Steel Structures 2/27/2023

Spring 2023

Steel Structures
Lecture 3 [Spring 2023]

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
KFUEIT, RYK

Basic Structural Steel Elements

• Basic structural steel elements and members that are used to resist
• gravity loads and lateral loads in steel-framed buildings are shown
in figure on next slide.
• Beams and Girders:
• The infill beams or joists support the floor or roof deck directly and
spans between the girders.
• The roof or floor deck usually spans in one direction between the
roof or floor infill beams.

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 1
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

Typical steel building –

basic structural elements
(3D)
3

Basic Structural Steel Elements

• The girders support the infill beams and span between the columns.
• While the beams along the column lines are usually connected to
the web of the columns, girders are typically connected to the
column flanges since the girders support heavier reactions than the
typical in-fill beams.
• Thus, the girder reaction eccentricity at the columns is resisted by
the bending of the column about its stronger axis

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 2
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

Basic Structural Steel Elements

• Columns:
• These are vertical members that support axial compression loads
only.
• They are sometimes referred to as struts when they are used in the
horizontal position (as in bracings for soil excavations) or as
diagonal struts to resist axial compression loads from discontinued
columns

Basic Structural Steel Elements

• Beam–Columns:
• Beam-columns are members that support axial tension or axial
compression loads in addition to bending moment.
• In practice, typical building columns usually act as beam-columns
due to the eccentricity of the beam and girder reactions relative to
the column centroidal axis.
• Cross section of a typical steel framed building is shown in figure on
next slide

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 3
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

Typical steel building cross-

section – basic structural
elements
7

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• The common types of structural systems (i.e., a combination of

several structural elements or members) used in steel building
structures include trusses, moment or rigid frames, and braced
frames, or a combination of these systems.
• Trusses are used predominantly to resist gravity loads, whereas
braced frames and moment resisting frames are used to resist
lateral loads.
• Reinforced concrete core walls are also used as shear walls to resist
lateral loads in steel buildings

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 4
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• The common types of structural systems (i.e., a combination of

several structural elements or members) used in steel building
structures include trusses, moment or rigid frames, and braced
frames, or a combination of these systems.
• Trusses are used predominantly to resist gravity loads, whereas
braced frames and moment resisting frames are used to resist
lateral loads.
• Reinforced concrete core walls are also used as shear walls to resist
lateral loads in steel buildings

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• Trusses:
• The typical truss profiles shown in figures on next slide consist of
top and bottom chord members.
• The vertical and diagonal members are called web members.
• While the top and bottom chords are usually continuous members,
the web members are connected to the top and bottom chords
using bolted or welded connections.

10

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 5
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• Trusses:

11

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• Trusses:

12

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 6
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• Trusses:

13

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• Moment-Resisting Frames:
• Moment-resisting frames resist lateral loads through the bending of
• the beams/girders and the columns.
• The connections between the beams/girders and the columns are
designed and detailed to resist moments due to gravity and lateral
loads.
• Note that moment-resisting frames are more laterally flexible than
braced frames or shear walls.

14

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 7
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

15

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

16

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 8
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

• Braced Frames:
• Braced frames (see Figure on net slid) resist lateral loads through
axial compression and/or tension in the diagonal members.
• Examples include X-braced frames, diagonal braced frames,
Chevron- or inverted-V braced frames, and knee-braced frames.
• These frames are usually more rigid than a typical moment frame
and exhibit smaller lateral deflections

17

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN STEEL BUILDINGS

Typical braced frames

18

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 9
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOAD PATHS

• The load path is defined as the route through which a gravity or
lateral load is transmitted from its point of application on the
structure to the foundation and the supporting soil or bedrock.
• It is important that the structural engineer develop an adequate
continuous load path to avoid collapse.
• The typical path of a gravity load from its point of application on the
structure to the foundation is demonstrated on next slide

19

GRAVITY AND
LATERAL LOAD PATHS

Gravity load path

20

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 10
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOAD PATHS

• The typical path of a lateral load from its point of application on the
structure to the foundation is demonstrated on next slide

21

GRAVITY AND
LATERAL LOAD PATHS

Lateral load path

22

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 11
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• As discussed earlier, the design of a structural member entails the selection
of a cross section that will safely and economically resist the applied loads.
• Economy usually means minimum weight — that is, the minimum amount
of steel.
• This amount corresponds to the cross section with the smallest weight per
foot, which is the one with the smallest cross-sectional area.

