy aspect ratios of continuous fibers, while
small aspect ratios of discontinuous fibers. Continuous fiber rein-
forced composites are regularly favored, whereas discontinuous
fibers are typically randomly oriented.
In this work, woven roving E-glass 8 mill fabrics is used as the
reinforcement material; epoxy resin and ATBN (amine terminated
butadiene- acrylonitrile) are used as matrix in the polymer matrix
composites. Glass fibers are the most common of all polymer
matrix composites (PMCs) reinforcing fibers. Low cost, high tensile
strength, good chemical resistance and excellent insulation proper-
ties are the key advantages of glass fiber.
2.2. Filler materials
Composites of polymer matrix are used in the greatest variety
due to their lower cost, ease of processing, higher specific strength,
simplicity of design and light weight. The reinforcement of the
polymer matrix with glass fabric results in a general improvement
in mechanical properties. In general, filler materials are inert mate-
rials used in composite materials to minimize material costs,
enhance mechanical properties and in a number of cases to
enhance process capability. In this present work, Titanium dioxide
or titania (TiO2) metallic fillers is selected for use in this polymer
composites prepared for this study as particulate fillers in prede-
termined proportions (See Table 2).
2.3. Composites fabrication
Most of the researchers have used the hand lay-up process to
develop polymer matrix composites. It will reduce the strength
of the composites. So, in this research vacuum bagging method is
used to develop the composites. Vacuum bagging is a procedure
used in the course of its cure process to build mechanical pressure
over a composite. There are quite a few functions of this methods
and the first and most important function is to pressurize a com-
posite lamination to remove the air in it. Second, it increases the
attraction between fabric layers for effective fabric adhesion for
the transmission of force and reduces the orientation of fiber shift-
ing throughout cure. Third, it is minimize the humidity. At last, the
vacuum bagging method minimizes the parts of composite in
terms of fabric-to-resin ratio. In the last two decades, these
 B. Maloth et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 27 (2020) 1073–1078 1075

Table 1
Estimated chemical composition of E,C and S- glass fibers (wt. %) [23]

Composition SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O B2O3

E-glass 55.2 8.0 18.7 4.6 0.3 0.2 7.3
C-glass 65.0 4 14.0 3.0 8.5 – 5.0
S-glass 65.0 25.0 – 10 0.3 – –

Table 2
Properties of filler material [23]

Filler Material Density (Kg/m3) Hardness (M Pa) Tensile Strength (M Pa) Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)
TiO2 4.05 10,290 367.5 11.8

Table 3
Materials and their ratios in grams.

Materials Weight
Epoxy Resin LY-556 600 grams
Hardner HY-951 135 g
ATBN (amine terminated butadiene acronitrile) 60 g
E- glass 8 mill fabric 460 grams
Filler material TiO2
TiO2 10% of epoxy resin (60 g)
Resin : Hardener 100:23

enhanced benefits in the aerospace and racing industries to make

Fig. 3. Result of EDX for developed composites.
the most of the mechanical and physical characteristics of glass
fabric reinforced polymer matrix composites.
The description and composition of epoxy resin, ATBN, E-glass 8 Table 4
Elemental composition data of samples.
mill fabrics, fillers and hardener are revealed in Table 3. The devel-
opment of the composite is completed by vacuum bagging tech- Element Weight% Atomic%
nique. As per the recommendation, the minimum temperature C 70.75 77.99
curing LY-556 (epoxy resin) and subsequent HY951(hardener) O 25.26 20.90
are assorted in a ratio of 10 to 1 by weight. The fillers are mixed Ti 3.99 1.10

Fig. 1. ASTM standard test specimens (a) tensile test (b) Flexural test.

Fig. 2. Developed composites and tensile and flexural test specimens.

1076 B. Maloth et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 27 (2020) 1073–1078

Fig. 4. Tested specimens.

Table 5 Tensile test: The tensile tests were carried out on the specimens
Result of tensile and flexural test for five samples. using computerized Universal Testing Machine (UTM) of 30 tons
Sample no Tensile test (Kgf/cm2) Flexural test (Kgf/cm2) capacity. Experiments could be conducted at normal temperature
1 529.639 34.223
and each experiment was conducted until a rupture take place.
2 646.226 32.354 During the test for measuring stress and strain, the applied tensile
3 519.778 28.277 load and extension were reported. The experiments were con-
4 558.882 32.5 ducted by maintaining strain rate is constant and at the rate of
5 454.897 28.007
10 mm/min. The gauge length of the specimen was chosen as
165 mm. For each experiment, five sample pieces were experi-
enced. The specimen used in experiments and the tested speci-
scrupulously with the epoxy resin before it will apply over the E- mens are depicted in Fig. 4. The results of the tensile test are
glass. Each E-glass fabric is of in the dimension 300  300 (mm) shown in Table 5.
and 5 samples are developed with the same combinations of the Flexural Test: The flexural tests were executed on the speci-
materials. After developing the composite, it will cure at room mens in the same computerized universal testing machine of 30
temperature. The final size of the polymer fabric reinforced com- tons capacity with flexural testing attachment. Experiments were
posite is 300  300  4 (mm). conducted at normal temperature and the each test over all spec-
imans we carrying out until a rupture take place. Specimen is
assisted as a simple beam on two knife edges and load at its mid-
2.4. Specimen preparation
point is applied. For load scales, average fabric tension and cumu-
lative stress are measured. Results are plotted in a stress–strain
The E-Glass 8 mill reinforced particulate filled epoxy composite
diagram, and flexural strength is the average fabric tension at fail-
is removed from mould. Based on ASTM standard, the test speci-
ure of materials that do not crack, flexural yield strength is stated.
mens are extracted from the composite for mechanical characteri-
The tested specimens are depicted in Fig. 4.
zation (i.e. Tensile test, and flexural test). For tensile test, the test
specimen was cut as per ASTM D3039 for tensile Strength and
ASTM D790-10 is used to develop the sample for flexural test 3. Result and discussions
and shown in Fig. 1. The developed composite and the extracted
sample specimen for tensile and flexural test are shown in Fig. 2. 3.1. Mechanical characterization
The EDX test proves that the presence of TiO2 in the developed
composites and is displayed in Fig. 3. Table 4 shows the elemental The categorization of the developed composites reveals that
composition data in percentage. addition of particulate filler has influenced strongly on the tensile
The developed composites and sample specimens are extracted and flexural properties of nano-filled E-glass fabric reinforced com-
from the composites are displayed in Fig. 2. posites. The result and graph of tensile strength and flexural

