BEC 5

STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN

MODULE 1
PREPARED BY: ENGR. ZANDHRA BANDONG
Structural Design
 Structural Design
• Structural Design is the methodical investigation of the stability,
strength and rigidity of structures.
• The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a
structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure
during its intended life.
• The primary purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads.
• If the structure is improperly designed or fabricated, or if the actual
applied loads exceed the design specifications, the device will
probably fail to perform its intended function, with possible
serious consequences.
• A well engineered structure greatly minimizes the possibility of
costly failures.
 Structural Design Process
A structural design project may be divided into
three phases:

1. Planning
2. Design
3. Construction
 Structural Design Process
Planning
➢This phase involves consideration of the various requirements and
factors affecting the general layout and dimensions of the structure
and results in the choice of one or perhaps several alternative type of
structure, which offer the best general solution.
➢The primary consideration is the function of the structure.
➢Secondary considerations such as aesthetics, sociology, law,
economics and the environment may also be taken into account.
➢In addition there are structural and constructional requirements and
limitations, which may affect the type of structure to be designed.
 Structural Design Process
Design
➢This phase involves a detailed consideration of the alternative
solutions defined in the planning phase and results in the
determination of the most suitable proportions, dimensions and
details of the structural elements and connections for constructing
each alternative structural arrangement being considered.
 Structural Design Process
Construction
➢This phase involves mobilization of personnel; procurement of
materials and equipment, including their transportation to the site,
and actual on-site erection.
➢During this phase, some redesign may be required if unforeseen
difficulties occur, such as unavailability of specified materials or
foundation problems.
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Civil engineering structures are designed to sustain various types of
loads and possible combinations of loads that could act on them
during their lifetime.
Accurate estimation of the magnitudes of these loads is a very
important aspect of the structural analysis process.
Structural loads can be broadly classified into four groups:
dead loads
live loads
impact loads
environmental loads
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Dead Loads
➢Dead loads are structural loads of a constant magnitude over time.
➢They include the self-weight of structural members, such as walls,
plasters, ceilings, floors, beams, columns, and roofs.
➢Dead loads also include the loads of fixtures that are permanently
attached to the structure.
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Dead Loads
➢Prior to the analysis and design of structures, members are
preliminarily sized based on architectural drawings and other
relevant documents, and their weights are determined using the
information available in most codes and other civil engineering
literature.
➢The determination of the dead load due to structural members is
an iterative process.
➢During design, member sizes and weight could change, and the
process is repeated until a final member size is obtained that could
support the member’s weight and the superimposed loads.
Structural Loads and Loading System
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Live Loads
➢Live loads are moveable or temporarily attached to a structure.
➢They include the loads on a building created by the storage of
furniture and equipment, occupancy (people), and impact.
➢Typical live load values are presented in Table 2.2.
➢The loads were obtained from Table 4.3-1 in ASCE 7-16.
Structural Loads and Loading System
Structural Loads and Loading System
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Environmental Loads
Rain Loads
✓Rain loads are loads due to the accumulated mass of water on a
rooftop during a rainstorm or major precipitation.
✓This process, which is referred to as ponding, mostly occurs in flat
roofs and roofs with pitches of less than 0.25 in/feet.
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Environmental Loads
Rain Loads
➢Ponding in roofs occurs when the run off after precipitation is less
than the amount of water retained on the roof.
➢Water accumulated on a flat or low-pitch roof during a rainstorm
can create a major structural load.
➢Therefore, it must be considered when designing a building.
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Wind Loads
➢Wind loads are pressures exacted on structures by wind flow.
➢Wind forces have been the cause of many structural failures in
history, especially in coastal regions.
➢The speed and direction of wind flow varies continuously, making
it difficult to predict the exact pressure applied by wind on existing
structures.
Load Combinations
Load Combinations
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Structural loads and loading systems: Structural elements are designed for the
worst possible load combinations. Some of the loads that could act on a
structure are briefly defined below.

