STRUCTURAL

THEORY 1

CIEN 30043
MODULE 1
TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS
Structure – a system of connected parts used to support a load

Important Examples:
• Buildings
• Bridges
• Towers

Important to account:
• Safety
• Esthetics
• Serviceability
• Economic constraints
• Environmental constraints
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Rods – structural members subjected to tensile force
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Beams – usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Columns – members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads (and
bending)
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Truss - structures that consist of two-force members only, where the members are
organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Cables - structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension. Unlike tension
ties, however, the external load is not applied along the axis of the cable, and consequently
the cable takes a form that has a defined sag.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Arches - structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be rigid,
however, in order to maintain their shape, and this results in secondary loadings involving
shear and moment.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Frames - often used in buildings and re composed of beams and columns that are either
pin or fixed connected.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
Structural Elements
• Surface Structures - made from a material having very small thickness compared to its
other dimensions.
LOADS
Design Codes

• National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015

Volume I – Buildings, Towers and other Vertical Structures

• National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)

Volume II – Bridges

• DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards 2015

Volume 5 – Bridge Design
Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures
LOADS
Dead Loads
Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weight of any
objects that are permanently attached to the structure.
Minium Densities for Design Loads from Materials Minium Design Dead Loads (kPa)
(kN/m3)
LOADS
Live Loads
Live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused by the weight of
objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
LOADS
Wind Loads
When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted into potential
energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading.
LOADS
Earthquake Loads
Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with the ground and its
response characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s distortion caused by the
ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the structure.
LOADS
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed
by these loadings becomes an important criterion for their designs.
LOADS
Other Natural Loads
Several other types of live loads may also have to be considered in the design of a structure,
depending on its location or use. These include the effect of blast, temperature changes, and
differential settlement of the foundation. .
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to give consideration to both material and
load uncertainties.
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to give consideration to both material and
load uncertainties.
QUIZ 1
A floor beam is used to support the 1.83 m width of a lightweight plain concrete slab having a
thickness of 102 mm. The slab serves as a portion of the ceiling for the floor below, and
therefore its bottom is coated with plaster. Furthermore, a 2.44-m high, 305-mm thick
lightweight solid concrete block wall is directly over the top flange of the beam. Determine the
loading on the beam measured per meter length of the beam.
Minium Densities for Design Loads from Materials Minium Design Dead Loads (kPa)
(kN/m3)
THANK YOU!