CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY
UNIT – 1 construction systems
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
 DEFINITION:
The term structural system or structural
frame refers to load resisting sub system of a structure. The
structural system transfers loads through
interconnected structural
Many components or
different structural systems are used inmembers.
architecture.
The type of system used depends on the building's needs. The
height of the building, its load bearing capacity, the soil
specifications and the building materials all dictate the proper
structural system needed for a building. In particular, structural
systems have evolved to focus on building up as undeveloped
land has become scarce.
rock and stone Precast Concrete
wood frame Reinforced Concrete
steel truss and frame Pre - stressed Concrete
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Column-Beam-Slab System is
been used in all superstructures
with new technology, and
construction materials. Generally
the load of the slab is transferred
BEAM AND
to the columns or walls through
COLUMN
the beams, down to the
foundation, and then to the
supporting
A beam is asoil beneath.
structural member
which spans horizontally between
supports and carries loads which
act at right angles to the length of
the beam.
Framing, in construction, is the
FRAME fitting together of pieces to give
a structure support and shape.
Framing materials are usually
wood, engineered wood, or
structural steel.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ELEMENTS

A truss is essentially a triangulated system

of (usually) straight interconnected
structural elements
TRUSS
The individual elements are
connected at nodes
Trusses are used in a broad range of
buildings, mainly where there is a
requirement for very long spans, such
as in airport terminals, aircraft hangers,
sports stadia roofs, auditoriums and
other leisure buildings. Trusses are
also used to carry heavy loads and are
sometimes used as transfer structures

ARCH An arch is a curved structural form that

carries loads around an opening,
transferring them around the profile of
the arch to abutments, jambs or piers on
either side.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

WALL
AND
PLATE

A wall plate is a load-bearing structural member used horizontally and part of

a timber framework.
CYLINDRICAL
SHELL AND VAULT

Shell roofs are made from structural ‘skins’ where the shell material is thin in section
relative to the other dimensions of the roof and undergoes relatively little
deformation under load.
They are commonly used where a building interior needs to be free from
intermediate walls or columns that might support a more conventional flat or
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

SPHERICAL
SHELL AND
DOME

Domes are self supporting structures they take the form of an arch distributing
external loads around the sides and down to the foundations. They are tightly
compacted by gravity and any external loads are carried by the compressive
forces that develop internally 

CABLE
AND ROD

Tension rods provide an efficient means of transferring large forces over long distances
with a minimal quantity of material. Tension systems often work at high proportions of
their tensile strength and a single failure on one of the connectors raises the possibility
of progressive collapse.
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

MEMBRANE
TENT AND
NET

AIR SUPPORTED
STRUCTURE:
A structure wherein the shape of the structure is attained by air
pressure and occupants of the structure within the elevated
pressure area.
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE :
Air inflated, air supported, cable or frame
covered structure
TENT:
Any structure, enclosure or structure or shelter, other than the
canopy, with or without the side walls or drops constructed of
fabrics or pliable supported by any manner except by air.
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

GEOMETRY

PLANAR CURVILINEAR
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

STIFFNESS

RIGID FLEXIBLE
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

SPAN TYPE

ONE WAY TWO WAY

LOADING IN STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Primary Load
 Dead Load

 Live Load

Secondary Load
 Wind Load

 Water Load

 Snow Load

 Seismic Load (Earthquake)

 Thermal Load
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE CONTRUCTION

Pre stressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction

which is "pre-stressed" by being placed under compression prior to
supporting any loads beyond its own dead weight.
Reinforced concrete, stresses are carried by the steel
reinforcement, whereas pre stressed concrete supports the load by induced
stresses throughout the entire structural element.
This makes it more resistant to shock and vibration than ordinary concrete,
and able to form long, thin structures with much smaller sectional areas to
support equivalent loads.
It is now commonly used for floor beams, piles and railways sleepers, as
well as structures such as bridges, water tanks, roofs and runways.
Generally, prestressed concrete is not necessary for columns and walls,
however, it can be used economically for tall columns and high retaining
walls with high bending stresses.
As a general rule, traditional reinforced concrete is the most economic
method for a span of up to 6 m. Prestressed concrete is more economical
when spans are over 9 m. Between 6 and 9 m, the two options must be
considered according to the particular requirements as to which is the most
suitable option.
PROCESS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

 PRE-TENSIONING
 POST-TENSIONING
PROCESS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

PRE-TENSIONING

In pre-tensioning the tendons are tensioned

against some abutments before the concrete
is placed. after the concrete hardend, the
tension force is released. the tendons tries
back to shrink back to the initial length but the
concrete resists it through the bond between
them, thus compression force is induced in
concrete.pre tensioning is usually done with
PROCESS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

POST-TENSIONING CONCRETE

In post tension tendons are tensioned after

the concrete hardened. commonly metal or
plastic ducts are placed inside the concrete
before casting. After the concrete
hardened and had enough strength,the
tendons are placed inside the duct,
stressed and anchored against concrete.
grout may be injected into the duct later.
This can be either done in pre cast or cast
 PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE

ADVANTAGES
•The inherent compressive strength of concrete is used to its fullest.
•Rapid construction
•Better quality control
•Reduced maintanance
•Suitable for repetative construction
The special alloy steels used to form the prestressing tendons are used to their fullest.
•Tension cracks are eliminated, reducing the risk of the steel components corroding.
•Shear stresses are reduced.
•For any given span and loading condition a reduction in weight can be achieved from using a
component with a smaller cross section.
•A composite member can be formed by joining individual precast concrete units together.
•Larger span possible
•Increased in durability
•Multiple use of formwork
•Reduction of formwork
•Availability of standard shape
PRE – STRESSED CONCRETE

DISADVANTAGES
•A high degree of workmanship and control is required.
•The use high strength material is costly
•Need for quality control and inspection
•Special alloy steels are more expensive than
traditional steels used in reinforced concrete.
•Expensive equipment is needed and there are complex safety
requirements
PRECAST CONCRETE

The concept of precast construction includes those

buildings, where the majority of structural components are
standardized and produced in plants in a location away from the
building, and then transported to the site for assembly. These
components are manufactured by industrial methods based on
mass production in order to build a large number of buildings in a
short time at low cost.
PRECAST CONCRETE

The main features of this construction process are as

follows:
 The division and specialization of the human workforce
 The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually
automated, in the production of standard,
interchangeable parts and products
 Compared to site-cast concrete, precast concrete erection
is faster and less affected by adverse weather conditions.
 Plant casting allows increased efficiency, high quality
control and greater control on finishes
 This type of construction requires a restructuring of entire
conventional construction process to enable interaction
between design phase and production planning in order to
improve and speed up construction
PRECAST CONCRETE

 TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS

Depending on the load-bearing structure,
precast systems can be divided into the
following categories:
Large-panel systems
Frame systems
Slab-column systems with walls
Mixed systems
PRECAST CONCRETE

LARGE PANEL SYSTEM:

The designation “large-panel system” refers to multistory
structures composed of large wall and floor concrete panels connected in
the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose
appropriate spaces for the rooms within a building. These panels form a
box-like structure. Both vertical and horizontal panels resist gravity load.
Wall panels are usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof panels span
either as one-way or two-way slabs. When properly joined together, these
horizontal elements act as diaphragms that transfer the lateral loads to the
walls
PRECAST CONCRETE

Depending on wall layout , there are three basic configurations

of large-panel buildings:
 Cross-wall systems – main wall resists gravity and lateral loads in
short direction
 Longitudinal wall systems – wall resisting gravity and lateral loads
on longitudinal direction
 Two-way systems – walls are placed in both directions.
PRECAST CONCRETE

FRAME SYSTEMS:
Precast frames can be constructed using either linear
elements or spatial beam column sub-assemblages. linear elements are
generally preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming,
handling, and erecting spatial elements. The use of linear elements
generally means placing the connecting faces at the beam-column
junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of
construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column. The
beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged.
PRECAST CONCRETE SYSYTEM

SLAB COLUMN SYSTEM WITH SHEAR WALLS:

These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load
effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads.
There are two main systems in this category:
• Lift-slab system with walls
• Pre-stressed slab-column system
LIFT SLAB SYSTEM WITH WALLS:
In the Lift –slab system, the load-bearing structure consists of
precast reinforced concrete columns and slabs,.
Precast columns are usually two stories high.
All precast structural elements are assembled by means
of special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured
on the ground in forms, one on top of the other.
 PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEM

PRE-STRESSED SLAB COLUMN SYSTEM:

The pre-stressed slab-column
system uses horizontal pre-stressing in
two orthogonal directions to achieve
continuity. The precast concrete column
elements are 1 to 3 stories high. The
reinforced concrete floor slabs fit the
clear span between columns. After
erecting the slabs and columns of a story,
the columns and floor slabs are pre-
stressed by means of pre-stressing
tendons that pass through ducts in the
columns at the floor level and along the
gaps left between adjacent slabs. After
pre-stressing, the gaps between the
slabs are filled with in situ concrete and
the tendons then become bonded with
the spans. Seismic loads are resisted
mainly by the shear walls (precast or
cast-in-place) positioned between the
columns at appropriate locations.
PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

PRECAST SLABS

PRECAST BEAM
& GRIDERS

PRECAST
COLUMNS
PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

PRECAST WALL PRECAST STAIRCASE UNIQUELY SHAPED

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN
SPORTS STADIUM
ADVANTAGE
S OF
PRECAST
CONCRETE
PRECAST CONCRETE

PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AND SEISMIC

DESIGN
There is a general concern regarding the seismic
performance of precast construction. It is noticed that
large panel construction performs better than frame
system. However, in areas of high seismic risk,
structures must be designed to respond safely to the
dynamic forces imparted into the structure. Innovations
in joint design are improving the connection systems in
precast concrete structures and making them
increasingly suitable for use in such areas.
PRE-FABRICATION SYSTEMS

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling

components of a structure in a factory or other
manufacturing site, and transporting complete
assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site
where the structure is to be located.
This work is carried out in two stages,
manufacturing of components in a place other than final
location and their erection in position.
PRECAST CONCRETE DESIGN
PRE-FABRICATION SYSTEM

Precast concrete requires certain

stages of preparation. They are
Casting.
Curing.
Transportation and erection.
 PRE-FABRICATION SYSTEM

Casting: - Precast components are casted with

controlled cement concrete in moulds of
required shape and sizes. The vibrator is
used to vibrate concrete and this removes
any honeycombing inside the components.

Curing: - After 24 hours of casting, the

casted components are released from the
mould and transported to curing tanks.
Certain special components like railway
sleepers where high strength is required are
steam cured.

Transportation and erection: - After complete

curing is done the components are
transported to the site with heavy trucks and
erection will be done using cranes
PRECAST CONCRETE CONNECTIONS

COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTION

PRECAST CONCRETE DESIGN
PREFABRICATION SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION:
Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete
panels or steel and glass panels is required.
Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of
the joining of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint
Similarly leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated
sections than for the materials of which they are made which can
often be packed more efficiently.
Large prefabricated structures require heavy-duty cranes & precision
measurement and handling to place in position.
DDA Housing Project – 50,000 houses in Delhi
MODULAR COORDINATION

Modular coordination is a concept for coordinating

dimension and space for which building and component are
dimensionally it used and positioned in basic units (or) modules.
The standard specify that the module basic M = 100 mm . As the
basic unit be used in a square of M
 MODULAR COORDINATION

Modular coordination means the interdependent arrangement of a dimension based on a primary

value accepted as a module. The strict observance of rules of modular coordination facilitated,
1.Assembly of single components into large components.
2. Fewest possible different types of component.
3. Minimum wastage of cutting needed.
Modular coordination is the basis for a standardization of a mass production of component. A
set of rules would be adequate for meeting the requirements of conventional and prefabricated
construction. These rules are adaptable for,
a.The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be
1. 3M for residential and institutional buildings,
2. For industrial buildings,
15M for spans up to 12m
30M for spans between 12m and 18m
60M for spans over 18m
The centre lines of load bearing walls shall coincide with the grid lines
b. In case of external walls the grid lines shall coincide with the centre line of the wall or a line on
the wall 5 cm from the internal face of the wall
C. The planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M up to and including a ht of 2.8M.
d. Preferred increments foa the still heights,doors,windows and other fenestration shall be 1M.
e. In case of internal coluums the grid lines shall coincide with the centre lines of columns.In case
of external columns,the grid lines shall coincide with the centre lines of the columns in the storey
or a line in the column from the internal face of the column in the topmost storey.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE