DESIGN OF RC STRUCTURAL

ELEMENTS (P18CV54)

D S Sandeep Kumar
Asst.Professor
Civil Dept
INTRODUCTION OF SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT STATE DESIGN
Philosophy and principle of limit state design
along with the assumptions,
Partial safety factors Characteristic Load and
Strength.
Introduction to stress block parameters,
Concept of balanced, under and over reinforced
sections.
Limit state of collapse in flexure of rectangular
sections with examples.
UNIT -II
LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN FLEXURE,
SHEAR AND TORSION
Limit state of collapse in flexure of flanged
sections with examples.
Limit state of collapse in shear and torsion with
examples.
Importance of bond, anchorage, lap length.
UNIT -III
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF BEAMS
Design of singly Reinforced
Doubly Reinforced
Flanged Beams, T and L beams
UNIT -IV
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF SLABS AND STAIRS
 Design of one way and two way slabs with
different end conditions.
 Design of dog legged and open well stairs.
UNIT -V
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND
FOOTINGS
Design of short axially loaded RC columns, with
uniaxial and bi-axial moments.
Footings with axial load and moment – Square
and Rectangular types.
 Text Books

1.SINHA S. N., Reinforced Concrete Design,

Tata McGraw Hill Publications.
2.Unnikrishna Pillai and Devdas Menon,
Reinforced Concrete Design, TMH, 3rd
Edition 2009
INTRODUCTION
 Design

A plan or specification for the construction

of an object or system or for the implementation
of an activity or process or the result of that plan
or specification in the form of a product or
process.
 Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of
fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with
cement along with water.
 Plain Cement Concrete

Is the mixture of cement, fine

aggregate(sand) and coarse aggregate
without steel.
PCC is an important component of a
building which is laid on the soil surface to
avoid direct contact of reinforcement
of concrete with soil and water.
 PCC is mainly used for following purposes

It is used as a protective layer for the RCC

above so that water from the RCC is not
absorbed by the earth below.
Provides a base for the concrete and also helps
workers to set out the structure above in a easier
way.
Act as a cover to reinforced cement concrete
i.e. resist corrosion of steel bars in footings.
Moisture available in soil should not absorbed
by R.C.C footings which causes corrosion of
reinforcement.
 Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced cement concrete is a composite
material is made of concrete and steel
reinforcement. Concrete may be assumed to work
purely in compression whereas the reinforcement is
predominately subjected to tension.
 Why is reinforced concrete better than concrete?

 Reinforced concrete is extremely durable and

requires little maintenance.
It has good thermal mass,
fire resistant
Rebar is generally made from 100% recycled
scrap, and at the demolition stage, the concrete and
rebar are capable of being separated so that the
steel can be recycled.
 Distinguish between

Plain cement concrete Reinforced cement concrete

Made from a mixture of Made from a mixture of
cement, aggregate(FA & cement, aggregate, and
CA), and water. water with the addition of
steel.
As by their name, which As by their name it is clear
does not have steel in it is that one have steel which is
Plain. Reinforced.
PCC is weak in tension  RCC is strong in tension
loading while strong in loading as well as
compression loading. compression loading.
 Used as bed concrete for Used in structural works
Footing, plinth beam like columns, beams,
and Flooring. Plinth beam , footings,
slabs, Retaining walls and
shear walls.
 Distinguish between
Plain Cement Concrete Reinforced cement concrete
 Advantages of RC members
High tensile and compressive strength
More durable and may long up to 100 years
Imparts ductility
Raw materials used for construction of RC buildings
are easily available and can be transported.
Overall cost for constructing a building using RC
proves to be economical compared to steel and pre-
stressed structures.
RC components can be moulded to any desired
shape, if formwork is designed properly.
RC structures are properly designed then it can resist
the earthquake forces.
 Disadvantage of RC members

Tensile strength of RC member is about 1/10th of

its compressive strength.
Forms are essential for the concrete works.
Formwork constitutes a big part of the concrete cost.
Shrinkage of concrete
For long span structures, the RCC sections may
become very heavy as compared to steel members.
 Quality control and mix proportioning has
dominant effect on the properties of concrete.
 Uses of RCC

Construction of Columns, Beams, Footings, and

Slabs etc.
Storage structures like Dams, Water Tanks, and
Tunnels etc.
Bridges, Walls, Towers, under water structures.
Chimneys, Cooling Towers, Shell Roofs, Folded
Plates.
Tall structures and sky scrapers.
Any shape, Robustness, Flexibility, Rigid Joints.
Ease in design.
Difficulty in detailing, Reinforcement congestion,
Shrinkage, Creep and corrosion.
 Reinforcement
“The effect that it has on behavior, it increases or
strengthens the response”.
(The action or process of reinforcing or
strengthening).

Reinforcing steel
 Roles of reinforcement in RCC

Resist bending moment in case of flexural

members.
Reduce the shrinkage of concrete.
Improve the load carrying capacity of the
compression member.
Resist the effect of secondary stresses like
temperature etc.
Prevent the development of wider cracks formed
due to tensile stress.
 Structure

A system of connected parts used to support

forces (loads). Buildings, bridges and towers are
examples for structures.
A structure can be broadly classified as
(i) Sub structure-Portion of building below ground
level .
(ii) Super structure - Portion above the ground level .
 Foundation is sub structure and plinth, walls,
columns, floor slabs with or without beams, stairs, roof
slabs with or without beams etc is super-structure.
RCC MEMBERS
 Structural Elements of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
Slab:
Slabs are horizontal slab
elements in building floors
and roof.
They may carry gravity loads
as well as lateral loads.
Beams:
Long horizontal or inclined
members with limited width
and height are called beams.
Their main function is to
transfer loads from the slab to
the columns.
 Structural Elements of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
Column:
Columns are vertical
members that support loads
from the beam or slabs.
They may be subjected to
axial loads or moments.
Frames:
Frames are structural
members that consists of
combination of slab, beams
and columns.
 Structural Elements of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
Footings:
Footings are pads or strips
that support columns and
spread their load directly to
the soil.
Walls:
Walls are vertical plate
elements resisting gravity as
well as lateral loads. E.g:
Retaining walls, basement
walls etc..
 Structure and Structural Design

An engineering structure is an assembly of

member or elements transferring load or resisting
external load and providing a place to serve the
desired function.
Structural design is a science and art of
designing with with safety, durability and economy.
 Objective and basic requirements to design
of RCC structure:

1) Safety: Designed in such a way that it's will not

collapse in any way during its expected life span.
Safety is is achieved by adequate strength and
stability.
2)Serviceability:Structure shall efficiently served the
desired function and also it should give the
satisfactory performance throughout its life span.
(Free from crack and deflection)
3)Durability: Perform satisfactory is the working
environment under the exposure condition during its
life span.
such as rain, alternate welting and drying, freezing,
temperature, humidity, chemical action etc...
4) Economy: Design should be economical, the cost of
the economy as to be decided in relating to the
required safety, durability, Serviceability and
aesthetics.
5)Aesthetics:Designed to give the pleasant appearance
without affecting the economy to a greater extent.
 LOADS

The various loads expected on a structure may be

classified into the following groups:
Dead Load (DL) IS 875 (Part 1 )1987
Live Load (LL)  IS 875 (Part 2 )1987
Wind Load (WL)  IS 875 (Part 3 )1987
Snow Load (SL)  IS 875 (Part 4 )1987
Earthquake Force (EL)  IS 1893 2002
Shrinkage, Creep And Temperature Effects And
Other Forces and Effects.
 Dead Load (DL) IS 875 (Part 1 )1987

 Dead loads are “permanent loads which are

transferred to the structure throughout their life
span”.
 Mainly due to self weight of structural members,
permanent, partition wall, fixed permanent
equipments etc...
Magnitude of dead loads is calculated from Unit
weight of different materials.
Values of unit weights are specified in IS - 875
Part -I.
 Live Load (LL)  IS 875 (Part 2 )1987

Live loads are also known as imposed loads

and consist of all loads other than the dead
loads of the structure.
Residential buildings will have
comparatively lower values of live loads and
those of school or office buildings.
The standard values are specified in IS-875
Part-II (Page 7-11).
 Wind Load (WL)  IS 875 (Part 3 )1987
Wind load is primarily horizontal load caused by
the movement of air relative to earth. (The force
exerted by the horizontal component of wind is to
be considered in the design of buildings).
Required to be considered in structural design
especially when the health of the building exceeds
two times the dimensions transverse to the exposed
wind surface.
It depends upon the velocity of wind and shape,
location, permeability, exposure, height and size of
the building.
Complete details of calculating wind load on
Structure are given in Part –III IS – 875.
 Snow Load (SL)  IS 875 (Part 4 )1987

For the building to be located in the regions

wherever snow is likely to fall, this load is to be
considered.
The snow loads acts vertically and may be
expressed in kN/m2 or N/m2.
IS 875 - 1987 Part -IV deals with snow loads on
roofs of the building.
 Earthquake Force (EL)  IS 1893 2002

Earthquake shocks cause movement of

foundation of structure. Earthquake loads are
horizontal forces caused by earthquake.
Impact of earthquake on structure depends on
stiffness of the structure, stiffness of soil media
height and location of structure etc.
India as been divided into several zones
depending on magnitude of earthquake.
Earthquake forces are specified in IS- 1893.
 Shrinkage, Creep And Temperature Effects

Shrinkage, creep and temperature may be

produced stress and cause deformations like other
loads hence all these are also considered as loads
which are time dependent.
These processes are specified in IS- 875 Part –V.
 Other Forces and Effects:

As per clause 19.6 of IS 456-2000, shall be taken

of the following forces and effects. Such as
a) Foundation movement (IS 1904)
b) Elastic axial shortening
c) Soil and fluid pressure (IS 875, Part-5)
d) Vibration
e) Fatigue
f) Impact (IS 875, Part -5)
g) Erection loads (IS 875, Part2)
h) Stress concentration effects due to point load.
 Design codes and hand books

Indian standard - IS 456-2000 - Plain and

reinforced concrete -Code of practice.
1893(Part 1):2002- Criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures: Part 1 General
Provisions and buildings.
IS 13920-1993 –“Ductile detailing of reinforced
concrete structure subjected to seismic loads”.
IS 10262-2009 -Concrete mix proportioning –
Guidelines.
 Loading standards
The loads to be considered for structural design are
specified in the following loading standards.
IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete code of
Practice
IS 875(Part 1- 5) -1987 Code of practice of design loads
(other than Earthquake for building and structure.
IS 875 (Part 1 )1987 Dead Load (DL)
IS 875 (Part 2 )1987 Live Load (LL)
IS 875 (Part 3 )1987 Wind Load (WL)
IS 875 (Part 4 )1987 Snow Load (SL)
IS 1893 2002  Earthquake Force (EL)
IS 875 (Part 5 )1987Special loads and combination
 Design hand books

SP 16:1980 - Design aids (for reinforced

concrete) IS 456.
SP 23:1982 - Design of concrete mixes.
SP 24:1983 – Explanatory hand book on IS
456.
SP 34: Hand book on concrete reinforcement
and detailing.