Design of Deep Beams and Joints

Concrete Deep Beams,
Brackets and Joints

O-SCAAD-6
July 12, 2002, AIT, Bangkok
Naveed Anwar
Buddhi S. Sharma
ACECOMS, AIT
Definition of
Deep Members
Strain Profile – The Starting Point
• Section Capacity is represented by Stress
Resultants
• Stress Resultants are based on stress
Distribution
• Stress Distribution is based on Strain
Distribution
• Strain Distribution for a particular
deformation is not known for reinforced
concrete sections
Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial-Flexural Stress Resultants
The General Case: Linear or Non-linear Strain Distribution
1 n 
N z  1     x, y  dx dy ... 
1
 Ai i ( x, y ) ...
  1 x y 2 i 1 
1 1 n 
M x   2     x, y  dx dy . y ...   Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...
  1 x y  2 i 1 
1 1 n 
M y  3     x, y  dx dy . x ...   Ai i ( x, y ) xi ...
  1 x y  2 i 1 

ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial-Flexural Stress Resultants
Linear Strain
fs NA
Distribution CL
fc
y
c
h
f1
f2 s for
sse l
fn e
Str Stee
s for Horizontal
sse and
e
Str crete
n
co R/F
train
S

ACECOMS, AIT
The B and D regions
• If Strain is Assumed Linear then “B” Region
– Plane sections remain Plane after Deformation
– “Bernoulli” assumptions apply
• If Strain is Non-linear: “D” Region: Disturbed Region

– Zone where ordinary “flexural theory” does not apply
– Plane Sections do not remain plane after deformation
D B D

ACECOMS, AIT
Deep or Shallow
• Shallow Members:
– Where most of the beam length is “B” Region
• Deep Members:
– Where most of the beam length is “D” Region
• Thick Members:
– Flexural Deformations are Predominant and shear
deformations can be ignored
• Thin Members:
– Shear Deformations are Significant and can not be
ignored

ACECOMS, AIT
What is a Deep Member ?
• Member in which most of the length is “D-
Region”
• Members that do not follow the ordinary
flexural-shear theories
• Members in which a significant amount of
the load is carried to supports by a
compression thrust joining the load and the
reaction

ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Members: Major Concerns
• Non linear Stress Distribution
• Possibility of Lateral Buckling
• Very Stiff Element
• Very Sensitive to Differential Settlement
• Reinforcement Development (Anchorage)
• High Stresses at Supports and Load Points

ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Members
• Deep Beams
• Shear Walls
• Pile Caps
• Brackets, Corbels
• Joints

ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Deep Members
• Empirical Methods
– ACI Code Method
• The “Tie-Strut” Approach
– Truss Analogy Method
– Truss Model Analysis
• Finite Element Analysis
– Two Dimensional Analysis using Plane Strain
– Three Dimensional Analysis using Plates or Bricks
– Analysis modes
• Linear Analysis
• Non Linear Analysis

ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Behavior of
Deep Members
The Axial Stresses – True Deep Beams
Tension
Compression

ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses – Semi Deep Beams
Tension
Compression

ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses – Mixed Beam
Tension
Compression
D B D

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Stresses

ACECOMS, AIT
Beam Model for
Deep Members
Modeling Using 1D Elements
Simple
Beam/Column
elements
Beam elements
with rigid ends
Beam elements
in “Truss
Model”

ACECOMS, AIT
Membrane Model
for Deep Members
Modeling Using 2D Elements
• Deep Beams are subjected to in-plane
deformations so 2D elements that have
transnational DOF need to be used
• A coarse mesh can be used to capture the
overall stiffness and deformation of the
beam
• A fine mesh should be used to capture in-
plane bending or curvature
• General Shell Element or Membrane
Elements can be used to model Deep
Beams

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Using Membrane
Nodes: 4
DOFs: 2 (or 3) DOFs /Node Ux and Uy
2-Translation, 0 or 1 rotation
Dimension: 2 dimension element
Shape: Regular / Irregular
Properties: Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
Thickness( t )