23

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the required
strength should not exceed the available strength; that is,
required strength ≤ available strength
• In Allowable Strength Design (ASD), a member is selected that has cross-
sectional properties such as area and moment of inertia that are large
enough to prevent the maximum applied axial force, shear, or bending
moment from exceeding an allowable, or permissible, value.

24

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 12
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• This allowable value is obtained by dividing the nominal, or theoretical,
strength by a factor of safety.
• This can be expressed as
required strength ≤ allowable strength
Where
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦
Strength can be an axial force strength (as in tension or compression members),
a flexural strength (moment strength), or a shear strength.

25

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• If stresses are used instead of forces or moments, the relationship of
Equation becomes
maximum applied stress ≤ allowable stress
• This approach is called allowable stress design.
• The allowable stress will be in the elastic range of the material.
• This approach to design is also called elastic design or working stress
design.
• Working stresses are those resulting from the working loads, which are
the applied loads. Working loads are also known as service loads.

26

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 13
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• Plastic Design is based on a consideration of failure conditions rather than
working load conditions.
• A member is selected by using the criterion that the structure will fail at a
load substantially higher than the working load.
• Failure in this context means either collapse or extremely large
deformations.
• The term plastic is used because, at failure, parts of the member will be
subjected to very large strains — large enough to put the member into the
plastic range.
• As the actual loads will be less than the failure loads by a factor of safety
known as the load factor, members designed this way are not unsafe,
despite being designed based on what happens at failure.
27

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• This design procedure is roughly as follows.
1. Multiply the working loads (service loads) by the load factor to obtain the
failure loads.
2. Determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist failure under
these loads. (A member with these properties is said to have sufficient
strength and would be at the verge of failure when subjected to the
factored loads.)
3. Select the lightest cross-sectional shape that has these properties.
• Members designed by plastic theory would reach the point of failure
under the factored loads but are safe under actual working loads.

28

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 14
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is similar to plastic design in
that strength, or the failure condition, is considered.
• Load factors are applied to the service loads, and a member is selected
that will have enough strength to resist the factored loads.
• In addition, the theoretical strength of the member is reduced by the
application of a resistance factor.
• The criterion that must be satisfied in the selection of a member is
Factored load ≤ factored strength

29

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
• The factored load is a failure load greater than the total actual service load,
so the load factors are usually greater than unity.
• However, the factored strength is a reduced, usable strength, and the
resistance factor is usually less than unity.
• The factored loads are the loads that bring the structure or member to its
limit.
• In terms of safety, this limit state can be fracture, yielding, or buckling.
• The factored resistance is the useful strength of the member, reduced from
the theoretical value by the resistance factor.
• The limit state can also be one of serviceability, such as a maximum
acceptable deflection.

30

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 15
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

AISC SPECIFICATIONS
• Because the emphasis of this course is on the design of structural steel
building members and their connections, the Specification of the American
Institute of Steel Construction is the design specification of most importance
here.
• It is written and kept current by an AISC committee.
• Allowable stress design has been the primary method used for structural
steel buildings since the first AISC Specification was issued in 1923, although
plastic design was made part of the Specification in 1963.
• In 1986, AISC issued the first specification for load and resistance factor
design along with a companion Manual of Steel Construction.

31

AISC SPECIFICATIONS
• Although load and resistance factor design was not introduced into the
AISC Specification until 1986, it is not a recent concept; since 1974, it has
been used in Canada, where it is known as limit states design.
• It is also the basis of most European building codes.
• In the United States, LRFD has been an accepted method of design for
reinforced concrete for years and is the primary method authorized in the
American Concrete Institute’s Building Code, where it is known as
Strength Design (ACI, 2005)

32

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 16
Steel Structures 2/27/2023
Spring 2023

Reference Books
Book Title (Edition) Author Chapter/Topic Number

Steel Design (14th) William T. Segui Chapter 2

Topic 2.1

Structural Abi Aghayere, Chapter 1

Steel Design - A PRACTICE- Jason Vigil Topic 1.5, 1.6
ORIENTED APPROACH Chapter 2
Topic 2.1

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 17