Course Code: AR198 - 7

Course Title: STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

ENGR. ROMA SEMANA-GALANG

• Structural systems, components and loadings

– Load distribution and load analysis
• Design of reinforced concrete members
• Design of structural steel members
• Connections
• Earthquake Moment Resisting Frames
Phd CE, DLSU (present)
MSCE, MAPUA U (2016)
BSCE, MAPUA U (1999)
2ND PLACE MAY 1999 CE LIC. EXAM
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• STRUCTURE refers to a system of connected parts used to
support a load. When designing a structure to serve a specified
function for public use, the engineer must account for its
safety, aesthetics, and serviceability,
• BUILDING – any structure used for supporting or
sheltering any use or occupancy
• NON-BUILDING – used to support a load not designed
for continuous human occupancy
 BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Bracing struts. Structural members designed resist tensile
force or compressive force
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Beams. Structural members that support transverse loads (any
load applied normal to the span of member). STEEL BEAM
– Designed to resist flexure or bending and shear

RC BEAM
M

T
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Columns. Structural members designed to a resist axial
compressive force.
 BASIC TYPES OF STRUCTURE
• Trusses. Consist of slender elements, usually arranged in
triangular fashion with top chords, bottom chords and struts
• Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in the same
plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof support,
whereas
• Space trusses have members extending in three dimensions
and are suitable for derricks and towers.
PLANE TRUSSES
SPACE TRUSSES
 BASIC TYPES OF STRUCTURE
• Frames are often used in buildings and are composed of beams
and columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
BAY FRAME – two dimensional frame
SPACE FRAME – three dimensional frame
– The loading on a frame causes bending, axial stresses and shear
stresses in its members
– The strength of such a frame is derived from the moment interactions
between the beams and the columns at the rigid or semi-rigid joints.
 LOADS ON STRUCTURE
• GRAVITY LOADS (VERTICAL)
– DEAD LOAD – weight of all permanent elements in structure
– LIVE LOAD - weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving
vehicles, or natural forces
• LATERAL LOADS
– WIND LOAD
– SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)
• OTHER MINIMUM LOADS
• Fluid pressure, lateral soil pressure, ponding loads, self-straining force
 NSCP Table 204-2
Floor finish: Ceramic tile on 13 mm mortar bed
Ceiling: Suspended steel channel framing
Gypsum board, 1.4” thk

**WALLS – directly supported by beams

Example: 19.6 kN/m3, 4” CHB (CMU) 2.5 m high, both sides
plastered, fully grouted
W=
 FLOOR LOADS
• LIVE LOADS – are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the
building or other structure and do not include dead load, construction
load, or environmental loads such as wind load, earthquake and fluid load
(NSCP)
From NSCP Table 205-1
• Residential:
– Basic floor area
– Balcony
• Office
– Lobbies
– Offices
REFERENCE: NSCP 2015

WIND LOADS
 GUST EFFECT FACTOR

VELOCITY INTERNAL PRESSURE

PRESSURE COEFFICIENT

EXTERNAL PRESSURE
COEFFICIENT
 SEISMIC LOAD
(EARTHQUAKE)
(𝑉 − 𝐹 𝑡) 𝑤 𝑥 h𝑥
𝐹 𝑥=
∑ 𝑤𝑥 h 𝑥
 LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS:
• SPACE FRAME – three-dimensional structural system
without bearing walls, without horizontal diaphragms or
floor bracing system; composes of columns and beams
only to resist gravity loads
• MOMENT RESISTING FRAME – three-dimensional frame
composed of columns and beams only to resist gravity
and lateral loads by action of flexure
• BRACED FRAME – vertical truss system to resist lateral
load forces
• SHEAR WALL – wall designed to resist lateral load parallel
to the plane of the wall; also referred to as structural wall
or vertical diaphragm
 LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS:
• DIAPHRAGM – horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical restraining elements; acts
as horizontal bracing system
• CANTILEVERED COLUMN – is a column element in a lateral-
force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and
has minimal moment capacity at the top, with lateral force
applied essentially at the top
 NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
• Architectural features such as exterior cladding and glazing,
ornamentation, ceilings, interior partitions, and stairs;
• Mechanical components and systems including air conditioning
equipment, ducts, elevators, escalators, pumps, and emergency
generators;
• Electrical components including transformers, switchgear, motor control
centers, lighting, and raceways;
• Fire protection systems including piping and tanks; and
• Plumbing systems and components including piping, fixtures, and
equipment.
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1. BEARING WALL SYSTEM – system with load bearing walls,
without space frame to carry gravity loads
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
1. BEARING WALL SYSTEM – system with load bearing walls,
without space frame to carry gravity loads
2. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM – complete space frame to resist
gravity loads only. Lateral resistance is provided either by
diagonal braces that extend between the beams and columns
to provide horizontal rigidity or by concrete, masonry, or
timber shear walls that provide lateral resistance but do not
carry the structure’s weight
 TYPES OF BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM

a. SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) –

steel braced frame designed in accordance with
Section 526
b. ORDINARY CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME
(OCBF)
– steel braced frame designed in accordance with
the provisions of Section 527,
– or concrete-braced frame designed in accordance
with Section 421 (EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES)
 TYPES OF BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
a. SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) –
steel braced frame designed in accordance with
Section 526
b. ORDINARY CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME
(OCBF)
– steel braced frame designed in accordance with
the provisions of Section 527,
– or concrete-braced frame designed in accordance
with Section 421 (EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES)
 TYPES OF BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
c. ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF)
– steel braced frame designed in accordance with
Section 528
d. BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACED FRAME (BRBF)
– steel frame that provides lateral resistance
to buckling, particularly during seismic activity
 TYPES OF BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
c. ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF)
– steel braced frame designed in accordance with
Section 528
d. BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACED FRAME (BRBF)
– steel frame that provides lateral resistance
to buckling, particularly during seismic activity
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.MOMENT RESISTING
FRAME SYSTEM –
complete space frame
for gravity loads and
lateral loads are
resisted by flexure
action of members
 MOMENT RESISTING FRAME SYSTEM
a. ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING
FRAME (OMRF) – moment resisting
frame not meeting special detailing
requirements for ductile behavior
b. INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING
FRAME SYSTEM (IMRF) – a concrete
frame designed in accordance with
NSCP 2010 Section 412
 MOMENT RESISTING FRAME SYSTEM
c. SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
SYSTEM (SMRF) – designed and detailed to
provide ductile behavior and comply with the
provisions NSCP 2010 Chapter 4 or 5
d. MASONRY MOMENT RESISTING WALL
FRAME (MMRWF) – masonry wall frame
especially detailed to provide ductile
behavior and provisions of NSCP 2010 Section
708.2.6
ORDINARY MRF INTERMEDIATE MRF SPECIAL MRF
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
4. DUAL SYSTEM – complete space frame with both shear wall
or bracing system and moment resisting frame to resist
smaller part of the lateral load
5. CANTILEVERED COLUMN SYSTEM – relying on cantilevered
columns for vertical and lateral resistance
FLOOR SYSTEM
MONOLITHIC FLOOR SYSTEM
FACTORED FLOOR LOAD FOR USD:
Wu  1.2DL  1.6LL
DL  SDL  Ws
SDL  floor finish  ceilling  partition  misc. load

LOAD TRANSFER:

GIRDER
SLAB BEAM (TRIBUTARY
FLOOR (TRIBUTARY LOAD FORM COLUMN
(FLOOR
(DEAD LOADS + LOAD FROM SLABS + (REACTIONS
LOADS + SLABS + GIRDER FROM
LIVE LOAD) SLAB BEAM WEIGHT + GIRDERS)
WEIGHT) WEIGHT) BEAM
REACTION)
TRIBUTARY LOAD: ONE WAY DISTRIBUTION
TRIBUTARY LOAD: TWO WAY DISTRIBUTION