BASIC

STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
AIM OF THE PRESENTATION

A detailed 3D analysis of the building using computers and giving training on the
use of softwares is beyond the scope of this presentation. Now a days the structural
design field is ruled by softwares and they are inevitable part of structural design
industry. A thorough knowledge on manual design , and foreseeing the structural
behaviour would be an added quality of a structural engineer. Manual designs are
generally done in design offices to asses the correctness of the final design results.
It is common to do a preliminary design using manual calculations , for initial
scheming of large scale projects.

In this presentation an attempt to give light on the manual design of a 3 storeyed

office building is done from scheming to the final element design of members .
Asper IS 1893(Part I): 2016, Cl.7.7, Linear dynamic analysis shall be performed to
obtain the design lateral force for all buildings , other than regular buildings
lower than 15 M in seismic zone II.

Here in this presentation lateral loads are not considered for analysis and design.
 ARCHITECTURAL PLAN

Partially framed/
RCC Confined masonry/
Masonry Building
FRAMED Other types

STRUCTURAL SCHEMING
(A clear understanding of load
path and structural behaviour is
required)
 VERTICAL LOADS(DL, LL)
DESIGN LOADS
LATERAL LOADS(WIND/EQ)

LOAD COMBINATION

LOAD CALCULATION ON STRUCTURE

2D analysis-simplified sub frame

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS analysis.

3D Analysis –computer application

 MANUAL ANALYSIS BY SUBFRAME
METHOD
(Tabulation of Results of Analysis)

• Grade of concrete & steel

• Exposure condition
ELEMENT DESIGN • Cover to reinforcement
• Development length
• Curtailment of reinforcement

FOUNDATION/COLUMN/BEAM/SLAB
DESIGNS WITH SAMPLE CALCULATION
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

COMPUTER APPLICATION
FOR BUILDING DESIGN
ARCHITECTURAL PLAN OF AN OFFICE BUILDING
TYPES OF RCC AND MASONRY STRUCTURES
 Framed Building
 RCC Foundation
 RCC Column
 RCC Beam and Slab

 Load Bearing Masonry Structure

 Masonry Foundation
 Basement
 Load bearing wall masonry
 RCC or sheet roof

 Partially Framed Building

 Load bearing wall masonry
 RCC column at critical position
 RCC belt and RCC lintel tie
 RCC or sheet roof

 Confined masonry wall

buildings
 In this walls are built first ;column band beams
are poured afterwards to enclose (confine)the
walls.
 They perform better during earthquake
PARAMETERS FOR SELECTION OF RCC FRAMED
STRUCTURE

• Number of floors greater than 2

• Unsymmetrical and complicated architectural plan

• Long and continuous walls

• Larger room sizes or larger halls and rooms with no

internal supports.

• Floor heights are more

• Filled up or weak soil

• Depth of foundation more than 2.meter.

• Buildings with larger openings etc.

STRUCTURAL SCHEMING

And different structural systems

A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF THE LOAD PATH IS NECESSARY FOR PROPER
SCHEMING OF A BUILDING
PREPARATION OF BEAM LAYOUT

Structural Scheme of a building is very important for

the structural performance of building. Structural layout
preparation involves deciding positions of structural
members.

Why beams are needed in building?

• For dividing the slabs

• For supporting the walls above the slab

• For tying the columns.

• Refurbishment : Additions, or changing the

functional use of the building beams may be added
to suit the requirement.
For cut-outs and shafts:

We may need additional beams around the

openings to support slabs

Aesthetic reasons:
Additional beams may require to make the building
more pleasing
Conceiled beams
 • Plinth beams are part of building frame.
Plinth beams • It support the masonry or slab at base level
• It is designed for the vertical load from
masonry wall and the horizontal reaction at
column base.
• Plinth beam helps to reduce the moment to
the column and also helps to reduce the
differential settlement by means of tying all
the columns.
• It reduces the effective length of column at
lower level of building frame .
• Grade beams are beams made to rest on ground and
connected to the columns or piles.

