CHAPTER 3

SUPER STRUCTURE
Part 2

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 Content

 Column

 Wall

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 Superstructure

Column

1. What is the Definition of column ?

2. Explain about starter bar for column.
3. Sketch some examples of RC Column cross-section

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 Column
 Definition:
Column is a vertical pillar free from all sides taking the loads of
beam, slab etc. and transfers these loads independently to the
foundation then to earth.
 Column usually constructed using steel bars and concrete.

 In case of multi story, frame structure building, the entire load is

carried by columns while the floor area/internal space of building
is freely adjusted according to the requirements.

 The column size, amount of concrete and number/diameter of steel

bars are available in structural drawings which are designed
according to the load distribution and safety factors.
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 Column
 Construction of column starts from the footings.

 Starter bar for column must be laid vertically

before casting foundations/footings.

 the construction of column starts after the

construction of footing and pedestal.

 process of concreting almost same like ground

floor but vertical drop of concrete must not be Starter bar

more than 1.5 meters high. Footings

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 Construction Process of Column
The process of construction is as the following:

 Setting out for the column correctly.

 Install vertical steel bars according to design.
 Tie up all rings around steel bars.
 Fix formwork of required size.
 Consider spacer block as concrete cover for steel bars.
 Inspection process.
 Cast the concrete into the formwork.
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 Remove of formwork after proper curing of RCC column.
 Column

Starter bar
Casting
for column
foundations
must be laid
/footings.
vertically
before casting
foundations

Fix required
Cast concrete
formwork for
then remove
column
formwork of
column

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 Column
 Column can be constructed in many shapes such as square, round,
diamond, triangle or combination of any shape as designed by the
architect.
 alignment and orientation of column can be either vertical or arch.
 height of column depend on structure and architect drawing.
 In column construction, the set numbers of formwork must be properly
planed by considering the recycle concept, time and cost saving.

 Vertical bars must be installed with sufficient number of links and

checked for:
 Lap length (bottom and top)
 Shape of link
 Spacer block
 Install M&E piping or ducting before installing the formwork.
 Install formwork base from setting out and check formwork verticality

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 Column

Steel Formwork Column

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 Column Architecture Shapes

Column arch

tilted column

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 Example of RC Column Design

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 Example of Steel Column Design

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 Column Formwork

Column

Timber

Formwork

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 Superstructure:

Walls

1. What is wall ?
2. What are the functional requirements of the wall?
3. Explain briefly about Load Bearing Wall and
Non-Load Bearing Wall

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 Walls
 wall is a continuous vertical structure,
which is thin relatively to its length and
height.

 Can be classified by location (internal wall

and external wall)

 External walls provide shelter against

wind, rain and the daily/seasonal variations
of outside temperature (indoor comfort).

 Internal walls divide space into smaller

areas, rooms and compartments.
 Walls
Wall can be constructed as:

• Solid wall • Frame wall

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 Walls
Solid.
 A solid wall (sometimes called a masonry wall) is
constructed either of brick, burnt clay or stone
blocks or concrete blocks attached by mortar.
 The blocks are laid to overlap in some form of
what is called bonding or as a monolith, or,
 One solid uninterrupted material such as
concrete which is poured wet and hardens into a
solid monolith (one piece of stone).
 A solid wall of bricks or blocks may be termed
as a block (or masonry) wall, and a continuous
solid wall of concrete, as a monolithic wall.

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 Walls
Framed
 A frame wall is constructed from a frame of
small sections of timber, concrete or metal
joined together to provide strength and rigidity.
 Over both faces or between the members of the
frame are fixed thin panels of some material to
fulfill the functional requirements of wall.
 Another popular construction practice is Frame
construction i.e. beam column construction.
 The walls required to fill the space between
beams and columns are termed as infill walls.
 They are also treated as non-load bearing wall.

