Is 1893 Latest Updates

Aspects of Computer Model:
Seismic Analysis/Design of Modelling is done using analysis packages like

Multi-storied RC Buildings STAAD.Pro, STRAP, NISA Des. Studio, ETABS,
GT STRUDL, RISA-3D, MIDAS-Gen, etc.
using STAAD.Pro & ETABS
according to IS:1893-2016
Presented by .
Rahul Leslie
Deputy Director,
Buildings Design,
DRIQ, Kerala PWD
Trivandrum, India
Part - I 1 3
Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie
Topics Covered: Aspects of Computer Model:

Modelling is done using analysis packages like
Computer modelling and analysis using STAAD.Pro, STRAP, NISA Des. Studio, ETABS,
STAAD.Pro & ETABS for GT STRUDL, RISA-3D, MIDAS-Gen, etc.
Seismic Coefficient method as per IS:1893 Model contains
Beams
(Part 1)-2016* Columns
Response Spectrum method as per Shear walls
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016* (Covered in Part-II) But not usually

Slabs, except
Miscellaneous points Flat slabs / Flat plates
Sloped RC Roofs (in ETABS)
* With references to IS:13920-2015 & IS:16700-2017 where Masonry wall infills
relevant Stair slabs
Foundation is represented by support points only
2 4
Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie
ETABS Model
5 7
Model for ETABS: B+G+4=6 stories
ETABS Model
6 8
STAAD Model
9 11
Model for STAAD: G+4 = 5 stories

STAAD Model
10 12
Beams and columns
A model must ideally represent the complete three Stiffness of Beams and columns to be reduced as:
dimensional (3D) characteristics of the building, including Beams: Ieff = 0.35 Igross
geometry Columns : Ieff = 0.7 Igross
stiffness of various members
(6.4.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) New
supports
load distribution
mass distribution
For models in the purview of IS:16700-2017*, rigid offsets
at beam-column joint region should also be considered. (7.2
(a), IS:16700-2017)
* Criteria for Structural Safety of Tall Concrete Buildings, applicable to RC

buildings in the range of 50 to 250m height
13 15
Beams and columns Beams and columns

Beams and columns are modelled by frame elements Stiffness of Beams and columns to be reduced as:
Plinth beams should also be modelled as beams Beams: Ieff = 0.35 Igross
Slabs are not usually modelled Columns : Ieff = 0.7 Igross
(6.4.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) New
However, nothing has been mentioned on stiffness

reduced factors for
Shear walls
Flat slabs / Slabs
14 16
Beams and columns
Alternatively, in IS:16700-2017*, the reduction factors are
given as :
a) For factored load cases
Slabs: Ieff = 0.25 Igross
Beams : Ieff = 0.35 Igross
Columns : Ieff = 0.7 Igross
Walls : Ieff = 0.7 Igross
b) For un-factored load cases
Slabs: Ieff = 0.35 Igross
Beams : Ieff = 0.7 Igross
Columns : Ieff = 0.9 Igross
Walls : Ieff = 0.9 Igross
(7.2 & Table 6, IS:16700-2017)
*(for buildings coming under its purview)

ETABS: For Beams
17 19
Beams and columns

Using two sets of stiffness reduction factors (SRF),
however, has its own issues:
It will require analysis using two copies of the same Finite
Element model files,
One with SRF for factored loads, and
The other with SRF for un-factored loads
...unless the Analysis software packages in future come
up with facilities for optioning different SRF for different
load combination cases (load combinations to be
covered later)
In Response Spectrum method (to be covered later), the

models for factored and un-factored loads end up having
different (but very close) sets of mode shapes and mode
frequencies, thus having each model analysed with
different sets of modal parameters, though for the same ETABS: For Columns
building I presume it is okay and generally accepted
18 20
Supports:
The type of support to be provided is decided by
considering the degree of fixity provided by the
foundation.
Fixed Supports:
Raft foundation: Support to be provided at the column
ends (located at top of the raft)
Pile cap for multiple piles: Support to be provided at the
column ends (located at top of the pile cap)
Isolated footing: When it is founded on hard rock, the
column end may be modelled as fixed (located at the top of
the footing)
Single pile: Fixed support of the column is recommended
at a depth of five to ten times the diameter of pile,
STAAD: For Beams depending upon the type of soil, from the top of pile cap.
21 23
Pinned supports:
Isolated footing: Support to be provided at the column
ends, (located at the bottom of the foundation).
Spring supports:
Spring supports can be provided with spring constants ,
eg., as per ASCE/SEI 41 (2006)
In General
Engineering judgement must be exercised in modelling the
support
STAAD: For Columns
22 24
Slabs and Masonry walls Diaphragms
The weight of slabs are distributed, as 2-way load This method is to be resorted to, only if the slab is stiff
distribution, on the supporting beams. enough to act as a rigid diaphragm
The weight of masonry walls are applied as uniform This is to be ascertained as per criteria specified in
load on the supporting beam 7.6.4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
25 27
Diaphragms Diaphragms
Since the slabs are not modelled by plate elements, the Diaphragms have to be checked whether they can be
structural effect due to their in-plane stiffness (7.6.3 (b), considered rigid (7.6.4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) by
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) can be taken into account as Rigid considering a floor independently,
Diaphragms by modelling the floor with shell elements & meshing it,
SS4 onwards)
26 28
Diaphragms
A floor diaphragm is considered to be flexible, if it deforms
such that the maximum lateral displacement measured from the
chord of the deformed shape at any point of the diaphragm is
more than 1 .2 times the average displacement of the entire
diaphragm (7.6.4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016).
ETABS: Floor Diaphragm
29 31
Diaphragms
This method is to be resorted to, only if the slab is stiff
enough to act as a rigid diaphragm
This is to be ascertained as per criteria specified in
7.6.4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
If the criteria is not met:

The storey loads are to be distributed at the column points
of the floor, proportionate to the floor mass distribution
7.6.4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
In tall buildings, the in-plane stiffness of the floor slab is to
be modelled (using meshed shell elements) -- 7.3.3,
IS:16700-2017 #
# for buildings in its purview ETABS: Floor Diaphragm
30 32
ETABS: Floor Diaphragm STAAD: Floor Diaphragm
33 35
STAAD: Floor Diaphragm STAAD: Floor Diaphragm

34 36
Masonry infill walls have in-plane stiffness that can The properties of the diagonal struts are modelled according
influence the behaviour of the building under lateral load. to the following:
- Effects of infill walls are to be modelled, and then stiffness
irregularity* to be examined for (7.9.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) - thickness
width
- Effects of infill walls are to be modelled, for analysis, if they the vertical dimension of cross section, measured perpendicular to the
contribute to lateral stiffness# (7.3.4, IS:16700-2017) inclination of the strut.
Masonry infills are modelled by - For URM infill walls without any opening, width, Wds of equivalent
diagonal strut is:
equivalent diagonal struts with
pinned ends (7.9.2.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2016) - Where Lds is the (diagonal) length of the strut and
* as per Table 6, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016

#
purview.
- Where.. (continued on next page)
The properties of the diagonal struts are modelled according The properties of the diagonal struts are modelled according
to the following: to the following:
- Modulus of Elasticity as per 7.9.2.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 - where (continued from previous page)
- Em = modulus of elasticity of the materials of the infill
- Ef = modulus of elasticity of the materials of the RC frame,
- Where fm is the compressive strength of masonry (MPa), given by - Ic = moment of inertia of the adjoining column,
- t = thickness of the infill wall
-
- Where fmo is the strength of mortar in the masonry, as per IS:1905-1987
and fb is the strength of bricks in the masonry, as per IS:1077-1992
Masonry walls (Table 6 (i), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
The properties of the diagonal struts are modelled according The Structural Plan Density (SPD) should be
to the following:
estimated when unreinforced masonry (URM)
- In case of infill walls with openings, no reduction in strut width is
required (IS:1893-2016, Cl. 7.9.2.2(c))
infills are used.
When SPD of masonry infills exceeds 20%, the
- But it is known that openings reduce the stiffness of the diagonal strut,
and the reduction is to be incorporated by suitably reducing the width of effect of URM infills shall be considered by
the strut. explicitly modeling the same in structural analysis
- The procedure given for calculating Wds is found to be developed by (by diagonal struts).
Mainstone & Weeks (1971) by utilising the formulae by Smith & Carter
(1969) .
- For reduction factors to account for openings in the masonry infills,

many formulae have been developed. .. (continued on next page)
43
Masonry walls (Table 6 (i), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :

The properties of the diagonal struts are modelled according The design forces for RC members shall be larger
to the following:
of that obtained from analysis of:
- For example, Al-Chaar (2002) has developed a formula for the a) Bare frame, and
reduction factor due to openings. In his procedure, the reduction factor
w the thickness of the strut to account for the effect of openings is b) Frames with URM infills, using 3D modeling of the
structure.
In buildings designed considering URM infills, the
inter-storey drift shall be limited to 0.2 percent in
- where Ao = area of the opening the storey with stiffening and also in all storeys
Ap = area of the infill panel (= l.h) below.
- Subject to the condition that if Ao Ap, then w should be
taken as zero.
- w is the reduction factor for Wds, as
Wdo = w .Wds
- As of now (without any Amendment being published), the above
reduction factor is not supported by the IS:1893-2016 code. 44
Shear walls Other considerations
Structural shear walls and Shear core which are integrally Staircase slabs built integrally with the frame should be
connected to the frame and floor slabs, can be modelled by modelled (5.4, IS:13920-2015; 8.1.2 , IS:16700-2017)
plate elements Buildings with any irregularities listed in IS:1893(Part 1),
buildings with floating columns and set-back columns, a
Shell elements (STAAD.Pro Connect Edition and later) detailed Non-linear analysis is to be done (5.5, IS:13920-
) 2016).
As of now, the most practical approach to doing a Non-linear analysis
is the Non-linear Static Procedure (NSP), better known as Pushover
analysis
45 47
Other considerations Other considerations for tall buildings

Staircase slabs built integrally with the frame should be The model should incorporate rigid end offsets at the joints
modelled (5.4, IS:13920-2015; 8.1.2 , IS:16700-2017)* (7.2 (a), IS:16700-2017)
Provide sliding joints at the interconnection of the stairs with ETABS does this automatically
floors, so that they will not act as diagonal bracing (5.5, With STAAD.Pro V8i, one has to do this manually
IS:4326-1993). If it is not providable, either of the following
may be adopted instead:
Separated Staircases staircase carried by a structure separated from
the building (with a vertical separation joint between the two), in
which one end of the staircase rests on a wall and the other end is
carried by columns and beams.
Built-in Staircase When stairs are built monolithically with floors,
RC walls are provided at either side of the stairs, extending through
the entire height of the stairs and to the building foundations.
*(for buildings coming under its purview)

46 48
Other considerations for tall buildings Other considerations for tall buildings
The model should incorporate rigid end offsets at the joints The model should incorporate rigid end offsets at the joints
(7.2 (a), IS:16700-2017) (7.2 (a), IS:16700-2017)
P- analysis to be done (7.2(d) & 7.3.9, IS:16700-2017) P- (P-Delta) analysis to be done (7.2(d) & 7.3.9, IS:16700-2017)
STAAD.Pro & ETABS has conceptually different approaches
to P- , and correspondingly the settings/parameters to be
provided also are different:
In STAAD.Pro, the gravity loads (DL & LL) and the seismic loads
are to be combined using the REPEAT LOAD option instead of the
LOAD COMBINATION option, and then PDELTA analysis is run.
In STAAD.Pro, only Seismic Coefficient Method can be included
with P- analysis, not the Response Spectrum Method
49 51
STAAD: P-Delta Analysis

P- analysis
Other considerations for tall buildings
The model should incorporate rigid end offsets at the joints
(7.2 (a), IS:16700-2017)
P- (P-Delta) analysis to be done (7.2(d) & 7.3.9, IS:16700-2017)
STAAD.Pro & ETABS has conceptually different approaches
to P- , and correspondingly the settings/parameters to be
provided also are different:
In ETABS, a load combination is to be specified, which is considered
for the P- analysis
This load combination is the most critical one from among the codal
seismic load combinations, but with the seismic part omitted. In
IS:1893-2016 (with the most critical one in pink) these are
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL + 1.2 EL 1.2 DL + 1.2 LL
1.5 DL + 1.5 EL 1.5 DL
0.9 DL + 1.5 EL 0.9 DL
ETABS Version 2013 and later
53 55
Other considerations for tall buildings

(7.2 (a), IS:16700-2017)
P- analysis to be done (7.2(d) & 7.3.9, IS:16700-2017)
Construction Sequence analysis to be done for buildings
taller than 150 m (7.3.13, IS:16700-2017)
ETABS Version 9.7 and earlier

54 56
Construction Sequence analysis Construction Sequence analysis

Construction Sequence Analysis Single Step Analysis

Construction Sequence Analysis Single Step Analysis
Construction Sequence analysis Other considerations for tall buildings

(7.2 (a), IS:16700-2017)
P- analysis to be done (7.2(d) & 7.3.9, IS:16700-2017)
Construction Sequence analysis to be done for buildings
taller than 150 m (7.3.13, IS:16700-2017)
Note: a case with floating columns has been demonstrated only
because the effects of construction sequence are most prominent in
such cases.
68
Static analysis:
Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined
from the Response spectrum curve (Fig.2A, IS:1893(Part
1)-2016) -- Modified
Analysis as per IS:1893-2016
Seismic Coefficient Method

(Static Analysis)
69 71
Static analysis:
Static analysis: Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined from the
Response spectrum curve (Fig.2A, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is Modified)
calculated from (6.4.2, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
Separate Response Spectrum curves are given for Seismic
Coefficient Method and Response Spectrum Methods (Fig.2A &
2B, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) New
Zone factor Z (Table 3 & Fig. 1, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016) Also the both the Response Spectrum curves are horizontal
Importance factor I (Table 8, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016) straight lines after T = 4s. Modified (Earlier, the code was
silent on the portion of the curve for T > 4s)
Response reduction factor R (Table 9, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
Horizontal Acceleration coefficient Sa/g
But the above is insignificant in case of Fig.2A, IS:1893(Part
1)-2016 since the Seismic Coefficient Method is only applicable
for regular structures having T < 0.4s (6.4.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) -
- New
Unless, of course, the method is to be used for Base Shear correction (to
be covered later)
70 72
Static analysis (cont ): Static analysis (cont ):
73 75
Static analysis (cont ):

Static analysis:
The time period of the structure is determined using
(7.6.2 (a) & 7.6.2 (c), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
RC frames without brick infills
h = height of building in m
RC frames with brick infills
d = base dimension in m
(parallel to direction of earthquake)
74 76
Static analysis: Static analysis (cont ):
The time period of the structure is determined using Where the type of soils are
(7.6.2 (a) & 7.6.2 (c), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) Type I (Rock or Hard soil): N > 30, among other descriptions
Buildings with RC walls (7.6.2 (b), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) --New
Aw = total effectie cross-sectional area of
RC wall in the first storey in m2
N >15 for poorly graded, among
Awi = cross-sectional area of RC other descriptions
wall i in the first storey in m2 Type III (Soft soils): N < 10
Lwi = length of RC wall i in the first (Table 4, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
storey in m
(both for walls parallel to direction of earthquake)
Where the N values are taken as the weighted average
of N values of soil layers up to 30m below ground level
(6.4.2.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) -- New
77 79
Static analysis:
The time period for irregular configurations is calculated for
parameters determined as per the following figures (Fig.5 ,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) --New
6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016,

description of (Sa/g) - (a)
78 80
Static analysis:
Importance factor (Table 8, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
I = 1.5 for special buildings (including community halls)
I = 1.2 for residential and commercial buildings
with occupancy > 200 persons -- New
I = 1.0 for other buildings
Response reduction factor (Table 9, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)

R = 3 for ordinary detailing (with ordinary detailed shear
wall, if any)
R = 5 for ductile detailing (with ductile detailed shear wall, if
any) ie., as per IS:13920-2016
R = 4 for ductile detailing with ordinary detailed shear wall
R = 4 for ordinary detailing with ductile detailed shear wall
6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016, R = 3 for ordinary detailing with ordinary detailed shear wall
description of (Sa/g) - (a) R = 5 for ductile detailing with ductile detailed shear wall
81 83
Static analysis: Static analysis (cont ):