• BM value can be taken from WL^2/50 to WL^2/30 based

on each engineers experience and judgement.
TYPICAL BEAM LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING

Secondary beams
COLUMN POSITIONING AND ORIENTATION
 POINTS TO NOTE FOR DECIDING COLUMN POSITIONS

 Position the columns at the corners of the building

 It is generally positioned at intersection of beams
 Column should be positioned in such a way that the BM will be reduced
 To avoid large span of beam
 To avoid large centre to centre distance between columns
 As far as possible major axis of the column should be perpendicular to the span
 It should not affect the functional planning of the building
Parking shall not be affected
Existing structures shall be considered(well,tanks,access etc)
Over all economy shall be considered.
DECIDING COLUMN ORIENTATION

Final column position

and orientation
STABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE

Here the building is designed as moment resisting RCC framed structure and
is stable against lateral load.
MOVEMENT JOINT IN BUILDINGS
LOCATION OF MOVEMENT JOINT
The structures adjacent to the joint should be
preferably supported on separate columns

Reinforcement shall not extend beyond

expansion joint.

Normally structures exceeding 45 M in length

are provided with one or more joints.
EXPANSION JOINT IN BUILDINGS

• Normally building exceeding 45 M in length are provided

with one or more joints.(IS 456-2000)

• Structure adjacent to joint should preferably supported on

separate columns.

• Reinforcement shall not extend across expansion joint.

• Joints are provided at wings of ‘L’, ‘T’, or ‘U’ shaped

buildings.

• Soil strata in length of structure vary in nature-better to

have joints (situation is very rare)

• Different type of foundations in structure(Buildings

founded on piles and raft)
Expansion joint in buildings(IS 3414-1968)
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOAD ON STRUCTURE

VERTICAL LOADS
Dead load – Materials used – IS 875 Part 1 -1987
Live load – Occupancy – IS 875 Part 2- 1987

LATERAL LOADS
Wind load – IS 875 Part 3- 2016
Earthquake load – IS 1893 2016

OTHER LOADS
(shrinkage, creep and temperature effects)

LOAD COMBINATIONS

Refer : IS 875-Cl.8.1 Part 5, IS 456 Page 68 Table 18, IS 1893 Clause 6.3

DESIGN LOAD:

Working stress: Characteristic load

Limit state method: Loads with appropriate factor of safety.
LOAD COMBINATIONS –PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS
TYPICAL LOAD COMBINATIONS EXPLAINED(DL, LL, WL, and EQ)

1 1.5DL 15 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2EQ(+X)
2 1.5DL+1.5LL 16 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2EQ(-X)
3 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(+X) 17 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2EQ(+Y)
4 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(-X) 18 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2EQ(-Y)
5 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(+Y) 19 1.5DL+1.5EQ(+X)
6 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL(-Y) 20 1.5DL+1.5EQ(-X)
7 1.5DL+1.5WL(+X) 21 1.5DL+1.5EQ(+Y)
8 1.5DL+1.5WL(-X) 22 1.5DL+1.5EQ(-Y)
9 1.5DL+1.5WL(Y) 23 0.9DL+1.5EQ(+X)
10 1.5DL+1.5WL(-Y) 24 0.9DL+1.5EQ(-X)
11 0.9DL+1.5WL(X) 25 0.9DL+1.5EQ(+Y)
12 0.9DL+1.5WL(-X) 26 0.9DL+1.5EQ(-Y)
13 0.9DL+1.5WL(Y)
14 0.9DL+1.5WL(-Y)
DL OF MATERIALS-TYPICAL PAGE FROM IS -875 PART 1
SPECIAL CASES OF PARTITION LOAD

Load due to light partition

Cl.3.1.2 IS 875-Part 2

Minimum 1 kN/m2
Maximum 1.5 kN/m2

Reference: Reinforced Concrete Designers Hand Book –Reynolds

and Steedman
Live load for business and office building(IS 875-1987 Part 2)

Load due to light partition

Cl.3.1.2 IS 875-Part 2

Minimum 1 kN/m2
Maximum 1.5 kN/m2
LOAD CALCULATION ON STRUCTURE
PRELIMINARY SIZING OF BEAMS
PRACTICAL SPAN /EFFECIVE DEPTH RATIOS

Cantilever- 6

Simply supported 12

Continuous 15

(For spans greater than 10m the effective depth ratios

should be multiplied by 10/span in meters)
PRELIMINARY SIZING OF SLAB
DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD FROM SLAB TO SUPPORTS
LOADING DIAGRAM FOR A TYPICAL FLOOR OF THE BUILDING
CALCULATION OF LOAD ON FRAMING BEAM

Contd…………
Contd………….
Contd………………
Contd………
Contd……………..
Contd……..
Contd…….
THUS THE LOADS ON FRAMING BEAM IS
CALCULATED

Frame F1 3D View
Frame F1 2D View
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

2D FRAME ANALYSIS-(Generally used for manual calculations)

-Simplified subframes analysis used for vertical loads

-Portal/cantilever method used for lateral loads

3D FRAME ANALYSIS –(Finite element analysis-computer application required)

