STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS IN BULDING CODES

BUILDING CODES ANALYSES

 • STATIC ANALYSIS
• Structures be designed to resist specified static lateral
forces related to the properties of the structure and
seismicity of the region.
• Formulas based on an estimated natural period of
vibration are specified for base shear and distribution of
lateral forces over the height of the building.
• Static analysis provides the design forces including
shears and overturning moments for various stories. •
DYNAMIC ANALYSES • RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS • RESPONSE
HISTORY ANALYSIS •
3.International Building Code - USABase Shear
 Vb = csw where Cs = Ce &Ce= IC R Cs
corresponding to R = 1 is called the elastic seismic
coefficientW= total dead load and applicable portions
of other loads R = 1.0 I = 1.0, 1.25 or 1.5 C depends
on the location of structure and the site classes
defined in the code accounting for local soil effects
on ground motion. C is also related to pseudo-
acceleration design spectrum values at short periods
and and at T = 1 second.
4.International Building Code - USALATERAL
FORCES
 Fj = Vb wjhkj ∑ni=1wihik
Where K is a coefficient related to the vibration
period .
5.International Building Code - USAStory Forces

The design values of story shears are determined by static

analysis of the structure subjected to the lateral forces; the
effects of gravity and other loads should be included.
Similarly determined overturning moments are multiplied by
a reduction factor J defined as follows: J = 1.0 for top 10
stories; between 1.0 and 0.8 for the next 10 stories from the
top; varying linearly with height; 0.8 for remaining stories.
•National Building Code of Canada Base Shear 

•Vb = csw where Cs = Ce U & Ce = vSIF R U= 0.6

Calibration Factor zonal velocity v = 0 to 0.4 Seismic
importance factor I = 1.5, 1.3, 1.0 Foundation factor
• F = 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, or 2.0 Seismic response factor S varies
with fundamental natural vibration period of the building.
• Canada is divided in 7 velocity and acceleration related
seismic zones.
•National Building Code of CanadaLATERAL FORCE 

•Fj = (Vb-Ft) wjhj ∑ni=1wihi with the exception that force at

the top floor is increased by an additional force , the top
force, Ft .
•EuroCode 8Base Shear
•Vb = csw where Cs = Ce / q’ Ce = A/g = A/g {(Tb/ TI)-1/3}
q’ = 1+(T1 / Tb) (q-1) = q Seismic behavior factor q varies
between 1.5 and 8 depending on various factors including
structural materials and structural system
•EuroCode 8storey force 

•Fj = Vbwj Φj1 ∑ni=1wi ΦJ1 where Φj1 is the

displacement of the jth floor in the fundamental mode of
vibration.
•The code permits linear approximation of the this mode
which become
•Fj = Vb wjhj ∑ni=1wihi
•National Building Code of CanadaSTORY FORCES 

•The design value of story shears are determined by

static analysis of the structure subjected to these lateral
forces. Similarly determined overturning moments are
multiplied by reduction factors J and Ji at the base and
at the i th floor level.
EuroCode 8story forces
.The design values of story shears, story
overturning moments, and element forces are
determined by static analysis of the building
subjected to these lateral forces; the computed
moments are not multiplied by a reduction
factor .
• Fundamental Vibration Period
• Period formulae used in IBC, NBCC and others
codes are derived out of Rayleigh’s method
using the shape function given by the static
deflection, Ui due to a set of lateral forces Fi at
the floor levels.
•Elastic seismic coefficient 
• The Ce and A/g as specified in codes are not
identical.
• The ratio of Cc  A/g is plotted as a function of
period and it exceeds unity for most periods.
•CONCLUSION 
• There can be major design deficiencies, if the
building code is applied to structures whose
dynamic properties differ significantly from these
of ordinary buildings.
• Building codes should not be applied to special
structures, such as
.high-rise buildings
dams, nuclear power plants, offshore oil-
drilling platforms, long spane bridges etc.
•Requirement of RC Design 

• Sufficiently stiff against lateral displacement.

• Strength to resist inertial forces imposed by the ground
motion.
• Detailing be adequate for response in nonlinear range
under displacement reversals.
•Design Process 
• Pre-dimensioning
• Analysis.
• Review.
• Detailing.
• Production of structural drawings.
• Final Review.
•Requirement for structural Response 

• Stiffness defines the dynamic characteristics of the

structure as in fundamental mode and vibration modes.
• Global and individual members stiffness affects other
aspects of the response including non participating structural
elements behavior, nonstructural elements damage, and
global stability of the structure.
•STRENGTH
• The structure as a whole, its elements and
cross sections within the elements must have
appropriate strength to resist the gravity effects
along with the forces associated with the
response to the inertial effects caused by the
earthquake ground motion
•Toughness 
• The term toughness describes the ability of
the reinforced concrete structure to sustain
excursions in the non linear ranges of
response without critical decrease of strength .
•Seismic Design Categories 

• Category A: Ordinary moment resisting frames.