Dead loads: These are loads of a constant magnitude in a structure. They

include the weight of structure and the loads that are permanently attached to
the structure.

Live loads: These are loads of varying magnitudes and positions. They include
moveable loads and loads due to occupancy.

Impact loads: Impact loads are sudden or rapid loads applied on a structure
over a relatively short period of time compared with other structural loads.
 Structural Loads and Loading System
Rain loads: These are loads due to accumulation of water on a roof top after a
rainstorm.

Wind loads: These are loads due to wind pressure exerted on structures.

Snow loads: These are loads exerted on a structure by accumulated snow on a

rooftop.

Earthquake loads: These are loads exerted on a structure by the ground motion
caused by seismic forces.

Hydrostatic and earth pressures: These are loads on retaining structures due to
pressures developed by the retained materials. They vary linearly with the height
of the walls.
 Forces, Structural Loads, & Stress/Strain
▪ Internal and external forces act on structural components.
▪ An external force is commonly referred to as a structural load; an
internal force is a stress.
▪ Another way to look at it is action and reaction.
▪ The load is the action; the stress is the reaction.
▪ For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 Forces, Structural Loads, & Stress/Strain
▪ The load applied to a column would place the column in
compression; conversely, a load hanging from a rod would place
the rod in tension.
▪ Strain is the deformation of a structural member because of stress
within the member.
▪ Stress is usually measured in terms of pounds per square inch or
pounds per square foot.
▪ Strain is measured in the percentage of elongation that happens
when the material is tensioned.
 Forces, Structural Loads, & Stress/Strain
▪ Compression is a crushing force.
▪ In compression tests, the material is compressed until it crushes or
crumbles.
▪ Tension is a pulling force that is trying to make the building
material longer.
▪ In tension tests, enough force is applied to pull the material apart.
▪ Shear attempts to make the building materials or structural
components slide past one another.
▪ In shear tests, force is applied to pull the materials apart.
 Forces, Structural Loads, & Stress/Strain
▪ Use of a concrete anchor is an example of shear resistance.
▪ When the anchor is placed in a hole in the concrete, a bolt or screw
is inserted and tightened.
▪ The tightening causes the anchor to swell. Shear resistance keeps
the anchor in the concrete.
▪ The common nail is another type of building fastener that resists
the forces of shear.
▪ A gang-nail plate used on a lightweight wooden truss somewhat
resists shear.
 Forces, Structural Loads, & Stress/Strain
▪ Structural members that are under a load must change
shape.
▪ If the member does not change shape, no structural load
is present.
▪ The force applied causes this change in shape.
▪ In most structures, the eye will not detect the change in
shape when the structural member is carrying a normal
load.
 Forces, Structural Loads, & Stress/Strain
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
• The basic structural members are columns, girders, beams, floor
decking, and roof decking.
• Walls are a part of structural members.
• They are sometimes structural load bearing, although most of the
time the rules of columns apply to walls just as girder/beam rules
apply to floors and roofs.
References
Retrieved from:
• https://www.fireengineering.com/firefighting/building-construction-
understanding-loads-and-loading-2/#gref
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330733210_Load-
bearing_capacity_of_the_steel-to-timber_connections_in_fire_temperature
• https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Civil_Engineering/Book%3A_Str
uctural_Analysis_(Udoeyo)/01%3A_Chapters/1.02%3A_Structural_Loa
ds_and_Loading_System
References
Retrieved from:
• https://pdfcoffee.com/design-of-steel-and-timber-structures-pdf-free.html
• http://www.fao.org/3/i2433e/i2433e04.pdfhttps://eng.libretexts.org/Bo
okshelves/Civil_Engineering/Book%3A_Structural_Analysis_(Udoeyo)/0
1%3A_Chapters/1.02%3A_Structural_Loads_and_Loading_System
• https://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/Overvew_Column_Analysis.pdf
FOR ANY QUESTION/S:
zibandong@uc-bcf.edu.ph