ANALYSIS OF SUBFRAME

CALCULATION OF DISTRIBUTION FACTORS

Similarly Distribution Factors for all other members are

calculated
ANALYSIS OF SUB FRAME
SIMPLE FORMULAE FOR CALCULATION OF BEAM MOMENTS
SIMPLE FORMULA FOR SHEAR FORCE AT SUPPORT

Shear force at end support 0.5 wl

Shear force at intermediate support 0.6 wl

The above formulae are for simple frames uniformly distributed load and
adjacent spans shall not vary 15 percent. Generally it is used for regular
buildings up to 3 floors
FOR SECONDARY BEAMS CONTINUOUS OVER MANY SUPPORT

span moment wl2/16

Support moment wl2/12

Shear force: 0.6 wl

The values are conservatively taken from Table 12 &13 IS 456

MOMENT AND SF VALUES ASPER SIMPLE FORMULA
AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENT CALCULATION FOR COLUMN DESIGN

Axial load calculation

Approximate estimation of column load(Use only for preliminary
estimation of column load)

Column Location Load intensity over tributary floor

area at all supporting level

2.5 t/m2
Corner
2.0 t/m2
Exterior
1.5 t/m2
Interior

Above Values can be used to determine the initial sizing of columns

and estimation of column loads, thus the load on foundation.
Figure showing the tributary area
of slab which contribute load
from slab to columns
TYPICAL SUB FRAME FOR
CALCULATION OF COLUMN
MOMENTS
Similarly we can calculate the column moments for columns in
different floors
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS
Before doing the RCC element designs we must have a general
awareness about the following things.

• Exposure condition

• cover to reinforcement

• grade of concrete and steel

• Development length of bars

• Curtailment length of bars for beams and slabs etc.

EXPOSURE CONDITIONS
MIN. GRADE OF CONCRETE-EXPOSURE CONDITION

IS 13920 cl. 5.2

cl.5.3.1 Steel Reinforcement shall be

Cement content shown is irrespective of the grade cement.

COVER TO REINFORCEMENT-EXPOSURE CONDITION
COVER TO REINFORCEMENT- FIRE RATING
• Use of higher grade concrete
will be more beneficial to
reduce reinforcement in
compression members
(columns, shear walls)

• But it is less beneficial in the

design of flexural members

• Design mix required for

concrete grade more than M20
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT BARS
Development length depends on grades of concrete and steel, and
bar diameter-Ref: SP -16
For M25, Fe 500 Ldt=50X Diameter of bar
Ldc=40xDiameter of bar
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION

DEEP/SHALLOW FOUDATION

The selection of the type of foundation depends on the

column load and soil profile.

Soil investigation and reports will provide the

recommendation of type of foundation type or SBC and
depth of foundation level etc.

Otherwise we have to judge the founding depth and SBC

SPECIAL CASES
FOUNDATION IN FILLED UP EARTH

• Uncontrolled fills provide variable bearing capacity and non uniform settlement

• Proper compaction to be ensured

• Field identification can be done by in-situ density determination

• Bar Penetration
• Trial pit
• Check for old quarry at site

• Sand and gravel can be identified on visual examination easily

• But we can not differentiate sand and silt only by visual examination
 ADVISABLE VALUE OF SBC IN Kn/m2
(If detailed investigations are not done)

Laterite rock 300 to 350

Laterite soil(Gravel) 200 to 250

Coarse sand 200

Medium sand 150

Fine sand, silt 100

SBC= 10XN kN/m2 N – ‘N’ value of the soil

DESIGN OF FOOTING

(Our case is limited to design of RCC Footing)

STEPPED FOOTING

• Easy to assure design dimensions

• Easy to compact

• Material consumption is more compared to slopped

footing
DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF FOOTING

Design based on cl.34- IS 456

For footings minimum cover shall be 50 mm.

Minimum edge thickness shall be 150 mm

Initial depth can be calculated using Rankine’s formula. Practically give a

depth of 1.2 m. If soil report is available, refer recommendation.
Nominal reinforcement:

Minimum reinforcement and spacing shall be asper the

requirement of solid slab.

The nominal reinforcement for concrete sections of

thickness more than 1 M shall be 360 mm2/meter width.
Maximum spacing of rebars (Fe 415)= 180 mm
Maximum spacing of rebars (Fe 500) = 150 mm

Minimum diameter of main reinforcement shall be 10 mm

Dimensional accuracy - The column shall be centrally aligned to coincide with footing centre
Footing pit dimensions >> Footing size
Formwork shall be provided at edge
Design of footing

Using excel sheet provided.

