Prepared By : Dr.

Umi Nadiah Nor Ali

Lecturer of Engineering
Email: uminadiah@mahsa.edu.my
BUILDING
FRAME
 Characteristics of a Frame Structure

1.A-frame structure is a carefully arranged set of beams, columns, and slabs

that can withstand the tremendous stresses and moments generated by
severe gravity and lateral loads.
2.They come together to form a framework of steel or concrete that supports
the weight and transmits it to the ground without incident.
3.In a framed structural system, walls are used to enclose the resulting cavity.
There are two types of walls here: load-bearing and non-load-bearing. Shear
walls make up the bulk of the framed building’s load-bearing walls.
4.Pin or permanent connections join the frame’s structural parts.

•Consequently, beams, columns, slabs, and shear walls are a framed

structure’s primary structural or load-carrying elements (load-bearing walls).
•The framework of a building may be fabricated from a wide variety of
materials.
 Types of Frame Structure:
1.Rigid Frame Structure:
Beams and columns are examples of the linear elements that make up a rigid frame
system, also known as a moment frame system. Rigidity is the inability to bend or
flex. It is commonly found in reinforced concrete and steel structures. Static
indeterminacy is a hallmark of rigid frames, distinguished by the absence of pinned
joints between individual frame members.
 A rigid frame structure can be divided into two categories:
i) Fix-Ended Rigid Frame Structure:
•The conditions at the ends are usually set in this rigid frame system.

ii) Pin-Ended Rigid Frame Structure:

•This rigid frame is held together by pins and is no longer a rigid frame if the pins are
removed.
2. Braced Frame Structure:

Bracing is typically installed between beams and columns in this frame system to
strengthen the system’s resistance to lateral forces and sideways forces. Placing the
diagonal elements between the beams and columns is a common bracing method.
This skeleton design is more able to withstand earthquake and wind pressures.
Compared to rigid frame systems, this one is superior.

A braced frame structure can be divided into two categories:

i) Portal Frames:
ii) Gabled Frames:
Most of the time, the peak is at the top. This type of frame is used where it might rain or
snow a lot.
B. Based on the materials used for the frame structure:
i) Steel Framed Structures:

A steel framework is used to carry the weight of these structures. Steel sections are used for these
structures’ columns, beams, and girders. Bracing should be sufficient for these structures to withstand
wind and seismic effects. Lightweight and fireproof materials are typically chosen for these structures’
interior and external walls. Steel-framed structures are, therefore, analogous to reinforced concrete
structures (RCC).
Steel can support significantly more weight in the same area than any masonry can. It allows for greater
column-free areas by reducing the columns required for beam support at regular intervals.
ii) Wooden Frame Structure:

The wood frame structure is one of the most popular methods for constructing homes,
businesses, and factories. Wooden frames are highly cost-effective to construct and provide
a high level of comfort to the inhabitants by withstanding extreme climatic variations.
Moreover, wood frames are carbon-neutral and help reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
 iii) RCC Frame Structure:

An RCC structure has a grid of beams and girders connected at the floor and roof levels to create a
series of frames. Within these frameworks, walls are built. All structural elements—the slab, the
beams, the girders, and the columns—are constructed as one solid piece and meet at a stiff, unified
junction. So, in a framed structure, the beams and girders take the weight of the floors, roofs, and
walls and transfer it to the columns, which in turn transfer it to the foundations.

All RCC frames are built in a single, seamless piece to provide complete continuity between the
columns, beams, and slabs (of floors and roofing). Buildings can be constructed more cheaply and
safely with continuous construction thanks to decreased deflections and bending moments in the
members.
Advantages of Frame Structure:
1.The strength and stability of the structures have improved.
2.The rigidity and stability of framed buildings are very high. Framed
buildings can withstand large vertical (dead load) and horizontal (wind)
loads, as well as earthquakes, without much deformation or movement.
3.Buildings with multiple floors can also be made.
4.Framing makes a structure less likely to shake. Framed structures can
resist vibrations well, which makes them good for buildings in areas prone
to earthquakes and industrial structures.
5.The lack of large load-bearing walls and other factors keeps the dead load
minimum.
6.Every finished floor slab protects the lower floors from rain and sun.

Disadvantages of Frame Structure:

Normal reinforced concrete limits span lengths in frame buildings to no
more than 40 feet. Otherwise, spans greater than that can generate lateral
deflections.
 CONCLUSION
A Frame structure uses beams, columns, and a slab to
withstand lateral and gravitational loads. Typically,
such structures are employed to counteract the
resulting huge moments due to the imposed loading.
Materials like rebar-strengthened concrete, steel, and
wood are all good alternatives for constructing various
frame structures.
Langkawi Sky
Bridge
Seri Saujana
Bridge,
Putrajaya
SHEAR WALL
Types of Shear Walls:

1. RC Shear Walls:
•Consisting RC slabs and Reinforced concrete walls.
•Thickness of walls varies from 140mm–150mm
•RC Shear Walls continue throughout the height of the building.
•On streets or for parking space in basement, discontinuous walls are constructed.

2. Steel Plate Shear Walls:

•Consisting boundary columns, horizontal floor beams and steel plates.
•Steel plate walls and boundary columns acts as vertical plate girder;
•Column acts as flanges and steel plates acts as the web.
•Used frequently in high seismic areas.
•Expensive as compared to the other types.

3. Plywood Shear Walls:

•Consisting of plywood, base connections, and chords.
•Shear forces are transferred by plywood;
•tension and compressions get resisted by the chords,
•shear gets transferred to the foundation by the base connection.
4. RC Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall:
•Constructed by providing steel reinforcement in both horizontal and vertical directions of masonry
blocks.
•These walls counter forces and seismic loads, withstanding earthquakes.
•This concept is also known as the diaphragm concept gives 3-D stability to the building.

5. Mid-ply Shear Wall:

•A new concept where a ply of sheathing material is placed t the wall center.
•Centre of the wall is between a series of stud pairs and plates.
•These plates are oriented in 90 degrees rotated position.
•Steel rods are used at each end of mid-ply walls.
•Steel rods are used to prevent brittle failure at the end stud due to high tension forces.
•These walls can withstand earthquake, dynamic loads compared to three times standard walls
Uplift force refers to the upward force exerted on a structure
or object due to the flow of air or fluid passing over or
around it. It occurs when the pressure on the upper surface
of the object is lower than the pressure on the lower surface,
creating a net upward force.
https://youtu.be/2Xqps5t3ZWI?si=_VeaVSsi-ao
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