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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
CHAPTER TITLE
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. General 1
1.2. Objectives of the Study 2
1.3. Scope of the Study 2
1.4. Outline of the Study 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 General 4
2.2. Cement 6
2.2.1. Manufacture of Portland Cement 7
2.2.2. Chemical Composition of Portland Cement 8
2.2.3. Hydration of Portland Cement 10
2.2.4. Types of Portland Cement 12
2.2.5. Physical Properties of Portland Cement 14
2.3. Aggregates 18
2.3.1. Characteristics of Aggregates 21
2.3.2. Physical Properties of Aggregate 22
2.4. Water 25
2.5. Egg Shell Powder 25
2.5.1. Advantages of Egg Shell Powder 26
2.5.2. Disadvantages of Egg Shell Powder 27
2.6. Silica Fume 27
2.7. Mortar 27
2.7.1. Properties of Mortar 28
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2.7.2. Uses of Mortar 28

2.7.3. Flow Table Test of Mortar 29
2.7.4. Test for Compressive Strength of Mortar 30
2.7.5. Test for Tensile Strength of Mortar 31
2.8. Concrete 32
2.8.1. Three Basic Components of Concrete 32
2.8.2. Advantages of Using Concrete 33
2.8.3. Properties of Concrete 33
2.8.4. Fresh Concrete 34
2.8.5. Hardened Concrete 35
2.8.6. Workability 35
2.8.7. Factors Affecting Workability 35
2.8.8. Slump Test 37
2.8.9. Air Content Test 39
2.8.10. Mix Design of Concrete 40
2.8.11. Compressive Strength of Concrete 41
3 TESTING ON PROPERTIES OF STUDIED MATERIALS 42
3.1. General 42
3.2. Tests on Cement and Egg Shell Powder and Silica Fume 42
3.2.1. Chemical Composition of Cement, Egg Shell Powder
and Silica Fume 42
3.2.2. Specific Gravity of Cement (ASTM C 188) 44
3.2.3. Specific Gravity of Egg Shell Powder and Silica Fume 45
3.2.4. Fineness of Cement (ASTM C 430) 46
3.2.5. Fineness of Cement with Egg Shell Powder and
Silica Fume 46
3.2.6. Normal Consistency of Cement (ASTM C 187) 49
3.2.7. Normal Consistency of Cement with Egg Shell
Powder and Silica Fume 50
3.2.8. Setting Time Test (ASTM C 191) 54
3.2.9. Setting Time of Cement with Egg Shell Powder and
Silica Fume 55
3.2.10. Soundness Test (ASTM C 151) 62
3.2.11. Soundness of Cement with Egg Shell Powder and
Silica Fume 62
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3.3. Physical Properties Tests for Aggregates 66

3.3.1. Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (ASTM C 128) 66
3.3.2. Water Absorption of Fine Aggregate 67
3.3.3. Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate (ASTM C 136) 68
3.3.4. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate (ASTM C 127) 69
3.3.5. Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate (ASTM C 136) 70
4 TESTING ON STRENGTH OF MORTAR 72
4.1. Compressive Strength of Mortar 72
4.1.1. Flow Table Test of Mortar (ASTM C 143) 72
4.1.2. Test on Compressive Strength of Mortar
(ASTM C 109) 74
4.2. Tensile Strength of Mortar (ASTM C 307) 79
5 TESTING ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 86
5.1. General 86
5.2. Mix Design of Concrete (ACI 211) 87
5.2.1. Mix Design of Concrete for Pure Cement 87
5.2.2. Mix Design of Concrete for Egg Shell Powder 5% and
Silica Fume 2.5% as Cement Replacement 90
5.2.3. Testing on Slump, Air Content and Compressive Strength
of Concrete with Pure Cement 92
5.2.4. Testing on Slump, Air Content and Compressive Strength
of Concrete with Various Replacement Percentages of
Egg Shell Powder and Silica Fume 94

6 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 102

6.1. Discussions and Conclusions 102
6.2. Recommendations 104
REFERENCES 105
APPENDICES 106
APPENDIX A 107
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 110