From ready made charts

From standard reference books

Or by using soft wares

Sample design calculation:

In our example case Axial load on column ‘D’ =877 kN.

Total load at footing level considering 5% extra for footing= 921.00kN
SBC of soil=200kN/m2

Refer Chart D.6 Column footing:

Let the soil SBC is 200 kN/m2

Size of Footing 2.5 Mx2.0 M
From Chart 6, depth of fdn =750 mm,
Reft. In X and Y direction 18 Nos. Y-10 in both direction
FOOTING DESIGN CHARTS;
Design of reinforced concrete foundation by PC VARGHESE
DESIGN OF BEAMS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Preliminary sizing
 Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of the area of
tension reinforcement and the maximum compression fibre.
 Final deflection should not exceed span/350 or 20 mm whichever is less.
 For curtailment, reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no
longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of
the member or 12 times the bar diameter, whichever is greater
 Reinforcement should be checked using IS 456 Clause 26.3 and 26.5
 The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall
usually be not-less than the diameter of the larger bar and 5 mm more than
the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
 minimum vertical distance between the bars shall be 15 mm, two-thirds the
nominal maximum size of aggregate or the maximum size of bars, whichever
is greater.
 Minimum tension reinforcement
Minimum Reinforcement: As/bd = 0.85/fy
Maximum Reinforcement: 0.04bd(Tension or Compression)

Minimum Shear Reinforcement:

Maximum spacing of transverse reinft. 0.75d , in no case exceed 300mm

In our example case consider the beam in FF for sample
calculation purpose.
Concrete grade M25
Steel grade Fe 500
Size of beam 230x570 mm , Clear cover to reinft. 30 mm Effecive depth=520 mm,
assuming 20 mm dia. bar)

Factored Desing support top moment of Beam –BE = 1.5x109.0 kN M

Mu/bd2=2.63
Referring to Table 3 of SP-16, for singly reinforced sections, percentage tension
reinforcement= 0.711%

Hence reinforcement at support top =0.711x230x520 mm2, provide 2 Nos. 16 mm

and 2 Nos. 20 mm Dia bars (Percentage steel provided =0.861)

Similarly find out the reinforcement at support top and mid span: rrange the bars
suitably considering wastage and easiness for laying of reinforcement.
Design of shear reinforcement:

Beam BE, Factored shear for design =1.5x114 =171kN

Percentage tension steel provided=0.861

Corresponding Shear strength of concrete (Refer table 61, SP-16)=0.6N/mm2

Shear to be carried by stirrup = Vus=171000 N-0.6x230x520=99240 N=99.24kN

Vus/d=99.2kN/52.0=1.91 kN/cm

Refer Sp -16, Table 62, Provide 8 mm -2 legged stirrup @18 cm c/c.

Repeat similar procedure for other beams also.
SP-16, Table 3
SP-16 , Table 61
SP-16 Table 62,
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF COLUMNS
1 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT BARS

Min. Percentage 0.8

Max. percentage 6.0

For Practical case, considering the lapping of reinforcement also the

reinforcement percentage shall usually not exceed 4 percent.

For columns of larger cross sectional area, the minimum percentage of steel
shall be based upon the area of concrete required to resist the stress.
Minimum diameter of longitudinal bar 12 mm

Minimum number of longitudinal bars 4 Nos.

Columns provided with helical reinforcement minimum no.of bars is 6 Nos.
Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along periphery shall not exceed 300 mm

Minimum percentage of longitudinal steel for pedestals 0.15

2 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

Provided with Internal angle 135 degree

Pitch- least lateral dimension of column or 16x least diameter

of the longitudinal bar or 300 mm which ever is less.

Simple guide lines for arranging

lateral ties in columns
In our example case let us design the column in GF along grid ‘B’.
The column is designed for unidirectional moment and axial load.

Slenderness check:
Effective length/ lateral dimension= 0.85x3.3/ 0.5 = 5.61 , short column.