Zone factor (Table 3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) The base shear is determined by (7.2.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-
Z = 0.10 for Zone II 2016)...
Z = 0.16 for Zone I II
Z = 0.24 for Zone IV
Z = 0.36 for Zone V
... but subject to the condition that VB (VB)min (7.2.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) New ...
82 84
Static analysis (cont ): Static analysis (cont ):
Where (VB)min is to be determined from , given as the The base shear is determined by (7.2.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-
percentage of weight of the building (Table 7, 2016)...
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)...
Zone
II 0.7
III 1.1 ... but subject to the condition that VB (VB)min (7.2.2,
IV 1.6 IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) New ...
V 2.4
Design lateral force for each level is determined by (7.6.3,
(VB)min = W IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)...
... which is, in effect, as good as saying, for eg., for a
structure in Zone III, Medium soil, I = 1.0 and R = 5,
that T should be taken as not more than Tmin = 1.98s
(by back calculating from to Sa/g, and Sa/g to Tmin) ... Where Wi is the seismic weight (to be covered) of the storey at
height hi
85 87
Static analysis (cont ):

For tall buildings, is determined from (Table 5,
IS:16700-2018)...
for for
Zone H H
II 0.7 0.5
III 1.1 0.75 A Simple Example
IV 1.6 1.25
V 2.4 1.75
A six storied structure
(VB)min = W
... for buildings of intermediate heights (ie., in the

range of 120 to 200m), interpolation is to be used
86 88
height 18 m
Period 0.075x(18)0.75 = 0.6554 sec (Assumed to be open structure)
89 91
height 18 m
Period 0.6554 sec
Sa/g 1.5258
Ah 0.0407 = (ZI)/(2R) x sa/g
= (0.16*1)/(2*3) * 1.5258
W*(Wh2/
Levels W (kN) h (m) Wh2 Wh2) Qi (kN)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 23.57 3 212.13 1.5541 0.0632
3 23.57 6 848.52 6.2163 0.2529
4 23.57 9 1909.17 13.9866 0.5691
5 23.57 12 3394.08 24.8651 1.0117
6 23.57 15 5303.25 38.8516 1.5807
7 23.57 18 7636.68 55.9464 2.2763
W 141.42 (kN) 19303.83 141.42 kN 5.7539 kN
Vb 5.7539 (kN)
Lumped mass model
90 92
The forces are applied
Seismic Coeff. method
ETABS: STAAD:
Define & Apply Seismic Define Seismic parameters:
parameters: Z, I, R
Direction Structure Type or
T Tx & Tz
Z, I, R Soil Type
Soil Type Damping ratio
Apply
Direction (X, Y,Z), factor
93 95
The forces are applied
ETABS: Seismic coeff. method

94 96
ETABS: Seismic coeff. method ETABS: Seismic coeff. method
97 99
ETABS: Seismic coeff. method STAAD: Seismic coeff. method

98 100
Masses to be included:
For seismic analysis, the effective masses to be
included for analysis are (7.4.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2016) :
Full dead load
0.25 times Imposed Loads having intensity 3 kN/m2
0.5 times Imposed Loads having intensity > 3 kN/m2
0.2 times Snow Loads exceeding 1.5 kN/m2 -- New
Imposed Load on roof need not be considered
(7.3.1, 7.3.2 , 7.3.5 & Table 10, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
The earlier edition clause that Live load reduction for upper
floors (as per 3.2, IS:875(Part 2) - 1987) shall not be applied
further for mass calculation in now missing it was
mentioned in 7.3.3, IS:1893 (Part 1) 2002
STAAD: Seismic coeff. method
101 103
Add Seismic Masses

EATBS STAAD
Select loads to Add self wt., Joint
combine loads, Member loads,
Floor loads
STAAD: Seismic coeff. method

102 104
Define Mass Source:-
ETABS: Seismic masses STAAD: Seismic masses

105 107
STAAD: Seismic masses STAAD: Seismic masses

106 108
109 111

110 112
STAAD.Pro V8i SELECT 4

113 115

114 116
STAAD: Seismic masses

117 119
118 120
Load combinations: will be covered later
121 123
Results of Seismic Analysis

Bending Moment & Shear Force
Gravity Loads Bending Moment

Gravity Loads Shear Force
Seismic Loads Bending Moment
Seismic Loads Shear Force
ETABS: Run Analysis
122 124
ETABS: Gravity Loads Bending Moment ETABS: Seismic Force in Z direction Bending Moment
125 127
ETABS: Gravity Loads Shear Force ETABS: Seismic Force in Z direction Shear Force
126 128
STAAD: Gravity Loads Shear Force
STAAD: Run Analysis 129 131
STAAD: Gravity Loads Bending Moment STAAD: Seismic force in Z direction Bending Moment
130 132
rahul.leslie@gmail.com
Continue with Part-II

STAAD: Seismic force in Z direction Shear Force
133 135
Continued in Part-II
Analysis as per IS:1893-2016
Response Spectrum Method

(Dynamic Analysis)
134
Seismic Analysis/Design of Continued from Part-I
Multi-storied RC Buildings
using STAAD.Pro & ETABS
according to IS:1893-2016 Analysis as per IS:1893-2016
Presented by .
Rahul Leslie Response Spectrum Method
Deputy Director,
Buildings Design,
(Dynamic Analysis)
DRIQ, Kerala PWD
Trivandrum, India
Part - II 1 3
Response spectrum analysis:

Topics Covered: Response spectrum analysis is performed using multi-
mode responses, where the free vibration modes are
Computer modelling and analysis using computed using
STAAD.Pro & ETABS for Eigen vector analysis (STAAD.Pro)
Eigen vector or Ritz Vector analysis (ETABS)
Seismic Coefficient method as per IS:1893
(Part 1)-2016* (Covered in Part-I) The modal parameters for a structure come as pairs of
Natural Frequency f (in Hz)
Response Spectrum method as per
Mode shape
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016* (7.7.5.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Miscellaneous points The modes are considered in ascending order of
Natural Frequency.
* With references to IS:13920-2015 & IS:16700-2017 where
relevant Time period T (in Seconds) is the reciprocal of Natural
2 frequency (in Hz). 4
Response spectrum analysis (cont ):
The modal parameters for few of the lower frequencies from the Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part
are considered for further calculations, based on the 1)-2016) -- Modified
following (7.7.5.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
Modes for frequencies > 33 Hz should not be considered
The no. of modes considered should be such that the total

mass participation factor (ie., sum of Mk should be at least
90%
Missing mass correction to be used, instead of modes,

beyond 33Hz
5 7

For the modal parameters considered, the following from the Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part
factors are determined for each mode 1)-2016) -- Modified
Mode participation factor of each mode Pk
Mass participation factor for each mode Mk
Spectral Acceleration coefficient (Sa/g)
The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is

calculated for each mode from (6.4.4 & 6.4.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) 6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016,
description of (Sa/g) - (b)
Zone factor Z
Importance factor I
Response reduction factor R
Spectral Acceleration coefficient Sa/g 6 8
Response spectrum analysis (cont ): Response spectrum analysis (cont ):
Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined from the
Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) Modified In cases where the package has assumed the formula for the
Response spectrum curve up to 4s for all > 4s also ,
Also the Response Spectrum curves are horizontal straight lines if the first mode is having T > 4s, use the User defined Response
after T = 4s. New (Earlier, the code was silent on the portion of Spectrum curve option in the Software Package to define the curve
the curve for T > 4s) compatible to IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
if the first mode is having T<4s, there is no need to use User Defined
curves
With latest versions of the Software Packages, incorporating the

IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 changes, no such precautions need to be
Old taken.
New
9 11