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Using Shell Elements
Nodes: 4
DOFs: 5 or 6 DOFs /Node Ux and Uy
3 Translation, 2 or 3 rotation
Dimension: 2 dimension element
Shape: Regular / Irregular
Properties: Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
U3, R3 U3, R3
Thickness( t )
U2, R2 U2, R2
Node 3 Node 4
U1, R1
U1, R1
3 2
U3, R3
1
U3, R3 U2, R2 U2, R2

Node 1 Node 2
U1, R1 U1, R1
Shell

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results From Shell Model
Fi  Ai f i
A n
f1 P   Fi
C i 1
f2 n
M   Fi xi
i 1
f3 n
x1
f4 V   Ai vi
T i 1
x1
f5
t
M P
f1, f2, …..fn are the nodal stresses at
section A-A , obtained from analysis V

ACECOMS, AIT
Connecting Beams to Slab
“Zipper”
In general the mesh in the slab Some software automatically

should match with mesh in the establishes connectivity by using
wall to establish connection constraints or “Zipper” elements

ACECOMS, AIT
Strut and Tie
Model for
Deep Members
Tie-Strut Approach: Basic Concepts
• Basic Concept
– The Section is fully cracked
– Concrete takes not tension
– All Tension is taken by steel ties
– All Compression is taken by “struts” forming within
the concrete
– Strut and Tie provide a stable mechanism
– It is a “Lower Bound” solution

ACECOMS, AIT
Tie-Strut Approach: Basic Concepts
Compressive
Struts
L
Ties
L
Real Truss Conceptual Truss

a) Simple Truss Model for V, Mx (Tie and Strut Mode)

ACECOMS, AIT
Tie-Strut Approach in Use
• Truss analogy already in use

– For shear design of “Shallow” and “Deep” beams
– For Torsion design of shallow beams
– For design of Pile caps
– For design of joints and “D” regions
– For Brackets and corbels

ACECOMS, AIT
The Truss in Deep Members
Tension
Compression

ACECOMS, AIT
The Truss in Deep Members
Tension
Compression

ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses – Semi Deep Beams
Tension
Compression

ACECOMS, AIT
The Axial Stresses – Mixed Beam
Tension
Compression

ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Models and Forces

ACECOMS, AIT
a
Strut Tie Model a Effect of Span:Depth Ratio
d d
L/d =1
L/a =0.5
L/d =2
L/a =1
For L/D < 4
L L Load transferred by direct
Compression
For L/D > 4

L/d = 3
L/a = 1.5
Auxiliary Ties are required
for shear transfer
For L/D > 5

L/d = 4
L/a = 2 Beam tends to behave in
ordinary Flexure
L/d = 5
L/a = 2.5
L/d = 6
L/a = 3

ACECOMS, AIT
Strut Tie Model Not OK: Too Shallow
Effect of Strut Angle
Tension in Bottom Chord
Angle < 30 Deg.
Angle = 18 De g
Too shallow, tension steel
OK: M ost Ecconomical
not economical, strut too
long, anchorage difficult
Angle = 34 De g
Angle 35 - 45 Deg
Gives the most
OK: USed by ACI Code
economical
and realistic design
Angle = 45 De g
Angle > 50 Deg.
Too steep. Requires too
NOT OK: Too Steep and Expensive
much stirrups. Not good.
Angle = 64 De g

ACECOMS, AIT
The Basic Elements of Strut and Tie
• Basic Elements
– The Compression Struts in Concrete
– The Tension Ties provided by Rebars
– The Nodes connecting Struts and Ties
• Failure Mechanisms
– Tie could Yield
– Strut can Crush
– A Node could Fail

ACECOMS, AIT
Compression Struts
• Struts represent the compression stress field
with the prevailing compression in the
direction of the strut
• Idealized as prismatic members, or uniformly
tapered members
• May also be idealized as Bottled Shaped
members
• Transverse reinforcement is required for
prevention of failure after cracking occurs

ACECOMS, AIT
Types of Compression Struts
• Failure of Struts
• By Longitudinal
Crushing
• Compression failure
of Struts