• Category B.
• Ordinary moment resisting frames.
• Flexural members have two continuous
longitudinal bars at top & bottom
• Columns having slenderness ratio of 5 or less
• Shear design must be made for a factored shear
twice that obtained from analysis.
•Category C.

• Intermediate moment frames.

• Chapter 21 of ACI 318 implemented.
• Shear walls designed like a normal wall.
• Category D, E and F.
• Special moment frames
• Special reinforced concrete walls.
•Earth quake Design Ground Motion
•Earth quake Design ground Motion
• Maximum Considered Earthquake and
• Design Ground Motion
• For most regions, the minimum considered earthquake
ground motion is defined with a uniform likelihood of
excudance of 2% in 50 years (approximate return period of
2500 years).
• In regions of high seismicity, it is considered more
appropriate to determine directly maximum considered
earthquake ground motion base on the characteristic
earthquakes of these defined faults multiplied by 1.5.
Site Classification 
• Where Vs = average shear wave velocity.
N = average standard penetration - resistance.
Nch = average standard penetration - resistance for
cohesiveless soils.
Su = average un-drianed shear strength in cohesive
soil
•All ordinates of this site specific
response spectrum must 
•be greater or equal to 80% of the spectral
value of the response spectra obtained from
the umpped values of Ss and Si, as shown
on previous slide. • Use Groups. As per
SEI/ASCE 7-02.
•Required Seismic Design Category
 • The structure must be assigned to the most severe
seismic design category obtained from.
•Reinforced concrete lateral Force
– Resisting Structural System
•Bearing Wall. Any concrete or masonry wall that
supports
• more than 200 lbs/ft of vertical loads in addition to
its own weight.
• Braced Frame. An essentially vertical bent, or its
equivalent of the concentric or eccentric type that is
provided in a bearing walls, building frame or dual
system to resist seismic forces .
• Moment frame. A frame in which members and
joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as
well as along the axis of the members. Contd
Shear Wall. A wall bearing or non bearing designed to
resist
. lateral seismic forces acting on the face of the wall. Space
Frame.
A structural system composed of inter connected members.
Other than bearing walls, which are capable of supporting
vertical loads and, when designed for such an application, are
capable of providing resistance to seismic forces
•The approximate fundamental building period Ta is
seconds is 
•obtained Ta = C1 hxn
•The over turning moment at any storey MX is obtained
from 
• MX=∑n Fi (hi– hx)
• i=x
Shear stresses are computed elastically, assuming
a uniform
 distribution of shear stress.
• If allowable stresses are exceeded, all shear must be
resisted by shear reinforcement and shear stresses in
masonry must not exceed a second, higher set of
allowable values
•Reinforced Brick Masonry
 • Allowable stress design provisions for reinforced masonry
address failure in combined flexural and axial compression and in
shear.
• Stresses in masonry and reinforcement are computed using a
cracked transformed section.
• Allowable tensile stresses in deformed reinforcement are the
specified field strength divided by a safety factor of 2.5.
• Allowable flexural compressive stresses are one third the
specified compressive strength of masonry
•Seismic Design Provisions for Masonry in IBC 
• General.
• The three basic characteristics to determine the
building’s “Seismic design category” are
• Building geographic location
• Building function
• Underlying soil characteristics
• Categories A to F
• Determination of Seismic Design Forces.
Forces are based on>
• Structure Location
• Underlying soil type
• Degree of structural redundancy
• System expected in elastic deformation capacity
•Seismic related Restriction on Materials 
• In seismic Design categories A through C, no
additional seismic related restrictions apply beyond
those related to design in general.
• In seismic design Categories D & E, type N mortar
and masonry cement are prohibited because of their
relatively low tensile bond strength.
• Seismic Related Restrictions on Design Methods
• Seismic Design Category A. Strength design,
allowable stress design or empirical design can be
used.
•Seismic Design Category B and C
• lateral force resisting system can be designed by
strength design or allowable stress design. Non-
contributing elements may be designed by empirical
design.
• Seismic Design Category D, E and F. Elements that are
part of lateral force resisting system must be designed by
either strength design or allowable stress design. No
empirical design be used.
•Seismic Related Requirement for Connectors.
• Seismic Design Category A and B. No mechanical
connections are required between masonry walls and
roofs or floors.
• Seismic Design Category C, D E and F. Connectors
are required to accommodate story drift.
• Seismic Related Requirements for Locations and
Minimum Percentage of Reinforcement
• Seismic Design Categories A and B. No restriction .
• Seismic Design Category C.
• In Seismic Design Categories A and B. No
requirement.
•In Seismic Design category C,
• masonry partition walls must
•have reinforcement meeting requirements for minimum
percentage and maximum spacing. Masonry walls must
have reinforcement with an area of at least 0.2 sq in at
corners.
• In seismic design category D, masonry walls that are
part of lateral force-resisting system must have
uniformly distributed reinforcement in the horizontal and
vertical directions with a minimum percentage of 0.0007
in each direction and a minimum summation of 0.002
(both directions). Maximum spacing in either direction is
48 in.
•In Seismic Design Categories E and F,
• stack bonded masonry partition walls have minimum
horizontal reinforcement requirements.
• Analysis Approaches for Modern U.S. Masonry
• Analysis of masonry structures for lateral loads, along
or in combination with gravity loads, must address the
following issues.
• Analytical approaches
• Elastic vs. inelastic behavior
• Selection of earthquake input
• Two dimensional vs. three dimensional behavior.
•Modeling of materials 
• Modeling of gravity loads
• Modeling of structural elements
• Flexural working
• Soil foundation Flexibility
• Floor diaphragm flexibility
•Overall Analytical Approach 
• Hand type approaches usually emphasize the plan
distribution of shear forces in wall elements.
• Hand methods are not sufficiently accurate for
computing wall movements, critical design movements
can be overestimated by factors as high as 3.
• Elastic vs Inelastic Behavior
• Flexural yielding or shear degradation of significant
portions of a masonry structure in anticipated, inelastic
analysis should be considered.
•In many cases, masonry structures can be
expected to respond in the cracked elastic
regime, even under extreme lateral loads.
• Selection of Earthquake Input.
• Because structural response in generally
expected to be linear elastic, linear elastic
response spectra are sufficient.
•Two Dimensional vs three Dimensional Analysis of
Linear Elastic Structures
• In two dimensional analysis, a building is modified as
an assemblage of parallel plan as frames, free to
displace laterally in their own planes only subject to the
requirement of lateral displacements compatibility
between all frames at each floor level.
• In the “Pseudo three dimensional” approach, a building
is modeled as an assemblage of planar framers, each of
which is free to displace parallel and perpendicular to its
own place. The frames exhibit lateral displacement
compatibility at each floor level.
•Modeling of Gravity Loads
• Gravity loads should be based on self weight plus an
estimate of the probable live load.
• A uniform distribution of man should be assumed over
each floor except exterior walls.
• Modeling of Material Properties
• Material properties should be estimated based on test
results.
• A poison's ratio of 0.35 can be used for masonry.
• Modeling of Structural Elements
• Masonry wall buildings are normally modeled using
beams and panels with occasional columns.
•Flexural Cracking of Walls
• Flexural Cracking Criterion.
The cracking movement for a wall should be
determined by multiplying the modulus of rapture
of the wall under in plane flexure, by the section
modulus of the wall.
• Consequences of Flexural Cracking of walls.
Flexural cracking reduces the wall’s stiffness
from that of the un-cracked transformed section
so that of the cracked transformed section.
Soil Foundation Flexibility.
 • Regardless of how the building’s foundation
in modeled, the building’s periods of vibration
significantly increase, and lateral force levels
can change significantly.
• If the building’s foundation is considered
flexible the resulting increase in support
flexibility at the basis of wall elements causes
their base movement to decrease substantially.
• In –Plane Floor Diaphragm Flexibility
• Structures in general an often modeled.
•Many masonry wall structures have floor slabs with
features that could increase the affects of in-plane floor
flexibility.
• Small openings in critical sections of the floor slab.
• Rectangular floor plans with large aspect ratios in plan.
• Variations of in-plane rigidity with in slab.
• Explicit Inelastic Design and Analysis of Masonry
Structures Subjected to Extreme Lateral loads.
• If in elastic response of a masonry structure is
anticipated, a general design and analysis approach
involving the following steps in proposed.
•Select a stable collapse mechanism for the wal,
• reasonable inelastic deformation demand in hinging
regions.
• Using general plans section theory to describe the
flexural behavior of reinforced masonry elements, provide
sufficient flexural capacity and flexural ductility in hinging
regions.
• Using a capacity design philosophy, provide wall
elements with sufficient shear capacity to resist the shear
consistent with the development of intended collapse
mechanism .
•Using reinforcing details from current strength
design
• provisions detail the wall reinforcement to develops the
necessary strength and inelastic deformation capacity.
• Inelastic Finite Element Analysis of Masonry Structure
• In the absence of experimental data, finite element
analysis in the most viable method to quantify the
ductility and post peak behavior of masonry structures
The load – deformation relation of a
masonry components 
obtained from a finite element analysis can be
used to calibrate structural component
models which can in turn be used for the
push over analysis or dynamic analysis of
large structural systems