Where the Horizontal acceleration Sa/g is determined from the When Time period of the 1st mode is > 4s:
Response spectrum curve (Fig.2B, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) Modified (and the software support the new code)
1) Define the Response Spectrum curve (from equations in code)
Also the Response Spectrum curves are horizontal straight lines
after T = 4s. New (Earlier, the code was silent on the portion of
the curve for T > 4s)
(Cont..)
T Sa/g
Rising 2.2 0.6181818
0 1
The above change is problematic when using Software Packages 0.1 2.5 Flat
2.35 0.5787234
2.5 0.544
developed for IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 in which the curve is 0.55 2.5
0.7 1.9428571
portion
2.65 0.5132075
defined only up to 4s. 0.85 1.6
2.8 0.4857143
2.95 0.4610169 Downward
1 1.36
3.1 0.4387097 curve
1.15 1.1826087
Downward 3.25 0.4184615
- Some packages have defined the value of the Response spectrum curve at 1.3 1.0461538
1.45 0.937931
curve 3.4 0.4
4s for all > 4s (eg., ETABS) 1.6 0.85
3.55 0.3830986
3.7 0.3675676
1.75 0.7771429
3.85 0.3532468
1.9 0.7157895
- Some packages have assumed the formula for the Response spectrum 2.05 0.6634146
4
8
0.34
0.34
Lower flat
portion
curve up to 4s for all > 4s (eg., STAAD.Pro)
10 12
Irregularities in modes:
If sum of Mk of first three modes is less than 65% in each
principal plan direction, building is irregular (IS:1893(Part 1)-
2016 ,Table 6, vii, a)
If the T of the first modes in the two principal plan directions

are close by 10% of the larger value, building is irregular
(IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 , Table 6, vii, b)
If the ratio of maximum horizontal displacement at one end and

the minimum horizontal displacement at the other end is:
in the range 1.5 - 2.0, then T of the first torsional mode should be less
than those of the first two translational modes along each of the principal
plan directions.
if more than 2.0, the building configuration should be revised)
(IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 , Table 5, portion in italics)
13 15

Irregularities in modes (Tall buildings):
The T of the first torsional mode should not exceed 0.9 times the
T of the mode with the lesser T in translation (IS:16700-2017,
5.5.1)
The T of the lowest translational mode in either horizontal

Cartesian directions should not exceed 8 s, determined with
reduced sections in the analysis model (IS:16700-2017, 5.5.2)
STAAD: Response Spectrum

14 16
The Spectrum is provided for 5% damping. The table for
converting to other values of damping (as in 6.4.2 & Table 3,
IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002)...
Damping % 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 The Same Simple Example

Factors 3.2 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5
... has now been removed in IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016

A six storied structure
All structures (Steel or RC) are to be designed for 5% (7.2.4
IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
17 19

The lateral force due to the modal response
(considering the mode participation factor) is obtained
for each mode of all the modes considered. The force
at each level for each mode is calculated as (7.7.5.4 (c),
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016):
Where
Ak is the design horizontal seismic coefficient
ik is the mode shape value for that floor level
Pk is mode participation factor
Wi is mass at that floor level
18 20
Different types of modes: 1.Translational mode in X direction
Lumped mass model
21 23
Different types of modes: 2.Translational mode in Y direction
Natural Frequencies
EIGEN VALUES
MODAL ANALSYS
EIGEN VECTORS
Mode Shapes
22 24
Different types of modes: 3.Torsional mode
Mode 2
Freq. = 4.51039 Hz
Period = 0.22171 sec
Mode shape = 0
-0.5293
-1
-0.9604
-0.4110
0.36629
0.98395
25 27
Modes I II III IV V
Levels Mode Shapes

Mode 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.151 -0.53 0.824 -1 1
Freq. = 1.44119 Hz
3 0.369 -1 0.861 -0.047 -0.836
Period = 0.69387 sec 4 0.58 -0.96 -0.24 0.999 0.027
Mode shape = 0
0.1513 5 0.763 -0.41 -1 -0.265 0.813
0.3687 6 0.906 0.366 -0.38 -0.902 -0.989
0.5796
0.7631 7 1 0.984 0.804 0.606 0.415
0.9059
1
Period
(sec) 0.694 0.222 0.123 0.085 0.065
Freq(Hz) 1.441 4.51 8.098 11.78 15.31
26 28
Check Mass Participation (7.7.5.4 (a), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) Calculate Mode Participation factors
For kth mode,
Where, n = no. of levels =

m = no. of modes
+
Mode I II III IV V +
Mk(kN) 115.5 16.31 5.424 2.686 1.237
+
x 0.12223
+
Participating mass =115.5+16.31+5.424+2.686+1.237=141.183kN x -0.18718
x 0.26529
Total mass = 23.57 x 6 = 141.42 kN
x -0.44635
Mass participation = 100x141.183/141.42 = 99.8326% > 90% .:Okay x 1.30049
29 31
Calculate Mode Participation factors (7.7.5.4 (b), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) Calculate Mode Participation factors
For kth mode,
Where, n = no. of levels =
Mode I II III IV V
Pk 1.30049 -0.44635 0.26529 -0.18718 0.12223
(Had all the mode

shapes been utilized)
30 32
Modes I II III IV V
W W
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.1513 -0.5293 0.8237 -1 1 23.57 3.566 -12.48 19.415 -23.57 23.57
3 0.3688 -1 0.8614 -0.0466 -0.8364 23.57 8.692 -23.57 20.303 -1.097 -19.71
4 0.5796 -0.9604 -0.239 0.999 0.0268 23.57 13.66 -22.64 -5.6354 23.547 0.631
5 0.7631 -0.4111 -1 -0.2653 0.8128 23.57 17.99 -9.689 -23.57 -6.253 19.16
6 0.906 0.3663 -0.382 -0.9023 -0.9892 23.57 21.35 8.6335 -9.0113 -21.27 -23.32
7 1 0.984 0.8038 0.6064 0.4154 23.57 23.57 23.192 18.946 14.292 9.791
88.83 -36.55 20.447 -14.35 10.12
Mk 115.5 16.313 5.4243 2.6859 1.2369

W 2
0 0 0 0 0
Pk 1.300 -0.4464 0.2653 -0.1872 0.1222
0.54 6.6043 15.992 23.57 23.57
The vertical lines represent modes (right most is the 1st mode)
3.206 23.57 17.488 0.0511 16.49 The point where the lines touch the RS curve represents the Spectral
7.919 21.74 1.3474 23.524 0.017
value (Sa/g) of the mode
13.73 3.9826 23.57 1.659 15.57
19.34 3.1623 3.4452 19.19 23.07
23.57 22.819 15.228 8.6658 4.067
( = Pk*Sa/g )
68.3 81.879 77.072 76.66 82.78
Note that although the 2nd mode has a higher Spectral value than that
of the 1st, the 1st has a higher effective Spectral value than the 2nd.
33 35
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065

Sa/g 1.942 2.5 2.5 2.26 1.975
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065 Pk*Sa/g 2.527 1.116 0.663 0.423 0.241
Sa/g 1.942 2.5 2.5 2.26 1.975
34 36
Calculate Design horizontal seismic coefficient
Z = Zone factor = 0.16

I = Importance factor =1
R = Response reduction coefficient =3
Combining Modes:
(a) Indirect method
Period 0.693 0.221 0.123 0.084 0.065 (Supported by all codes
Sa/g 1.942 2.5 2.5 2.26 1.975
IS, BS, EC, etc.)
Ah 0.0311 0.04 0.04 0.0362 0.0316
37 39
Calculate horizontal force due to each mode Calculate
0 0 0
Mode I II III IV V
Eg: - for mode 1 : 0.151 23.57 0.144
Levels Qik (kN)
0.369 23.57 0.351 1 0 0 0 0 0
0.0311 x 1.30049 x = kN
0.58 * 23.57 0.552 2 0.144 0.223 0.206 0.16 0.091
0.763 23.57 0.727 3 0.351 0.421 0.215 0.007 -0.08
0.906 23.57 0.863 4 0.552 0.404 -0.06 -0.16 0.002
1 23.57 0.952 5 0.727 0.173 -0.25 0.042 0.074
6 0.863 -0.15 -0.1 0.144 -0.09
7 0.952 -0.41 0.201 -0.1 0.038
38 40
From each Analyse for forces, and combine the forces to get final forces
41 43
Calculate Analyse for forces, and combine the forces to get final forces
42 44
Calculate
Combining Modes:
(b) Direct method
(Supported by FEMA 356, etc.
for Non-linear Static Analysis*)
*ie., Pushover Analysis

45 47
Calculate
Mode I II III IV V SRSS

Levels Qik (kN)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.144 0.223 0.206 0.16 0.091 0.383
3 0.351 0.421 0.215 0.007 -0.08 0.594
4 0.552 0.404 -0.06 -0.16 0.002 0.705
5 0.727 0.173 -0.25 0.042 0.074 0.793
6 0.863 -0.15 -0.1 0.144 -0.09 0.898
7 0.952 -0.41 0.201 -0.1 0.038 1.063
Eg: - for level 7:
SRSS = [(0.952)2 + (-0.41)2 + (0.201)2 + (-0.1)2 + (0.038)2] = 1.063
46 48
Combination of modal responses with
(1) Dominant mode signage (DMS):

When activated, all modal combination results will
have the same sign as the dominant mode shape alone
would have if it were excited and then the scaled
results were used as a static displacements result. Methods of mode combinations
(2) Signed value: IS:1893 and other sources
This option results in the creation of signed values for
all results. The sum of squares of positive values from
the modes are compared to sum of squares of negative
values from the modes. If the negative values are
larger, the result is given a negative sign.
49 51
Indirect method Direct method Mode frequencies an overview:

(Similar sign for DMS results) Out-of-phase modes In-phase modes
OR ZPA OR
Periodic Response Rigid Response
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
93.223 % 33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
Modal Combination Missing Mass
(ABS+SRSS*, SRSS,CQC, etc.) Correction
Combination of
Periodic and Rigid modes
*To be discussed
(Lindley-Yow, Hadjian, etc. )
50 52
Combination of modal responses: Combination of modal responses (cont ):
Note: 2. Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS)

In the following sections, Modal combinations of The modal responses are squared, summed, and the root of
storey shears are shown as an example of application the sum taken (7.7.5.3 (b)(1), IS:1893-2016), provided the
of the methods, for each case, for demonstration only modes are not closely spaced *
In practice, the quantities combined by these methods

are usually Bending Moment, Shear Force, Storey
Displacement, etc., represented by Q Eg. for level 7,
SRSS = 0.952)2 + (-0.41)2 + (0.201)2 + (-0.097)2 + (0.038)2] = 1.063
* SRSS method may be used, provided the modes are not close to each other
by more than 10% in frequency. (ie., the difference between the
frequencies of the consecutive modes are not less than 10% of the lower
frequency) Same as IS:1893-2002 provision
53 55
Combination of modal responses: Combination of modal responses (cont ):

3. Combination of ABS and SRSS (ABS&SRSS)
1. Absolute Combination (ABS) The weighted sum of ABS and SRSS is taken
The modal responses of all the individual modes are The method was prescribed in IS:1893-1984 (4.2.2.2,
summed up (to be used in modal combination as per IS:1893-1984), discontinued in IS:1893(Part 1)-2002 and
IS:1893-1984)* : IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
H (m) 1 2
20 0.6 0.4
Eg. for level 7, Values for are given by table 40 0.4 0.6
ABS = 0.952 + -0.41 + 0.201 + -0.097 + 0.038 = 1.702 Intermediate values can be 60 0.2 0.8
obtained by interpolation 90 0.0 1.0
*Absolute Combination method is used in the Ten Percent method
application in SRSS method, when the modes are close to each other Note: 1 + 2 = 1
by more than 10% in frequency. (ie., the difference between the
frequencies of the consecutive modes are not less than 10% of the Eg. for level 7,
lower frequency), as an alternative to replacing SRSS with CQC ABS&SRSS = 0.6 x 1.702 + 0.4 x 1.063 = 1.447
Same as IS:1893-2002 provision
54 56
Combination of modal responses (cont ): Combination of modal responses (cont ):
4. SRSS with grouping 5. Out-of-phase response combination (cont..)
The ABS value of modal responses of modes with close b) Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) -- Der
frequencies (ie., their frequencies separated by not more
than 10%) are taken and the modal responses replaced by The Cross modal coefficient is calculated by (7.7.5.3(a), IS:1893(Part
the ABS value 1)-2016)
The SRSS value of the modes and the values taken
The method is prescribed in IS:1893-2016 as an alternative
to CQC method (7.7.5.3(b)(2), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Frequencies and are considered
close if their difference does not exceed where is the damping ratio (= 0.05)
10% of the lower frequency (3.1, and = j i , ie., the ratio of frequencies
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Eg., if freq. are 1.44, 4.52, 4.93, 8.13, 11.9, 12.4, 15.38 (Note: )
then SRSS is taken for quantities corresponding to
frequencies 1.44, ABS(4.52, 4.93), 8.13, ABS(11.9, 12.4),
15.38
59

5. Out-of-phase response combination (cont..)
5. Out-of-phase response combination c) Method
This is a general category of methods, which includes CQC Cross modal coefficient is calculated by
and SRSS
The general equation is
where ij is the cross modal coefficient

where s is the duration of earthquake,
a) SRSS method varying from 14 to 40 sec (but can be
SRSS can be represented as assumed to be 10 s).
ij = 1 for i=j The requirement for the effective duration of earthquake makes
= 0 for this method quite un-handy
The method is not supported by IS:1893
58
Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie
Building
5. Out-of-phase response combination (cont..) Cross modal coefficient for CQC method. Note that the coeff...
d) Method is equal to 1 for modes with i=j (ie., squaring the modal
Cross modal coefficient is calculated by value), while
it has a very low value for i (ie., cross multiplying
values of two modes)
modes i, j 1 2 3 4 5
Freq. (Hz) 1.44 4.52 8.13 11.9 15.38
1 1.44 1 0.0058 0.0019 0.001 0.0006
2 4.52 0.0058 1 0.0263 0.0087 0.0049
where 3 8.13 0.0019 0.0263 1 0.0626 0.0221
4 11.9 0.001 0.0087 0.0626 1 0.1302
5 15.38 0.0006 0.0049 0.0221 0.1302 1
This method removes the handicap that Rosenblueth has

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie
Building Building

5. Out-of-phase response combination (cont..) Cross modal coefficient for CQC method. Note that the coeff
e) Ten Percent Method Is equal to 1 for modes with i=j (ie., squaring the modal
value), while
Cross modal coefficient can be represented as: It has a very low value for i (ie., cross multiplying
For well separated modes, values of two modes)
ij = 1 for i=j It has a higher value for i when the modal frequencies
= 0 for are close (shown in bold)
For modes separated by not more than 10%
ij = 1 for Qi and Qj having same sign modes i, j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Freq. (Hz) 1.44 4.52 4.93 8.13 11.9 12.74 15.38
= -1 for Qi and Qj having opposite sign 1 1.44 1 0.0058 0.0048 0.0019 0.001 0.0009 0.0006
2 4.52 0.0058 1 0.5695 0.0263 0.0087 0.0074 0.0049
3 4.93 0.0048 0.5695 1 0.0365 0.0109 0.0091 0.0059
This boils down to 4 8.13 0.0019 0.0263 0.0365 1 0.0626 0.0453 0.0221
5 11.9 0.001 0.0087 0.0109 0.0626 1 0.682 0.1302
6 12.74 0.0009 0.0074 0.0091 0.0453 0.682 1 0.2185
7 15.38 0.0006 0.0049 0.0059 0.0221 0.1302 0.2185 1
Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie
Building
Combination of modal responses (cont ):
Cross modal coefficient for CQC method. Note that the coeff
Is equal to 1 for modes with i=j (ie., squaring the modal
value), while
It has a very low value for i (ie., cross multiplying
values of two modes)
It has a higher value for i when the modal frequencies
are close (shown in bold)
In case of Ten Percent Method, the coeff. for close freq.
modes is taken as being equal to 1
modes i, j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Freq. (Hz) 1.44 4.52 4.93 8.13 11.9 12.74 15.38
1 1.44 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 4.52 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
3 4.93 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
4 8.13 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
5 11.9 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
6 12.74 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
7 15.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
ETABS: Define Response Spectrum 67

Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Presented by Rahul Leslie Seismic Analysis of Multi-storied RC Building Presented by Rahul Leslie
Building
Response spectrum method