ACECOMS, AIT
Cracking of Compression Struts

ACECOMS, AIT
Tension Ties
• Represents one or several
layers of steel in the same
direction as the tensile force
• May fail due to
– Lack of End Anchorage
– Inadequate reinforcement quantity

ACECOMS, AIT
Nodal Zones
• The joints in the strut-and-tie model are
know as nodal zones
• Forces meeting on a node must be in
equilibrium
• Line of action of these forces must pass
through a common point (concurrent forces)
• Nodal zones are classified as:
– CCC
– CCT
– CTT
– TTT

ACECOMS, AIT
Hydrostatic Nodal Zones
Hydrostatic CCC Node Hydrostatic CCT Node

ACECOMS, AIT
Correct and Incorrect Truss
Correct Truss Incorrect Truss

ACECOMS, AIT
Using Truss Model
• Draw the beam and loads in proper scale
• Draw Primary Struts and Ties
– Struts angle between 35 to 50 degrees
– Each strut must be tied by “ties”
– The strut and ties model must be stable and determinate
• Assume dimensions of struts and ties
– Not critical for determinate trusses. Any reasonable sizes
may be used
• Make truss model in any software and analyze
• Design Truss Members
– Design rebars for tension members
– Check capacity of concrete compression members

ACECOMS, AIT
How to Construct Truss Models
• For the purpose of analysis, assume the main truss layout
based on Beam depth and length
• Initial member sizes can be estimated as t x 2t for main axial
members and t x t for diagonal members
• Use frame elements to model the truss. It is not necessary to
use truss elements
• Generally single diagonal is sufficient for modeling but double
diagonal may be used for easier interpretation of results
• The floor beams and slabs can be connected directly to truss
elements
• Elastic analysis may be used to estimate truss layout

ACECOMS, AIT
How to Construct Truss Models
H C
t t x 2t

ACECOMS, AIT
Simple Vs Modified Truss Model
a=1.6 a=1.6
P=10,000 kN
d=1.4
d=1.4 h=1.6 d=1.4 h=1.6



T  T
L=2.5 L=2.5
1
a) Simple "Strut & Tie" Model c) Modified Truss Model B
 = tan-1 d/0.5L
 = tan-1 d/0.5(L-d1)
 = 48 deg  = 68.5 deg
T = 0.5P/tan T = 0.5P/tan
T = 1970 kN
T = 4502 kN

ACECOMS, AIT
A Space Truss Model for Pilecap
P1
a2
a2
P4
P2
P3
d
L2
L1
Main members
Secondary members

ACECOMS, AIT
Iterative Method for Truss Layout
• The truss layout can be found by using a
simple 2D truss analysis
• Draw trial truss using all possible strut tie
members
• Determine forces in the truss system
• Remove the members with small or no
forces and repeat
• Continue until the truss becomes unstable

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results from Truss Model
Compression C
Member
P  T  C  D sin( )
xc M  Txt  Cxc  D sin( ) xd
xd
D V  D cos( )
xt
Tension
Member
T
T
Ast 
f y
M P

ACECOMS, AIT
Assuming Reinforcement
• Assume larger bars on the corners
• Assume more bars on predominant tension
direction/ location
• Assume uniform reinforcement on beam
sides
• Total Rebars ratio should preferably be more
than 0.8% and less than 3% for economical
design

ACECOMS, AIT
Interpretation of the Results
• Reinforcement should be provided along all directions where

truss members are in significant tension.
• This reinforcement should be provided along the direction of the
truss member
• The distribution of the reinforcement should be such that its
centroid is approximately in line with the assumed truss element.
• The compression forces in the struts should be checked for the
compressive stresses in the concrete, assuming the same area to
be effective, as that used in the construction of the model.
• The Bearing Stress should be checked at top of piles and at base
of columns

ACECOMS, AIT
Drawbacks of the Strut and Tie Approach
• Only guarantees stability and strength
• Gives no indication of performance at
service levels
• In appropriate assumed trusses layout may
cause excessive cracking
• Requires experience in judgment in truss
layout, member size assumption, result
interpretation and rebar distribution