Fig. 5. Graph of Tensile and Flexural test.

 B. Maloth et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 27 (2020) 1073–1078 1077

strength of the developed glass fabric reinforced composites are
shown in Table 4 and Fig. 5. The tensile strength is varied from
454.897 Kgf/cm2 to 646.226 Kgf/cm2. The sample no 5 is
exposed low tensile strength and the sample no 2 shown high
tensile strength. The tensile strength is low when the matrix
is accumulation is more or the bonding between matrix and
reinforcement is not good. The tensile strength is high in when
the bonding between fabric, filler, epoxy and ATBN are good or
the volume fraction of matrix and reinforcement is good. The
average tensile strength of the glass fabric reinforced composite
is 541.8844 Kgf/cm2. It shows that the average of tensile
strength is nearly equal to the tensile strength of the fabric
(555 Kgf/cm2). The results of flexural strength demonstrated that
the nano filler are influenced on it. The flexural strength is var-
ied from 28.007 Kgf/cm2 to 34.223 Kgf/cm2. The average flexural
strength of the composite is 31.07 Kgf/cm2. It proves that the
average of flexural strength is nearly equal to the flexural
strength of the fabric (33 Kgf/cm2).

Fig. 6. SEM micrographs of TiO2 filled composite fractured specimens under tensile and flexural testing (a) Matrix crack (b) Smooth and featureless (c) Brittle fracture of fibric
(d) Bonding of resin and TiO2 (e) Fibric fracture and matrix deponding (f) fibric pullout.
1078 B. Maloth et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 27 (2020) 1073–1078
3.2. SEM analysis
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the
deformations mechanisms that happened after performing the ten-
sile test. The SEM rupture surface images of the tested specimens
are shown in Fig. 6.The materials crack is showed in Fig. 6 (a), it
occurs because of debonding between the matrix and the fabric. .
The reference specimens exhibit smooth and featureless (indicat-
ing more brittle) surfaces are exposed in Fig. 6 (b). At low fiber
loading as the brittle fracture of matrix is observed because of
absence of sufficient fibers to resist brittle fracture of matrix as
shown in Fig. 6 (c). Bonding of resin, ATBN and TiO2 are shown
in Fig. 6 (d), it is noticed from the image that no gaps were seen
between fiber, matrix and filler material. The interface bonding
between fibaric and matrix confirms that the strong fibaric–matrix
adhesion. The fabric fracture is revealed in Fig. 6 (e), it can be seen
that for unfilled specimen, the failure process initiate first from the
matrix layer of the specimen and is followed by few failure of fibe-
ric oriented in the loading direction and latter catastrophic failure
was noticed.
The Fig. 6 (f) showed greater amounts of fiber pullout. A stretch-
ing was observed in E-glass fabric whereas fiber pullout was
observed in glass fabric. This SEM analysis shows that the bonding
between matrix ATBN, epoxy and fabric are good. The fiber pull out
are less in this epoxy fabric composites.
4. Conclusions
This study was conducted to determine the effect of nano-filler
material and ATBN on E-glass 8mill fabric composites. Five samples
are developed by vacuum bagging method to find the tensile
strength and flexural strength of the glass fabric reinforced com-
posites. The SEM analysis is also conducted on the tested speci-
mens. The findings of this analysis was summarized as below:
1. The average tensile strength of the composite is 541.8844 Kgf/
cm2 and this value is nearer to the maximum tensile strength
of the fabric (E-Glass composites). The tensile test result reveals
that addition of TiO2 filler and ATBN has influenced strongly on
the tensile strength of the composites. It is proved that the
ATBN and TiO2 are increased the tensile strength of the
composites.
2. The average flexural strength of the composite is 31.07 Kgf/cm2.
The average of flexural strength is nearly equal to the flexural
strength of the fabric (33 Kgf/cm2). It is proved that the ATBN
and TiO2 are increased the flexural strength of the composites.
3. The SEM analysis is proved that the vacuum bagging method is
improved the bonding between the resin and fabric and it is
reduced the voids in the composites.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Balu Maloth: Conceptualization, Experimentation, Methodol-
ogy and Writing - original draft. N.V. Srinivasulu: Supervision,
Validation. R. Rajendra: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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