ETABS STAAD
Define Seismic Define& apply Seismic
parameters: parameters:
Zone
Soil Type Method of comb (SRSS,
Apply Seismic CQC, etc.)
parameters Soil Type
Direction (X, Y, Z)
Method of comb (SRSS, Scale (= Z.I / 2.R)
CQC, etc.) Normalization Scale (= 9.8)
Method of Dir. Comb
Direction (X, Y, Z)
I, R
66 ETABS: Define Response Spectrum 68
Scale factor = gI/(2R)
= 9.81*1/(2*5)
= 0.981
ETABS: Apply Response Spectrum

ETABS: Define Response Spectrum 69 71
ETABS: Apply Response Spectrum ETABS: Apply Response Spectrum

70 72
Mode in Y direction Torsional Mode
73 75
Model Mode in X direction
74 STAAD: Response Spectrum 76

ZI / 2R = 0.024
STAAD: Response Spectrum

STAAD: Response Spectrum 77 79
STAAD: Response Spectrum STAAD: Response Spectrum

78 80
Mode along Z
Torsional Mode
81 83
Directional Combination of
Modal Responses
Model
Mode along X
82 84
Directional combination of modal responses: Directional combination of modal responses:
As per IS:1893, directional combination need to be The directional combination need to be done also
done only when the lateral load resisting members when vertical earthquake is considered (6.3.4.1,
are not oriented along horizontal orthogonal 6.3.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
directions (6.3.2.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
85 87
Directional combination of modal responses:

1. Scaled Absolute Sum method (SAS)
The method combines the directional components by sum
of values in one direction, with 0.3 times the sum of values
in the other directions (6.3.4.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Earthquake in Vertical Direction
2. SRSS Method
The method combines the directional components by
SRSS method. The method is prescribed as an alternative
to SAS method (6.3.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
86 88
Earthquake in Vertical Direction Directional combination of modal responses:
Vertical earthquake is to be considered for any of the The Design vertical seismic coefficient Av is calculated from
(6.4.6, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
following conditions (6.3.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
a) In Seismic Zone IV or V
b) Has vertical or plan irregularities
c) Resting on soft soil
This can be easily incorporated as a gravity load. For example,
d) Has long spans in case of Zone-III,
e) Has large horizontal overhangs
Ah = (2/3)*(0.16*1)/(2*5)*2.5 = 0.027
.: ELv = 0.027*(DL+0.25LL 3kN/m2+0.5LL >3kN/m2)
This vertical load case, ELv, can be put in place of EL in the

Load Combinations (to be discussed later) as additional Load
89
Combinations. 91
Directional combination of modal responses: Directional combination of modal responses:

The Design vertical seismic coefficient Av is calculated from In case of Response Spectrum method, the Response Spectrum
(6.4.6, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016) curve should be set as per (6.4.6, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016)
90 92
93 95
94 96
97 99
No. of Modes & Missing Mass

Correction
98 100
Mode frequencies an overview: Missing Mass Correction :
ZPA
Out-of-phase modes In-phase modes
OR OR
ZPA I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Periodic Response Rigid Response
I II III IV V VI VII VIII 33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 %
93.223 % 33 Hz
Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass
99.922 % 0.077 % Zero Period Acceleration, (Sa/g)ZPA = 1.0 (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)*
Modal Combination Missing Mass
(ABS+SRSS*, SRSS,CQC, etc.) Correction
* The above formula, as available in the IS:1893-2002 was present in
3.24.1, IS:1893-2016 Draft code (CED 39(7975)), but is missing in
the final IS:1893-2016 code.
However, of one takes (Sa/g)ZPA to be literally equal to (Sa/g)
at T=0, then it is equal to 2.5 in the Spectrum curve for Response
*As per IS:1893-1967 Spectrum analysis.
101 103
Missing Mass Correction : Missing Mass Correction :

ZPA ZPA
I II III IV V VI VII VIII I II III IV V VI VII VIII
33 Hz 33 Hz
99.922 % 0.077 % 99.922 % 0.077 %
Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass Missing Mass = 0.077% of total mass
Zero Period Acceleration (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)* = 1.0 Zero Period Acceleration, (Sa/g)ZPA = 1.0 (3.11, IS:1893(Part 1)-
2002)
Horizontal acceleration coefficient, Ah
102 104
Missing Mass Correction 0.16 x 1
Ah = X (1.6) = 0.04266
2x3
Lateral force, QR is given by 0

0 0
0.0155 0.0006
0.0155
Storey wise 0.0243
0.0243 0.0010
Missing mass = :. 0.04266 x 0.0256 = 0.0010
0.0256
(kN) Results
0.0234 0.0010
0.0234
0.0151 0.0006
0.0151
0.0047 0.0002
0.0047
where SRSS Final
Results
Mmiss.mass is the missing mass
Mk(ZPA) is sum of Participating 0
0.5755 Results
masses up to ZPA 0.9114
QP = 0.9741
1.0422
1.116
1.4002
105 107
Set number of modes & Check mass

participation
0
4.6285 (7.7.5.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
11.310
Storey wise Mass Participation for 1st mode =
17.778 Consider as many no. of modes so as to have a
23.387
27.771
30.652
For 1st mode, Mk = 0+4.6285+11.310+17.778+23.387+27.771+30.652 = 115.52
frequencies > 33 Hz
Thus, storey wise Mass Participation can be obtained for each mode,
from which the total storey wise Mass Participation,
and consequently, the storey wise Missing Mass can be determined. In case one has considered modes up to 33Hz, but
is a Missing Mass correction

106 108
Set number of Modes & check Mass
Participation
ETABS & STAAD
Increase no. of modes
Check output tables to see
Modes at which participating mass > 90%
Mode having freq. > 33Hz
Set no. of modes to be considered, accordingly
If all modes are considered up to 33Hz, but still
Correction
109 ETABS: Set no. of modes 111
ETABS: Set no. of modes 110 112

ETABS: Check mass participation ETABS: Check mass participation
113 115
ETABS: Check mass participation ETABS: Check mass participation

114 116
Set this to mode
for 33 Hz cut-off
freq.
ETABS: Check mass participation

STAAD: Check mass participation
117 119
STAAD: Check mass participation STAAD: Check mass participation

118 120
Base Shear Correction

121 123
When dynamic method is followed :

When dynamic analysis is done, a static analysis is
also to be done and base shears compared (7.7.3,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
If scale all forces in the ratio as
This has to be done independently for each orthogonal

direction (7.7.3 (a), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Though not explicitly stated, it is understood that the

VB(Stat.Anal) part satisfies the VB B)min condition of 7.2.2,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016
122 124
ETABS: Base shear correction
125 127
Base shear correction

Do analysis with seismic coeff. method
Base shear = Vb(Stat.Anal)
Do analysis with Resp. Spec. method

Base shear = Vb(Dyn.Anal)
Is Vb(Dyn.Anal) >= Vb(Stat.Anal) ?

If yes (Vb(Dyn.Anal) >= Vb(Stat.Anal)) No problem
If no (Vb(Dyn.Anal) < Vb(Stat.Anal)) scale resp. spec. results by
[Vb(Stat.Anal) / Vb(Dyn.Anal)] > 1
ETABS: Base shear correction

126 128
ETABS: Base shear correction ETABS: Base shear correction
129 131
VB(Dyn.Anal) = 1607kN
VB(Stat.Anal) = 1769kN
VB(Dyn.Anal) < VB(Stat.Anal)
:.VB(Stat.Anal)/ VB(Dyn.Anal) = 1769/1607

= 1.1 (STAAD)
New Coeff. = Coeff.*1.1

= 0.981*1.1 = 1.08 (ETABS)
STAAD: Base shear correction
130 132
Seismic Load Combinations
STAAD: Load combination

133 135
Design Combinations Service Combinations
ETABS: Load combination STAAD: Load combination

134 136
Load Combinations:
The analysis results are to be combined as per
6.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 Permissible Increase in SBC of soil :-
(eg., Table 18. IS:456-2000) and also hinted in (6.3.5.2 & Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) -- Modified
6.3.2.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 for the following
load combinations for RC structures : Type Designation %-age increase allowable
Design Combinations:- Service Combinations:-
COMB-I = 1.5(DL+LL)# COMB-I = 1.0(DL+LL) Type A Rock, 50%
COMB-II = 1.2(DL+LL±EL)# COMB-II = 1.0DL+0.8(LL±EL) Hard Soil
COMB-III = 1.5(DL±EL) COMB-III = 1.0(DL±EL)
Type B Medium & 25%
COMB-IV = 0.9DL±1.5EL*
Stiff Soil
Where EL represents ELx and Ely Type C Soft Soil 0%
#Thenote that live load reduction for upper floors as per 3.2, IS:875(Part 2)-
1987 not to be included (Note 6, 8.1, IS:875(Part 5)-1987), but reduction
as per Table 10, IS:1893 shall be used (7.3.3, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002) is
now missing in, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2016 -- Missing
*Noted as to be considered when stability against overturning or stress
reversal is critical (foot note to Table 18, IS:456-2000) 137 139
Permissible Increase in SBC of soil :-

(6.3.5.2 & Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Design Combinations: Service Combinations:
COMB1 = 1.5(DL+LL) COMB1 = 1.0(DL+LL) Where the type of soils are
COMB2 = 1.2(DL+LL+ELx) COMB2 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL+ELx)# Type A (Rock or Hard soil): N > 30, among other
COMB3 = 1.2(DL+LL ELx) COMB3 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL ELx) #
COMB4 = 1.2(DL+LL+ELy) COMB4 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL+ELy) # descriptions
COMB5 = 1.2(DL+LL ELy) COMB5 = 1.0DL+0.8(LL ELy) # among other
COMB6 = 1.5(DL+ELx) COMB6 = 1.0(DL+ELx) #
COMB7 = 1.5(DL ELx) COMB7 = 1.0(DL ELx) # descriptions
COMB8 = 1.5(DL+ELy) COMB8 = 1.0(DL+ELy) # Type C (Soft soils): N < 10
COMB9 = 1.5(DL ELy) COMB9 = 1.0(DL ELy) #
COMB10 = 0.9DL+1.5ELx Type D (Unstable, collapsible liquefiable soil)
COMB11 = 0.9DL 1.5ELx
# Use enhanced SBC for these (Table 2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
COMB13 = 0.9DL+1.5ELy
COMB14 = 0.9DL 1.5ELy cases (6.3.5.2 & Table 1,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
138 140
Load Combinations (Cont.):
The percentage of imposed loads given [0.25 LL 3 kN/m2,
Permissible Increase in SBC of soil :- 0.5 LL > 3kN/m2]
(6.3.5.2 & Table 1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) condition in the load combinations specified
[1.2(DL+LL±EL)] where the gravity loads are combined with
Classification for allowable increase in SBC (ie., Type A, B & the earth quake loads (as in 7.3.3, IS:1893-2006, now
C, Table 1, IS:1893-2016) is separate from classification for removed in IS:1893-2016) -- Modified
selection of appropriate Response Spectrum curve (ie., Type I, Further reduction in imposed load as per 3.2, IS:875 (Part 2)-
1987 need not be considered (Note 6, 8.1, IS:875(Part 5)-
II & III, Table 4, IS:1893-2016) -- New 1987 is still in force, although 7.3.3, IS:1893 (Part 1)-2002 is
This is primarily because the depth up to which the now removed).
weighted average of soil properties are to be taken are
different. COMB-I = 1.5[DL+LL]
COMB-II = 1.2[DL+LL±EL]
COMB-III = 1.5(DL±EL)
COMB-IV = 0.9DL±1.5EL
141 143
Permissible Increase in SBC of soil :-

(Note 7, Table 2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
N value to be considered: For Design:-

COMB1 = 1.5 (DL + LL )
COMB2 = 1.2 (DL + LL + ELx )
COMB3 = 1.2 (DL + LL ELx )
Isolated footing/Raft: Weighted average of N values COMB4 = 1.2 (DL + LL + ELy )
of soil layers up to a depth of twice Footing/Raft COMB5 = 1.2 (DL + LL ELy )
breadth from the founding depth COMB6 = 1.5 (DL + ELx )
COMB7 = 1.5 (DL ELx )
COMB8 = 1.5 (DL + ELy )
Pile: Weighted average of N values of soil layers up to COMB9 = 1.5 (DL ELy )
a depth of twice pile diameter from the tip of pile COMB10 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 ELx
COMB11 = 0.9 DL 1.5 ELx
COMB13 = 0.9 DL + 1.5 ELy
Pile Group: Weighted average of N values of soil COMB14 = 0.9 DL 1.5 ELy
layers up to a depth of twice pile group width from
the tip of pile
142 144
1.5x(DL + LL)
1.5x(DL + EQx)
Force Envelopes
1.5x(DL - EQx)
Envelope
145 147
Torsion & Accidental

1.5x(DL - EQx)
1.5x(DL + LL)
Eccentricity
Envelope
1.5x(DL + EQx)
146 148
Accidental eccentricity:
Minimum Design eccentricity edi to be considered Specifying Accidental Eccentricity
during analysis (7.8.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
ETABS
Give eccentricity = 0.05 (ie., 5% of respective dimension)
To include the Dynamic Amplification Factor:
where esi = actual eccentricity
For each storey,
bi = breadth of building
If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be provided is in the
same direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide
In case Time History analysis is carried out, the dynamic Accidental eccentricity as 0.5e+0.05b
amplification factor of 1.5 be replaced by 1.0 If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be provided is in the
In earlier code, this reduction was applicable to 3D Response opposite direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide
Spectrum analysis also Accidental eccentricity 0.05b
STAAD
Tick the Accidental Eccentricity / Include Torsion
checkbox
149 151
Accidental eccentricity:
ETABS: Accidental eccentricity

150 152
ETABS: Accidental eccentricity ETABS: Accidental eccentricity
153 155
ETABS: Accidental eccentricity ETABS: Accidental eccentricity

154 156
Specifying Accidental Eccentricity
STAAD 8i SELECT 4 and above
If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be given is in the same direction

as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide Accidental eccentricity as
(0.5e+0.05b)/b
If Accidental eccentricity (0.05b) to be given is in the opposite

direction as the Actual eccentricity (e), provide Accidental eccentricity
0.05
STAAD: Accidental eccentricity

157 159
STAAD: Accidental eccentricity STAAD: Accidental eccentricity

158 160
For Design:-
1.5 (DL + LL ) 1 Load Case
1.2 (DL + LL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
1.5 (DL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
0.9 DL ± 1.5 (EL x/y ± e) 8 Load Cases
-------------------
25 Load Cases
Reinforced Concrete Design
For support reactions:-
1.0 DL + 0.8 (LL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
1.0 (DL ± EL x/y ± e ) 8 Load Cases
-------------------
17 Load Cases 42 Load Cases
161 163
Load Combinations (non-

For Design:-
1.2 (DL + LL ± (EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
Concrete Design
32 Load Cases
1.5 (DL ± (EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
32 Load Cases ETABS STAAD
0.9 DL ± 1.5((EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e)) Load combinations Load combinations
32 Load Cases
------------------- Design Code (Indian) Design Code (Indian,
97 Load Cases 456/13920)
For support reactions:- fymain, fyshear fck, fymain, fyshear
1.0 (DL + LL ) 1 Load Case Ductile/ordinary Load case for beam shear
1.0 DL + 0.8 ((EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e))
32 Load Cases Col. Effective lengths design (DL+LL)
1.0 (DL ± (EL x/y ± e) ± 0.3 (EL y/x ± e)) (6.3.3(b) , IS:13920)
32 Load Cases
-------------------
Col. Effective lengths
65 Load Cases 162 Load Cases
162 164
Ref:- Fig.4, IS:13920 ETABS: Concrete Design
165 167
ETABS: Concrete Design ETABS: Concrete Design

166 168
ETABS: Run Concrete Design
ETABS: Concrete Design
169 171
ETABS: Run Analysis
STAAD: Concrete Design

170 172
Selection of method as per the earlier code:
Dynamic analysis to be performed for
1. In case of regular buildings
h > 40 m in Zones IV & V
h > 90 m in Zones II & III
2. In case of irregular buildings
h > 12 m in Zones IV & V
h > 40 m in Zones II & III
(7.8.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
STAAD: Run Analysis 173 175

Selection of method :
Static analysis to be performed for regular buildings
with T < 0.4s (6.4.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016).
Dynamic analysis to be performed for all buildings

except regular buildings of height less than 15m in
Miscellaneous points Zone II (7.7.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016).
As one can see, there is a confusion on whether the

criteria are mutually exclusive and covers all cases
For example:
- Building in Zone II, regular bldg, ht. < 15m,
- But T > 0.4s
Of course, one can always fall back on the
conservative side, however.
174 176
Dual Systems (7.2.7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) : Dual Systems (7.2.7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
Buildings with dual system consist of (1) Moment For example, here the total lateral load applied is 77.47 kN,
resisting frames and (2) Shear walls (or Braced which,
For the dual system, the frame portion alone should be able to take 25%
frames) such that both of the following conditions of 77.47 kN, ie., 19.36 kN
are valid: But in actual behaviour, the portion of Vb that the frame has to resist is
a) The integral system is designed to resist total design only 13.73 kN, ie., 17.7%
lateral force To design the frame for 25% of 77.47 kN, one has to boost the total Vb
(ie., the total lateral load) to such an extend that the Vb to be resisted by
b) The moment resisting frames are designed to resist the frame portion alone reaches 19.37 kN. That is, the lateral loads
independently at least 25% of the total design lateral should be scaled up so that the total Vb becomes 109.28 kN. Under this
force loading, do the design of frames alone, and not the shear walls
Shear walls need to be designed only for 77.47 kN total Vb, with 63.74
This is same as that in the earlier code (4.9, kN resisted by the shear walls
IS:1893(Part 1)-2002, under list of Terminology)
177 179
Dual Systems (7.2.7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) : Dual Systems (7.2.7, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :
For example, here the total lateral load applied is 77.47 kN, For example, here the total lateral load applied is 77.47 kN,
which, which,
the frame takes 13.73 kN and Therefore, the laleteral loads should be scaled up so that the total Vb
the shear wall takes 63.74 kN becomes 109.28 kN. Under this loading, do the design of frames alone,
and not the shear walls
Shear walls need to be designed only for 77.47 kN total Vb, with 63.74
kN resisted by the shear walls
77.47 kN 109.28 kN
13.73 kN 63.74 kN 19.36 kN 89.92 kN

178 (for frame design) (not to be considered)
180
Selection of method : Soft Stories :
When the structure is irregular, In case of buildings with soft stories,
the method of dynamic analysis Dynamic analysis of building be carried out including the
with masses lumped at floor strength and stiffness effects of infills, and the members
levels, as per 7.7.5.4, IS:1893(Part designed accordingly (7.10.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
1)-2016, cannot be done, rendering
computer modelling the only Alternatively,
option. Columns and beams of the soft storey be designed for 2.5 times
forces obtained by analysis
Shear walls of the soft storey be designed for 1.5 times forces
Code for Tall RC Buildings obtained by analysis
specifically recommends use of (7.10.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2002)
3D analysis software for analysis
(7.1, IS:16700-2017)
181 183
Soft Stories (Table 6 (i), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) : Soft Stories :

A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is In case of buildings with soft stories,
less than that of the storey above All efforts shall be made to eliminate the irregularity by
Table 5 & 6 IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 sets limits on irregularities
modifying architectural planning and structural
for Seismic Zones III, IV and V configurations. (7.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)
Thus the code is not clear for Zone II
182 184
Seismic vs Wind: When to include ductile detailing :-
When a structure is analysed for Seismic and Wind
loads, and even if the Load Combination cases Ductile detailing provisions shall be adopted in RCC
including the Seismic (eg., with Wind loading) buildings for
are critical over those with Seismic included, ductile More than 5 stories high in zone III
detailing provisions (as per IS:13920-2016) should Industrial structure in zone III
still be adopted (6.3.1.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016), if Importance factor > 1.0 in zone III
ductile detailing is applicable in the design criteria.
In zone IV & V
(1.1.1, IS:13920-1993)
Ductile detailing provisions shall be adopted in RCC

buildings for
All buildings in zone III, IV & V
Optional in zone II
(1.1.1, IS:13920-2016 -- Same as that in 1.1.1, IS:13920-1993,
Edition 1.2)
185 187
Separation Between Adjacent Units :

To avoid pounding when the two units or adjacent buildings
deflect towards each other, a separation gap equal to R times the
sum of the calculated storey displacements as per 7.11.1,
IS:1893(Part 1)-2016 (ie., with partial load factor of 1.0) of each
of them (7.11.3, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) -- Modified
The earlier provision of the separation gap being equal to Concluding Remarks
R/2, where the floors of the two units are at the same level,
has now been modified.
This, coupled with the use of Stiffness Reduction of beams
and columns (as per 6.4.3.1, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) is likely
to increase the separation gap much more than that used to
be previously calculated.
186 188
Concluding remarks
The best way to implement advanced seismic analysis
techniques is through an analysis software package.
To use a software package, one has to know it
More importantly, one has to know its limitations,
Still more important, one has to know its pitfalls.
Software Demonstrators/Instructors may tell you the
limitations, but not the pitfalls. Mostly it can be learned
only through experience.
The user should have a good base in Seismic Analysis &
Design, and Structural Dynamics. Also a basic
understanding of FEM is desirable.
Also one has to know the code provisions, and have them
ready reference (IS:456, SP 34, IS:1893, IS:13920, IS:875
Part-I, II, III)
189
rahul.leslie@gmail.com
Thank you!
190

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Aspects of Computer Model:

Seismic Analysis/Design of Modelling is done using analysis packages like

Topics Covered: Aspects of Computer Model:

IS:1893(Part 1)-2016* (Covered in Part-II) But not usually

Model for ETABS: B+G+4=6 stories

Model for STAAD: G+4 = 5 stories

* Criteria for Structural Safety of Tall Concrete Buildings, applicable to RC

Beams and columns Beams and columns

However, nothing has been mentioned on stiffness

*(for buildings coming under its purview)

Beams and columns

In Response Spectrum method (to be covered later), the

STAAD: For Columns

ETABS: Floor Diaphragm

If the criteria is not met:

# for buildings in its purview ETABS: Floor Diaphragm

STAAD: Floor Diaphragm STAAD: Floor Diaphragm

* as per Table 6, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016

- For reduction factors to account for openings in the masonry infills,

Masonry walls (Table 6 (i), IS:1893(Part 1)-2016) :

Other considerations Other considerations for tall buildings

*(for buildings coming under its purview)

STAAD: P-Delta Analysis

Other considerations for tall buildings

ETABS Version 9.7 and earlier

Construction Sequence analysis Construction Sequence analysis

Construction Sequence Analysis Single Step Analysis

Construction Sequence analysis Construction Sequence analysis

Construction Sequence Analysis Single Step Analysis

Construction Sequence analysis Other considerations for tall buildings

Analysis as per IS:1893-2016

Seismic Coefficient Method

Static analysis (cont ):

6.4.2, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016,

Response reduction factor (Table 9, IS:1893(Part 1)-2016)

Static analysis: Static analysis (cont ):

Static analysis (cont ):

... for buildings of intermediate heights (ie., in the

Lumped mass model

The forces are applied

ETABS: Seismic coeff. method

ETABS: Seismic coeff. method STAAD: Seismic coeff. method

Add Seismic Masses

STAAD: Seismic coeff. method

ETABS: Seismic masses STAAD: Seismic masses

STAAD: Seismic masses STAAD: Seismic masses

STAAD: Seismic masses STAAD: Seismic masses

STAAD: Seismic masses STAAD: Seismic masses

STAAD.Pro V8i SELECT 4

STAAD: Seismic masses STAAD: Seismic masses

STAAD: Seismic masses

Results of Seismic Analysis

Gravity Loads Bending Moment

ETABS: Run Analysis

Continue with Part-II

Analysis as per IS:1893-2016

Response Spectrum Method

Response spectrum analysis:

Modes for frequencies > 33 Hz should not be considered

The no. of modes considered should be such that the total

Missing mass correction to be used, instead of modes,

Response spectrum analysis (cont ):

The Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah is

With latest versions of the Software Packages, incorporating the