ACECOMS, AIT
Designing as A Simple Flexural Member
• Approach
– Design the Deep Member as “Big
Beam”
– Follow the normal axial-flexural
concept and provisions
• Input Needed
– Mx , V
– Member Dimensions
• Problems
– Does not consider the non-linear
strain distribution
– In efficient rebar distribution
– Does not consider Shear transfer
near ends
ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Beams
Special Considerations
Deep Members
• Behavior of Deep Beams
– What are Deep Beams?
– How do they behave?
• Design of Deep Beams

– The ACI Code Method
– The Tie and Strut Approach
– The Finite Element Analysis

ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Beams: ACI definition
• Beam is Deep for Flexure:

– Simple Span: l n /d  1.25
– Continuous Beam:
l n /d  2.5
• Beam is Deep for Shear:
l n /d  5.0 P
• Special Case
Deep
Beam Shallow Beam d
Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints ln

ACECOMS, AIT
Deep Beam or Veirendel Girder
Deep Beam
Deep Beam or
Veirendel Girder
Veirendel Girder

ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Approach
• No Detailed Requirements Except “That Non
Linearity of Strain Distribution and Lateral
Buckling Must be Considered”.
• Flexure:
– No Special Requirements for design
– Specifies special limits on minimum steel
• Shear
– Special Provisions for single spans
– Special provisions for continuous beams

ACECOMS, AIT
Effect of Load Location
• Behavior of Deep Beams effected by the

application of load to the beam

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design: ACI Approach
• Ordinary Design Procedure
– When load is applied at the middle or at the
bottom edge of the Beam, ordinary shear
design provisions for shallow beams are
used
• Special Design Procedure

– When load is applied at the top, special design
provisions are used because load may form
“arching” or “truss” mechanism

ACECOMS, AIT
• Different for Simple and Continuous Beams
• Stirrups Required when
– For Single spans
Vu  Vc
– For Continuous spans.
Vu  0.5Vc
• Critical Sections
– Simple Span
0.15 l n  d for UDL
0.15 a  d for Conc. Load
– Continuous Beam: Face of Support

ACECOMS, AIT
Allowable shear in concrete
Shallow Beams Deep Beams
Max. Vn  8 f c' bw d Max. Vn  8 f c' bw d when l / d  2
Vc  2 f c' bw d 2 ld  '
Max. Vn  10  f c bw d when l / d is 2 to 5
3  d 
 Vu d 
Vc  1.9 f c  2500  w
'
bw d Vc  2 f c' bw d
 Mu 
 V d
Vc  F  1.9 f c'  2500  w u bw d
 Mu 
 V d
where F  3.5  2.5 u   2.5
 Mu 

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Openings in Beams
Plate-Shell Model Truss Model

ACECOMS, AIT
Nodal Zones within the Interaction of Members
Plastic Truss Model of a

Beam with horizontal
Web reinforcements

ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Model for Continuous Beam
Negative Moment Truss Positive Moment Truss
Complete Model

ACECOMS, AIT
Brackets and Corbels
Special Considerations
What are Brackets and Corbels
• A short and deep member
connected to a large rigid
member
• Mostly subjected to a
single concentrated load
• Load is within ‘d’ distance
from the face of support

ACECOMS, AIT
Brackets or Corbels
• A short member that cantilevers out of a
column or wall to support a load
• Built monolithically with the support
• Span to depth ratio less than or equal to
unity
• Consists of incline compressive strut and a
tension tie

ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Brackets
Tension Compression Shear

ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Corbels

ACECOMS, AIT
Brackets using Strut and Tie Model

ACECOMS, AIT
Corbels using Strut and Tie Model
• Compute distance from column to Vn
• Compute minimum depth
• Compute forces on the corbel
• Lay out the strut and tie model
• Solve for reactions
• Solve for strut and tie forces
• Compute width of struts
• Reanalyze the strut and tie forces
• Select reinforcement
• Establish the anchorage of tie

ACECOMS, AIT
Structural Action of a Bracket

ACECOMS, AIT
Modes of Failure
• Yield of tension tie

• Failure of end anchorage of the
tension tie, either under the
load point or in the column
• Failure of the compression strut
by crushing or shear
• Local failure under bearing
plate
Failure due to poor detailing

ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Corbels ACI Method
• Depth of the outside edge of bearing area
should not be less than 0.5d
• Design for shear Vu, moment [Vua  Nuc(h - d)]
and horizontal tensile

force of Nuc
Strength reduction Factor

  0.85

ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Corbels ACI Method

Provide Steel Area Avf to resist Vu Vn  0.2 f c b w d
Vn  800bw d
Horizontal Axial Tension Force N uc  An f y
should satisfy
N uc  0.2Vu
Area of Steel provided shall be A f  An 
the greater of the two 2 Av / 3  An 
Strut and tie are should not be less 0.5 As  An 
than
f 
  As / bd  0.04 c f 
Ratio shall be  y 
 

ACECOMS, AIT
Strut and Tie Method and the ACI Method
• Strut-and-Tie method requires more steel in

the tension tie
• Lesser confining reinforcement
• Strut-and-Tie method considers the effect of
the corbel on the forces of the column
• Strut-and-Tie method could also be used for
span to depth ratio greater than unity

ACECOMS, AIT
Joints
Special Provisions
Special Considerations in Joints
• Highly complex state of stress
• Often subjected to reversal of Loading
• Difficult to identify length and depth and
height parameters
• Main cause of failure for high seismic loads,
cyclic loads, fatigue, degradation etc

ACECOMS, AIT
Joints
• The design of Joints require a

knowledge of the forces to be
transferred through the joint and
the ‘likely’ ways in which the
transfer can occur
• Efficiency: Ratio of the failure moment of

the joint to the moment capacity of the
members entering the joint

ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Joints – Gravity

ACECOMS, AIT
Basic Stresses in Joints – Lateral

ACECOMS, AIT
Strut and Tie Model
Tension Compression Strut and Tie Model

ACECOMS, AIT
Corner Joints
Opening Joints:
– Tend to be opened by the applied moment
• Corners of Frames
• L-shaped retaining walls
• Wing Wall and Abutments in bridges

ACECOMS, AIT
Corner Joints
• Closing Joints:
– Tend to be closed by the applied moment
• Elastic Stresses are exactly opposite as
those in the opening joints
• Increasing the radius of the bend increases
the efficiency of such joints

ACECOMS, AIT
Corner Joints
• T-Joints
• At the exterior column-beam connection
• At the base of retaining walls
• Where roof beams are continuous over
column

ACECOMS, AIT
Beam-Column Joints in Frames
• To transfer loads and moments at the end of
the beams to the columns
• Exterior Joint has the same forces as a T
joint
• Interior joints under gravity loads transmits
tension and compression at the end of the
beam and column directly through the joint
• Interior joints under lateral loads requires
diagonal tensile and compressive forces
within the joints

ACECOMS, AIT
Design of Joints-ACI
• Type 1 Joints: Joint for structures in non
seismic areas
• Type 2 Joints: Joint where large inelastic
deformations must be tolerated
• Further division into:
– Interior
– Exterior
– Corner

ACECOMS, AIT
Design Stages for Type 1
• Providing confinement to the joint region by
means of beam framing into the side of the
joint, or a combination of confinement from
the column bars and ties in the joint region.
• Limiting the shear in the joint
• Limiting the bar size in the beam to a size
that can be developed in the joint

ACECOMS, AIT
Summary
ACECOMS, AIT

Design of Deep Beams and Joints

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Deep Beams and Joints

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Concrete Deep Beams,

Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

• If Strain is Non-linear: “D” Region: Disturbed Region

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

U3, R3 U2, R2 U2, R2

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

In general the mesh in the slab Some software automatically

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Real Truss Conceptual Truss

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

• Truss analogy already in use

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

For L/D > 4

For L/D > 5

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Hydrostatic CCC Node Hydrostatic CCT Node

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Correct Truss Incorrect Truss

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

d=1.4 h=1.6 d=1.4 h=1.6

a) Simple "Strut & Tie" Model c) Modified Truss Model B

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

• Reinforcement should be provided along all directions where

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

• Design of Deep Beams

Design of Deep Beams, Brackets and Joints

• Beam is Deep for Flexure: