IS 16700:2017

CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL

SAFETY OF TALL BUILDINGS

clause 7. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

BY
K.SAI VINEELA (20172005)
PRIYANKA MISHRA (20172007)
CH.ARAVIND SWAMY(20172017)
B.AKSHAY KUMAR (20172020)
RAHUL VISHWAKARMA(201516002)
NIHARIKA TALYAN (20172094)
 7.1 SOFTWARE:

• Structural analysis shall be carried out using standard 3-D computer model using well-
established structural analysis software.

7.2 CONSIDERATIONS:
Following considerations we have to take while modelling;
• a. Rigid end offsets should be take care of;
• b. Floor diaphragm flexibility, as applicable;
∆ middle>1.2 ∆ ave
where ∆ ave = (∆1+ ∆2)/2
• c. Cracked cross sectional area properties; as per table 6
Sl.no Structural Un-factored Loads Factored Loads
Element
Area Moment of Area Moment of
Inertia Inertia
i) Slabs 1.0 Ag 0.35 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.25 Ig
ii) Beams 1.0 Ag 0.7 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.35 Ig
iii) Columns 1.0 Ag 0.9 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.7 Ig
iv) Walls 1.0 Ag 0.9 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.7 Ig

• d. P- ∆ effects.
 7.3 MODELLING :
7.3.1
•Explanation - A model should properly reflect mass and stiffness of a building. So
that inertia forces generated in model is equivalent to inertia forces which will be
generated under seismic actions and deformation on the site.

7.3.2
• Explanation – To reflect true behaviour of members and whole structure, lumped modelling
which is frame element modelling or distributed modelling which is finite modelling can be
adopted. Even a combination of both can also be done.

• If model fails to capture true behaviour lateral forces might be underestimated which can be
hazardous.
7.3.3
• Explanation – Slab shall be modelled as flexible diaphragm if specifically not mentioned
as stiff. Also, storey shear shall be distributed as per distributed area instead of stiffness.
• If such case designed as stiff slab, then middle inner columns will be under-designed for
actual storey shear.

A 2A A

K K K

25% 50% 25% 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%

Flexible slab Extremely stiff slab

7.3.4
• Explanation - IN MRF, URMF contribute to lateral storey stiffness and should be
modelled as equivalent diagonal strut. Width, angle and length of the equivalent strut
shall be taken as given clause 7.9 of IS 1893 (Part1):2016
• If this stiffness is ignored, time period calculated will be more. And more time period
will attract less base shear from design spectra.
• Therefore, design base shear will be underestimated and building will be designed for
less earthquake forces.
Clause 7.3.5:The analytical model for performing dynamic analysis of buildings with
irregular configuration shall adequately represent irregularities in the configuration of the
building
• Explanation – Building irregularities shall be modelled while doing dynamic
analysis. If ignored, then torsion caused by those irregularities will not be considered
in analysis. That will cause major damage in building during real earthquakes.
CLAUSE 7.3.6
• Clause: Cracked sectional properties shall be used when representing concrete
elements as per Table 6
Sl.no Structural Un-factored Loads Factored Loads
Element
Area Moment of Area Moment of
Inertia Inertia
i) Slabs 1.0 Ag 0.35 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.25 Ig
ii) Beams 1.0 Ag 0.7 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.35 Ig
iii) Columns 1.0 Ag 0.9 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.7 Ig
iv) Walls 1.0 Ag 0.9 Ig 1.0 Ag 0.7 Ig
•  This clause is intended for lateral load deformations since members will be in tension.
• When a section is in bending, NA lies somewhere in between the section. MOI is taken for
only concrete in compression assuming concrete in tension might crack when tensile
stresses exceeds concrete tensile strength which is 1/10 th of compressive strength.
• Because of reduced MOI, we get large elastic deflections.
For ex. for a simply supported beam with udl

Unfactored modifiers to be used for SERVICE CASE (wind load case)

Factored modifiers to be used for ULTIMATE CASE (earthquake case)
CLAUSE 7.3.7

Clause: Lateral deflections from Un factored Lateral loads shall be estimated using
sectional properties intended for use with un factored loads. Lateral deflections from
factored Lateral loads shall be estimated using sectional properties intended for use with
factored loads
CLAUSE 7.3.8
• Buildings may be considered to be fixed at their bases for determining lateral effects on
buildings. Flexibility of foundations should also be considered

• When foundation flexibility is included in linear analysis, load-deformation

characteristics of foundation-soil system shall be accounted for by equivalent linear
stiffness, using soil properties that are consistent with soil strain levels associated with
the design forces.

• A 50 percent increase and decrease in stiffness shall be incorporated in dynamic analysis,

unless smaller variation can be justified; the largest value of response shall be used in the
raft design.
CLAUSE 7.3.9
• Second order deformation effects (P-∆ effects)
shall be considered in the modelling

Explanation:
P- ∆ effect:
• It is geometric non-linearity.
• As a building deforms ,axial column loads becomes eccentric.
• Types of P-delta
i ) P- ∆ effects(P-BIG delta)
Lateral force(F) cause horizontal displacement (∆) of the structure, while the gravity loads
simultaneously act vertically on the displaced structure. Secondary moments are induced into the
structure equal to P x ∆.

ii ) P- ⸹ effects(P-SMALL delta)
P- ⸹ has reference to the effects of axial load in an individual member subject to a deflection
between its endpoints.
• iii ) P- ∆ - ⸹ combine effects:
Since both of the effects contribute to the deformation of the frame, it is important to
consider their combined effect. These secondary effects cause the member to deform
more and induce additional stresses in the member.

• P-Delta effect is a major issue which affects the structural response severally, neglected
for its complexity in analysis phase of the design.
• But in Tall Buildings P – Delta Effect should not be neglected.
Iterative P-delta Analysis:
• In the iterative second-order method, an initial first order analysis of the structure is made
with the external horizontal loading.
• The horizontal deflections are then used in conjunction with the gravity loading to
compute at each floor level an equivalent increment of horizontal load.
• This increment is added to the initial horizontal load and the analysis is repeated.
• The resulting increased deflections are then used in conjunction with the gravity loads to
compute another set of equivalent horizontal increments, which again are added to the
initial horizontal load for a reanalysis.
• The iterations are continued until increases in the deflections become negligible.
(a) Column deflected by shear
(b) Axial load added to the column deflected
by shear
(c) equivalent augmented shear
(a) (b) (c)
 CLAUSE 7.3.10 : INTER-STOREY DRIFT STABILITY
COEFFICIENT
• In no case, the flexibility of the building shall be such that the value of inter-storey drift
stability coefficient ɵ (PuA/H) exceeds 0.20.
• What?
Ɵ=(P*Δ)/(Hu hs)

Ɵ< 0.2
LOW STIFFNESS MRF >= HIGH INTER STOREY DRIFTS
 => NSE FAILURE

Cladding Failure:
=> NSE FAILURE

Blockage of Escape Routes due to Fallen Partitions:

 7.3.11: FLAT SLABS

• What?
Ignore its Stiffness in Lateral Load Resistance Ɐ Seismic Zones.

• Why?
• Significant Reduction in Stiffness due to:
• Construction Loads
• Service Gravity Loads
• Temperature and Shrinkage Effects
• Lateral Loads
 7.3.12 SHEAR WALLS

• What?
PERFORATED
• Analysis should account
• Stiffness SOLID
• Strength
• Deformation Capacity
• Shear Wall
COUPLING BEAMS
• Shear Wall Segments
• Coupling Beams
• Spandrel Connections
SPANDREL BEAM
• It is an load bearing external beam which is extended from column to column at the
perimeter to carry the slab/floor load from upper storey and transmits the load to
columns. Usually masonry walls in Tall Structures fails to support their self weight
and slab weight this is one of the example where we can use Spandrel beams. Its
construction material could be concrete or steel.
 7.3.12 SHEAR WALLS (CONTD)

• Stiffness of Coupling Beams or Spandrel Connections should consider

• Aspect Ratio
• Extent of Cracking Anticipated
• Reinforcement Provided
 7.3.13 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

• Effect shall be considered of construction sequence in buildings taller than 150 m.

 7.3.14 TOWERS WITH PODIUM

• Multiple towers connected by a single podium shall be modeled separately and

integrally.
CLAUSE 7.4 BUILDING MOVEMENTS
• Building taller then 150m and
building which is taller than 100m
with asymmetry need to analyze in
both vertical and horizontal long term
movement
• 7.4.1 Measures shall be taken in
concrete and composite building to
minimize adverse effect
1. Creep
2. Shrinkage
3. Temperature variation
4. Foundation settlement
(causes for long term movements in the
building)
• 7.4.2-Non-structural element, such as
curtain walls, cladding, partitions and
finishes and services installations(for
example ,elevators, vertical pipes,
ducts and cables),shall be required to
withstand long-term movements of
the building and associated
differential effect.
• 7.4.3- Details of the connections of
non-structural elements with the
structural elements of the building
shall be planned, such that their
relative movements are allowed
without causing distress to both
structural and non-structural elements.
• 7.4.4 Appropriate vertical compensation and sway compensation shall be accounted
for during construction to minimize long term building movements for concrete and
composite structures.
• 7.4.5 In gravity load analysis, internal forces shall be considered, which are developed due
to differential vertical movement of vertical structural elements, due to shrinkage, creep,
temperature, foundation settlement and construction compensation. In any case the total
shrinkage strain of concrete shall not exceed 0.04 percent?
Explanation:
• In the code IS 1343 as per clause 22.6.1.2 the long-term deflection allowance should be
considered to make it to 0.04percent (please confirm whether the explanation is correct or
not).

• 7.4.6 Strain prediction models of concrete for effect of creep and shrinkage shall be based
on established principles of mechanics elaborated in specialist literature.