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Walls Functional Requirements
Strength
and
stability

Fire
Aesthetics
safety

Durability
Resistance Functional and freedom
to passage
of heat Requirements from
maintenance

Resistance Resistance
to airbone to weather
and impact and ground
sound moisture

Security
Types of Walls
There are two basic design concepts for walls:
 Load Bearing Walls Non-load Bearing Walls

those which accept and transmit structural which support only their own self-weight and do

loads to the foundations not accept any structural loads such as Partitions.
 Walls
Load Bearing Wall
• Walls that must support the dead load of their own weight and the
weight of subsequent bearing structural members placed upon them.
• In addition, load bearing walls must be capable to carry the load of "live"
loads that are anticipated to be placed upon the system without
deflection that can degrade or negatively impact structural integrity.

Non-Load Bearing Wall

• Non-Load bearing Wall Walls that are only intended to support
themselves and the weight of the cladding or sheathings attached.
• Non load bearing walls provide no structural support and may be interior
or exterior walls. Non load bearing walls must be braced to resist
minimum 5 psf (pounds per square foot) lateral loads.
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Load Bearing Wall
 Common type of material to construct a load bearing wall
are bricks and blocks

Functional requirements

Height and Width

Residential building maximum height is 15 m from
the lowest ground level to the highest point of any
wall or roof.
The minimum width of residential buildings must
not be less than half of the height.
Load Bearing Wall
Strength
Compressive strengths of 5 N/mm2 for bricks and 2.8 N.mm2 for
blocks for walls up to 2 storeys in height (where the storey height
not more than 2.7m).
Compressive strength 7N/mm2 for bricks and blocks for walls of
three-storey building where the storey height is greater than 2.7m.

Stability
Solid wall/bricks/blocks should be at least as thick as 1/16 of the
storey height
Cavity wall should have at least 90mm thick and the cavity at least
50mm thick.
 Non Load Bearing Wall
 A non-load bearing wall is a wall that does not support any gravity

loads from the building, hence does not bear any weight besides
its own.
 Non load bearing walls do not support the weight of the roof.

 Any wall that runs parallel with roof joists is non load bearing.

 Non-load bearing wall can be removed as it will not effect the

structure integrity of a building.

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Non load bearing Wall
Both, load bearing
and non-load
bearing walls may
face lateral
loading such as
wind loads and
seismic loads.

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Other types of wall:
Party Wall
The main types of party walls are:
 a wall that stands on the lands of 2 (or
more) owners and forms part of a building
- this wall can be part of one building only
or separate buildings and belonging to
different owners
 a wall that stands on the lands of 2
owners but is not part of a building, such
as a garden wall but not including timber
fences
 a wall that is on one owner’s land but is
used by 2 (or more) owners to separate
their buildings

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 Party Wall

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 Other types of wall:
Shear Wall
 Shear walls are vertical elements

as part of the horizontal force

resisting system.
 When shear walls are designed and

constructed properly, they will

have the strength and stiffness to
resist the horizontal forces.

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 Shear Wall
•Shear walls must provide the
necessary lateral strength to
resist horizontal earthquake
forces.
•When shear walls are strong
enough, they will transfer
these horizontal forces to the
next element in the load path
below them.
•These other components in
the load path may be other
shear walls, floors, foundation
walls, slabs or footings.
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 Shear Wall
•Shear walls also provide lateral
stiffness to prevent the roof or floor
above from excessive side-sway.

•When shear walls are stiff enough,

they will prevent floor and roof
framing members from moving off
their supports.

•Also, buildings that are sufficiently

stiff will usually suffer less
nonstructural damage

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 Shear Wall Wood
Studs with
plywood

Reinforced Metal
2 Wythe Studs with
brick wall plywood

Types of
Shear
Wall
Un- Reinforced
reinforced Concrete
brick wall Wall

Reinforced
CMU Wall

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 Reinforced Concrete Wall

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 Wood Studs with plywood

They are typically wood frame stud walls

covered with a structural sheathing
material like plywood.

When the sheathing is properly fastened

to the stud wall framing, the shear wall
can resist forces directed along the
length of the wall.

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 Metal Studs with plywood

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 Reinforced CMU Wall

Shear walls here are the

main lateral force-resisting
elements in a reinforced
masonry building.

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 Un-reinforced brick wall

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 Reinforced 2 Wythe brick wall

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