Factored Axial load on column = 1.5x877=1316 kN (Conservatively taken as the

load at foundation level)

Minimum eccentricity=l/500 +D/30 =(330/500+60/30)=2.66 cm >2 cm

Factored Moment due to eccentricity=1316x2/100=26.32 kN M
Factored Moment as per analysis in the framing direction =1.5x27.85= 41.78 kNM

Hence Design parameters: Factored axial load=1316 kN

Factored Moment=41.78kN M
Column Size 250x500 mm
Concrete grade M25, Steel Fe 500
Clear cover to reinforcement 40 mm
Pu/fck.b.d= 1316x10^3/(25x250x500)= 0.42

Mu/fck.b.d^2= 41.78x10^6/(25x250x500^2)=0.03

d’/D=50/500=0.1
Refer SP-16, Chart 48
p/fck =0.02, p=0.02x25=0.5%

Provide minimum steel=0.8%x250x500 = 1000 mm2

Provide 4 Nos 16mm + 4 Nos. 12 mm rod

Lateral Ties:

Use 8 mm bars

Spacing : Least lateral dimension 25 cm or

16x12 mm = 192 mm 0r 300 mm

Hence provide 8mm at 18 cm c/c

DESIGN OF SLAB
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Ly/Lx Greater than 2 one way slab

Ly/Lx 2 Less than or equal to 2,

two way slab
Slab for design

It is a two way slab with two adjacent edges

discontinuous
Design DL+LL on slab =8.0kN/m2
Ly =5.5 m
Lx =3.73 m
Ly/Lx =1.4 (Two way slab)
Support condition: Two adjacent edges discontinuous

From IS 456, Table 26 ,

Along shorter direction
Max Negative moment coefficient at support =0.071
Max Positive moment Coefficient at mid span =0.053
Hence Maximum Factored Design moment along shorter span = 1.5(0.071x8.0x3.73^2
=11.85kNm/meter width
Along Longer Direction
Max Negative moment coefficient at support =0.047
Max Positive moment Coefficient at mid span =0.035
Hence Maximum Factored Design moment along longer span = 1.5(0.047x8.0x3.73^2
=7.85 kN m/meter width
IS 456 Table 26
There is no direct slab Design Tables available in SP-16 for ,M25 and Fe500
grade steel.

For Smaller spans up to 4.0 M , Design Tables for M20 and Fe 415 grade steel
can be used conservatively.

Thus referring to Table-37 :

For M20 , Fe415, Depth of slab 12 cm spacing of 8 mm bars for moment
capacity 11.85 kNm is 14 cm c/c. Hence provide 8 mm bars at 14 cm along
shorter direction.

For moment capacity 7.85kNM spacing of 8 mm bars is 22 cm c/c . Hence

provide 8 mm bars at 22 cm c/c along longer direction.

For more exact calculation of reinforcement, Table 3 of SP-16 can be used by

considering the width of flexural member as 1000 mm .
SP16 Table 37
SP16 Table 3
STRUCTURAL DRAWING AND DETAILING
REINFORCEMENT CHECKING AND SUPERVISION OF WORKS

• It is vey difficult and costly to alter reinforcement once placed.

Hence strict supervision is required during progress of work.

• Spacers , cover blocks should be placed of maximum spacing 1 M

• Coverblock should be of concrete of same strength

• Welded joints or mechanical couplers in reinforcement may be used

, but in all cases tests shall be made to prove that the joints are of
the full strength of bar connected.

• Reinforcement placing shall allow compaction of concrete by

immersion type vibrators.

• The following shall be properly checked at site during inspection.

1. Bar dia and spacing
2. Clear cover for bars
3. lapping length provide and position of laps
4. anchorage length of bars in columns, beam bars in columns,
slab bars in beams etc.
• The following shall be properly checked at site during inspection.

1. Bar dia and spacing

2. Clear cover for bars

3. lapping length provided and position of laps

4. anchorage length of bars in columns, beam bars in columns,

slab bars in beams etc.

5. Level of the floor shuttering and the strength of vertical

props

6. Distance of curtailment of bars in slabs and beams.

7. Over all concrete sizes of members

COMPUTER
APPLICATION AND
MODELLING OF
BUILDING
COSTRUCTION STAGE

COMPUTER MODEL
3D MODEL OF THE BUILDING IN ETABS
BMD OF FRAME ALONG GRID 5
SFD OF FRAME ALONG GRID 5
COLUMN REACTION
DESIGN RESULTS COLUMN AND BEAM
REINFORCEMENT PERCENTAGE
STEEL CONSUMPTION RATIO

=Total steel quantity in building in Kg./total area of the building in all floors

House with reinforced concrete 10 kg/m2

slabs on load bearing walls

Large houses with mixed system of

reinforced concrete columns and 20 kg/m2
load bearing walls(2 storeys)

RCC framed buildings with

n=4 40Kg/m2
n=6 50Kg/m2
n=8 60kg/m2
n=12 70kg/m2