11

GRADE

EARTH SCIENCE
QU AR TE R 2 – MODU LE 8

Formation of Folds, Faults,

Trenches, Volcanoes, Rift Valleys, and
and Mountain
Mountain Ranges
Ranges
Science– Grade 11
Quarter 2 – Module X: Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and
mountain ranges

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over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jobelle Tolosa Belando

Editor: Manuel F. Teodoro, Emily Esmabe, Helen Cornelio, and Jay Paulo S. Borja

Reviewers: Manuel F. Teodoro, Emily Esmabe, and Helen Cornelio

Illustrator: Christian D. Jamisola

Layout Artist: Christian D. Jamisola

 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

BEGIN!

LESSON
It is a vital thing for us to move around and do things for our
living. Similarly, the place we live in, called mother earth
must move, and is continuously moving. Being aware of
events around us is a must, wondering how the earth’s
interior are working and what it provides us in return is one
of the things you must know as a student. It all began with
plate tectonics, a theory in geology that says, the
FORMATION OF lithosphere of the earth is divided into a small number of
plates which float in and travel independently over the
FOLDS, VOLCANOES, mantle and much of the earth’s seismic activity occurs at
RIFT VALLEYS, AND the boundaries of these plates. With these plate
movements, folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys
MOUNTAIN RANGES and mountain ranges were formed.

MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCY

Explain how the movement of plates leads to the

formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift
valleys and mountain ranges.
(S11ES-IIg-h-34)

Dear Learner,

HI! I am Ma’am Bhel, your teacher for today. Have you ever hiked a mountain? Do you know how a trench
look like? Have you ever watched the movie San Andreas? Have you ever felt mesmerize by the beauty of rocks?
Have you ever wondered what a rift valley is? Have you taken a photo beside a volcano? If it makes you think of an
answer, then it is time for you to explore and find the answer to this question by yourself.

YOUR TARGETS!

At the end of this module; you should be able to:

• describe the geologic features that are formed through plate movements.
• show how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds, faults,
trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges.
• explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds, faults,
trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges.

E A R T H S C I E N C E
Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
01
 TRY THIS!

Directions:
PRE-TEST Identify what is asked or described in each item then encircle
the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the process that occurs due to the extreme stress-tension, compression, or
shearing on plates that is endured by the folding of layers?
a. faulting
b. folding
c. subduction
d. none of these.

2. What geologic feature are distinguishable by the sharp, declining sides?

a. folds
b. mountain ranges
c. rift valleys
d. trenches

3. Which of the following geologic features are formed by subduction?

a. fold
b. mountains
c. rift valleys
d. trenches

4. Which of the following geologic features are common along tectonic plate boundaries
where oceanic plates sink beneath other plates?
a. fold
b. mountain ranges
c. rift valleys
d. volcanoes

5. What is formed in the Earth's crust as a brittle response to stress?

a. fault
b. fold
c. mountain ranges
d. trenches

Hello dear! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers in the answer key section
and see how you did. Do not worry if you got a low
score, this just means that there are more things
that you can learn from this module. So, fighting!

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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02
 DO THIS!

Directions: Perform each activity to uncover how different geologic

ACTIVITY
features are formed.

PART I: Buckling Towel

MATERIALS:
at least 10 towels (colored)

PROCEDURE:
1. Lay down a stack of towels, each one folded in half. The folds will be more obvious
if you use towels of various colors, but monochromatic will work if that is all that
you have.
2. Put a box on either side of the towels.
3. Push the boxes towards each other and observe the “mountains” being formed.
4. Repeat the step 5 times. Observe what happens.

QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS:

1. What is represented by the box in the activity?

2. What happens to the towel as you push the boxes towards each other?

3. Is there any difference in the position of the towel after the repeated trials? If
there is, explain your answer.

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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03
 PART II. WAFERSperiment

MATERIALS:
Wafer biscuits or any biscuits with fillings

PROCEDURE:
1. Slide the two wafer or biscuits past each other. Observe what happen.
2. Push the two ends of the wafer or biscuits towards each other. Observe what
happens.
3. Pile up two layers of wafer or biscuits and move it towards one layer of wafer
or biscuits. Observe what happens

QUESTION FOR ANALYSIS:

1. What movement of plates is done when you slide the biscuit past each other? What
geologic feature do you think is formed?

2. What happens when you move the ends of the wafer or biscuits towards each other?

3. What happen to the one layered wafer or biscuits as you push it towards the two
layers of wafer or biscuits.? Explain your answer.

Good job in finishing the activity! Now,

take time to process the information you
acquired by accomplishing the next task.

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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 EXPLORE!

Magnificent Earth Directions: Discover how the plate movement leads to the
features, how are formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys and
they formed? mountain ranges. Accomplish the task given for each feature.

PART A: Formation of faults and rift valleys

MATERIALS:
❖ 1 dishwashing sponge
❖ ruler
❖ marker
❖ scissors
❖ cutter
❖ tape

PROCEDURE:

❖ Step 1: Mark the top of the sponge 4 cm from both ends, continue marking downward
slant towards the center of the sponge. Cut the mark on sponge with cutter. Tape all
the sides of the cut sponge to slip easily during extension and compression.

❖ Step 2: Hold the blocks of sponge in the air,

move the two outer blocks away from each
other. Observe what happens.

❖ Step 3: Hold the blocks of sponge in the air,

move the outer blocks towards each other.
Observe what happens.

❖ Step 4: Take the two outer blocks and face the flat side/face of the sponge towards
each other. Slide two blocks of sponge past each other. Observe what happens.

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
 QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS:

1. What happens to the inner block as the two outer blocks are moved away from
each other? What type of fault is formed? How does plate movement result to this
type of fault? What other geologic feature/s might form?

2. How does are rift valleys are formed?

3. What happens to the inner block as the two outer blocks are moved towards
each other? What type of fault is formed?

4. What happens as you move the flat side/face of the two outer blocks sliding
past each other?

PART B: Formation of folds, mountain ranges and volcanoes.

MATERIALS:
❖ 4-6 pcs. Graham crackers
❖ 3-5 packs of 24 g toothpaste
❖ Food coloring (Liquid or powdered)
❖ 3-5 pcs. Petri dish or saucer plate
❖ 1 plastic or ceramic plate dish/pan
❖ 3-5 tablespoon of cooking oil.
❖ Flat surface metal or piece of carton
PROCEDURE:

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06
❖ Step 1: Squeeze all the contents of toothpaste in each 5-petri dish or saucer plate. Mix
each toothpaste in a petri dish or saucer plate with a food coloring to achieve various
colors. White and Red color of toothpaste are already given colors. Add 1 teaspoon of
cooking oil to remove the sticky texture of the toothpastes.

❖ Step 2: Formation of Folds or Folding

Make a layer of colored toothpaste in a plate. Push both ends of the layered toothpaste
towards each other with a piece of carton. Observe what happens.

❖ Step 3: Formation of Mountain ranges

Mix the toothpaste thoroughly, get 2
pieces of graham biscuit and slightly
dip the tip in the water. Place the
graham biscuit on top of the mixture
move it towards each other. Observe
what happens. Next, remove the
graham biscuit on top of the mixture

❖ Step 4: Formation of Volcanoes

Get 2 pieces of graham biscuit and
place it on top of the mixture. Slightly
push the graham biscuits with your
fingers downward and move it away
from each other. Observe what
happens. Next, remove the graham
biscuits on top of the mixture.

-Get another 2 pieces of graham biscuit

and place it on top of the mixture.
Slightly push the graham biscuit toward
each other, upward with your left fingers
and downward with your right fingers.
Observe what happens.

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07
 GUIDE QUSTIONS:

1. What do you think is represented by the layer of colored toothpaste and the 2 pieces
of carton in geologic terms?

2. What happens to the layer of colored toothpaste as you push both ends sides of
carton towards each other? What process is involved?

3. What happens to the graham biscuits as you dip the tip in the water and push it
towards each other on top of the mixture? What geologic feature was formed?

4. What process is observed as the graham biscuit pushed with your left finger overrides
the graham biscuit pushed by your right finger? What geologic feature/s is/are formed
in the presence of this process?

5. What is represented by the graham crackers and toothpaste mixture in the activity?

E A R T H S C I E N C E
Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
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 PART C: Formation of trenches

MATERIALS:

o Boiling water in a casserole

o 2 pieces of carton with a size of ½ bond paper (one piece must be thicker or
twofold than the other)

PROCEDURE:

1. Boil water in a casserole (Be careful).

2. Slightly dip one side of the thin carton in the
water.
3. Put the cartons (the thick facing the slightly
soaked thin carton) on top of the casserole
with boiling water and move it towards each
other. Observe what happens.

GUIDE QUSTIONS:

1. What is represented by the boiling water and the cartons in the activity?

2. What process is involved as the thin soaked carton sinks beneath the thick carton?
What geologic feature/s is/are formed in the process?

3. How trenches and volcanoes formed?

You have done a great job in accomplishing the tasks!

Now, read and learn how those features are formed.

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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09
 KEET THIS IN MIND

Tectonics is a general term referring to the large-scale deformation (or change) of rock
in response to forces causing faulting and folding. The forces acting upon a rock mass are
generally termed tensional (pulling apart), compressional (squeezing together), or shear
(parallel sliding). The magnitude and direction of the force (stress), the temperature and
confining pressure on the rock, the composition of the rock, and the rate at which the rock is
deformed determine how the rock changes
in length, shape or volume. Common
landforms resulting from tectonic
processes are mountain ranges, rift zones,
ridges, faults, fractured rock, and folded
rock masses.
Over millions of years, pressure in
the earth’s crust cause sedimentary rock
layers to bend or fold.
Folds look like waves in rock
layers. They are bends in rock when
compression shortens and thickens the
crust. There are three basic fold types,
Monoclines are simple bends or
flexures in otherwise horizontal or uniformly
dipping layers. Monoclines often drape
deep fractures in the rock along which ‘Folded rocks’ Isle of Arran, Strathclyde and Ayrshire Area ©
Lorne Gill/SNH- https://www.earthscienceeducation.com
vertical movement has occurred.
/taster/Deformation.pdf- ACTIVITY 8
Anticlines are arched or convex-
upward folds with the oldest rocks in the core
of the fold.
Synclines are trough-like or concave
downward folds with the youngest rocks in the
core of the fold. Other folds are very large.
You often can see anticlines and synclines in
road cuts.
Folding occurs as rocks bend slowly,
like road tar softened by the sun. Folds are
typically formed by compressive forces below
the earth’s surface and are exposed on the
surface through uplift and erosion. Folding can often be recognized on a geologic map by the
identification of repeating formations.

Faulting is a process that occurs due to the extreme stress-tension, compression, or

shearing on plates that is endured by the folding of layers. Pressure deep inside the earth can
break rocks. If the pressure is applied too quickly, or is too great, or the rock is not warm
enough, then the rock will not fold but will break like any other brittle solid. The line of the break
is called a fault. The pressure is still on the two sides of the fault, so the bits of rock usually
start sliding slowly past each other. The initial movement – the break – causes shockwaves in
the surrounding rocks and creates an earthquake. Movement along this fault may be horizontal
or vertical. Such an example of a fault line is the San Andreas Fault Line in America.

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
 A fault is formed in the Earth's crust as
a brittle response to stress. Generally, the
movement of the tectonic plates provides the
stress, and rocks at the surface break in
response to this. Faults have no length scale.
If you whack a hand-sample-sized piece of
rock with a hammer, the cracks, and breakages
you make are faults. At the other end of the
spectrum, some plate-boundary faults are
thousands of kilometers in length.

There are four types of fault: normal

fault, reverse fault, thrust fault and strike-
slip fault. They occur due to divergence,
convergence, and transverse movement of
plates, respectively.
If rocks break under tensional stress, the
hanging wall will move down relative to the
footwall and a normal fault form. In this
Aerial view of the San Andreas Fault © U.S. Geological
Survey/photo by Scott Haefner https://www.earthscience situation, the crust extends and lengthens.
education. com /taster/Deformation.pdf- ACTIVITY 8 When rocks break under compressional stress,
the hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall, and a reverse fault form. In a reverse, the crust is shortened. Strike-slip faults
develop when rocks are subjected to shear stress. In strike-slip faults, the movement is purely
horizontal, with no up-and-down displacement. We classify strike-slip faults as either right
lateral or left lateral. Thrust faults are simply reverse faults in which the angle formed by the
fault plane and the surface is quite shallow.

D5ccUdP3oMqbqqd3EzC5oh-650-80

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 Faults are the most unfavorable and undesirable geologic structures at the site for any
given purposes, such as for location of reservoir; as foundation site for construction of dams;
bridges or huge building; for tunneling; for laying roads, railway tracks and etc. This is because
faults considerably weaken the rocks and render the sites in which they occur as unfavorable
for all construction purposes. Furthermore, if faults are active, the site is unstable and
susceptible to upward, downward, or sideward movement along the fault plane, thereby
making the places highly hazardous for foundation purposes. Thus, by virtue of the harm they
can cause, faults are necessarily investigated with so special care in dealing with any major
construction.
A rift valley forms where the
Earth’s crust, or outermost layer, is
spreading or splitting apart. This kind of
valley is often narrow, with steep sides
and a flat floor. Rift valleys are also
called grabens, which means “ditch” in
German. While there is no official
distinction between a graben and a rift
valley, a graben usually describes a
small rift valley. Rift valleys differ from
river valleys and glacial valleys because
they are created by tectonic activity and
not by the process of erosion. Rift
valleys are created by plate tectonics.
Tectonic plates are the huge rocky
slabs made up of the Earth's crust and Olduvai Gorge, in Tanzania's Great Rift Valley, is one of the most
upper mantle. They are constantly in important sites for the study of human evolution. Olduvai, also known
motion—shifting against each other, as Oldupai, was the site of a large lake 500,000 years ago.
Source: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/media/photos/000
falling beneath one another (a process /253/25395.jpg
called subduction), crashing against
one another. Tectonic plates also tear apart from each other. Where plates move apart, the
Earth’s crust separates, or rifts. Rift valleys can lead to the creation of entirely new continents
or deepen valleys in existing ones.
Many rift valleys have been found underwater, along the large ridges that run
throughout the ocean. These mid-ocean ridges are formed as tectonic plates move away from
one another. As the plates separate, molten rock from the Earth’s interior may well up and
harden as it contacts the sea, forming new oceanic crust at the bottom of the rift valley. The
geologic activity beneath the underwater rift valley creates these vents, which spew super-
heated water and sometimes-toxic vent fluids into the ocean. There are only two rift valleys
on Earth within continental crust, the Baikal Rift Valley, and the East African Rift. Tectonic
activity splits continental crust much in the same way it does along mid-ocean ridges. As the
sides of a rift valley move farther apart, the floor sinks lower.

The deepest continental rift valley on Earth is the Baikal Rift Valley in the Siberian
region of northeastern Russia. Lake Baikal, the deepest and oldest freshwater lake in the
world, lies in the Baikal Rift Valley. Here, the Amur plate is slowly tearing itself away from the
Eurasian plate and has been doing so for about 25 million years. The deepest part of Lake
Baikal is 1,187 meters (3,893 feet) and getting deeper every year. Beneath this is a layer of
soft sediment reaching several kilometers. The actual bottom of the rift extends about 10
kilometers (6.2 miles) deep.

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Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
 Volcanoes are common
along tectonic plate boundaries
where oceanic plates sink beneath
other plates. As a plate sinks deep
into a subduction zone, it heats and
begins to melt, forming magma. If
the magma reaches the surface it
can build tall volcanic mountains.
Volcanoes are also common along
tectonic boundaries where plates
pull apart, allowing magma to rise
from the mantle. Some of these
volcanoes are in Africa’s Great Rift
Valley.
However, much of Earth’s
volcanic activity takes place
underwater. Magma erupts along
spreading centers in the ocean and
cools to form new lithosphere. Less
commonly, a volcano can form
over a hot spot far from a plate
boundary. Heat carried by material
rising from deep in the mantle melts
some of the rock in the lithosphere above it. Eruptions over a hot spot built the Hawaiian
Islands. More than 400 volcanoes—about 80 percent of all active volcanoes above sea level—
are along subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean. An active volcano is one that is erupting or
has erupted in recorded history. The volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean form a belt called
the Ring of Fire. Some of these volcanoes are in the western United States.
Trenches are steep depressions in the deepest parts of the ocean where old ocean
crust from one tectonic plate is pushed beneath another plate, raising mountains, causing
earthquakes, and forming volcanoes on the seafloor and on land. With depths exceeding
6,000 meters (nearly 20,000 feet), trenches make up the world’s "hadal zone," named for
Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, and account for the deepest 45 percent of the global
ocean. The deepest parts of a trench, however, represent only about 1 percent or less of its
total area.
Trenches are formed by subduction, a geophysical process in which two or more of
Earth's tectonic plates converge and the older, denser plate is pushed beneath the lighter plate
and deep into the mantle, causing the seafloor and outermost crust (the lithosphere) to bend
and form a steep, V-shaped depression. This process makes trenches dynamic geological
features—they account for a significant part of Earth’s seismic activity—and are frequently the
site of large earthquakes, including some of the largest earthquakes on record. Subduction
also generates an upwelling of molten crust that forms mountain ridges and volcanic islands
parallel to the trench. Examples of these volcanic "arcs" can be seen in the Japanese
Archipelago, the Aleutian Islands, and many other locations around this area called the Pacific
"Ring of Fire."
Mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and
connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges
with similarity in form, structure and alignment that have arisen from the same cause, usually
an orogeny. Mountain ranges are formed by a variety of geological processes, but most of the
significant ones on Earth are the result of plate tectonics.

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13
 The world’s tallest mountains range form when pieces of Earth’s crust—called plates-
smash against each other in a
process called plate tectonics
and buckle up like the hood of a
car in a head-on collision. The
Himalaya in Asia formed from
one such massive wreck that
started about 55 million years
ago. Thirty of the world’s highest
mountains are in the Himalaya.
The summit of Mount Everest, at
29, 035 feet (8,850 meters), is the
highest point on Earth.
Mountains that are formed by
tensional stresses are called fault- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Himalayas.jpg
block mountains. Most fault-block
mountains are formed because of normal dip-slip faults. When a normal fault occurs, a block
of the earth's crust (the hanging wall) collapses, leaving behind a low-lying valley called a
graben. Graben is a German word for a ditch or trench. The uplifted or higher elevated foot
wall(s) is/are referred to as a horst(s).

APPLY WHAT YOU

HAVE LEARNED

PART I Complete the table: Fill the table with what is asked.

Plate Boundaries Plate Movement Geologic features formed

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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 Match the type of fault with its description. Write your answer on the blank in the
PART II coded answer column. Letter for type of fault and roman numeral for description,
respectively.

FAULT TYPE OF FAULT CODED ANSWER DESCRPIPTION

I. simply reverse faults

A. REVERSE in which the angle
_____ _____ formed by the fault plane
FAULT
and the surface is quite
shallow.

II. If rocks break under

B. STRIKE SLIP tensional stress, the
_____ _____ hanging wall will move
FAULT
down relative to the
footwall

III. Develop when rocks are

subjected to shear stress,
C. THRUST FAULT _____ _____ the movement is purely
horizontal, with no up-and-
down displacement.

IV. When rocks break

D. NORMAL under compressional
_____ _____ stress, the hanging wall
FAULT
moves up relative to the
footwall

Complete the sentence to explain how each geologic feature are formed. Choose
PART III the answer from the pool of words.

Earthquake Tectonics Divergent Boundary Transform fault boundary

trenches rift valleys island arcs mountain ranges volcanoes
Convergent boundary volcanoes trenches mountain ranges fold
Fault rift valleys subduction hazardous fault volcanic mountains

1.____________ is a general term referring to the movement of plates. Plate boundaries

consists of three types, the (2.) _____________, (3) ______________, and (4)
______________. Plate tectonics plays a major role in the formation of geologic features such
as: (5) _______________, (6) _______________, (7) _______________, (8)
_______________, (9) _______________, (10) _______________. As two plates collide,
whether continental-oceanic plate or both oceanic plate a process called (11)
_______________ happens. In which, the denser plate sinks beneath the less dense plate. In
this process, (12) ________________, (13) ______________ and volcanic (14)
_____________ are formed. However, when two continental plates collided with each other,
(15) _____________________ are formed. This is how Himalayas are formed. On the other

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hand, (16) _________________ are formed as two plates diverge and (17) _____-
__________________ are also formed as magma rises from the gap and reach the surface.
(18) ________________ is another major consequence of the plate movements. The most
common result of this consequence is a break in a rock called (19) _______________, which
is the most (20_________________ of all the geologic features.

Make a flowchart using the given words or phrases. Distinguish connecting words
PART IV form the main ideas. Use boxes and connecting lines to complete the concept
map.

PLATE TECTONICS Fault

leads to the formation of leads to the formation of
has three types leads to the formation of
Convergent Volcanoes
Divergent volcanic mountains
Transform Fault new seafloor
mountain ranges rift valleys
trenches

Dear Learner,
Let me know what you think and learn in
accomplishing every part of this learning module.
Thank you very much, hope you enjoyed it!
Yours truly,
Ma’am Bhel

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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 REFLECTION

The objective/s of the lesson are

The main ideas of today’s lesson are

One thing my teacher did for this lesson that I liked best was

The difficulties I encountered in the lesson are

To understand the lesson, I will try to

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________so that _________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

I was able to achieve my goals because,

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17
 REINFORCEMENT

Directions:
Make your own version of geologic features song. Make a lyric of what you
have learned in this module and adopt a tune that you like for your lyrics.
Make a crossword puzzle about the lesson discussed in this module. At
least 5 words downward and 5 words across. Include the description
beside the words in a box.
Read more about formation of geologic features.

WORD BANK

are arched or convex-upward folds with the oldest rocks in the core
anticlines
of the fold
when two plates collide (at a convergent plate boundary), some crust
convergent plate
is destroyed in the impact, and the plates become smaller. The
movement
results differ, depending upon what types of plates are involved.
seafloor spreading is the movement of two oceanic plates away from
divergent plate each other (at a divergent plate boundary), which results in the
movement formation of new oceanic crust (from magma that comes from within
the Earth’s mantle) along a mid-ocean ridge.
fault the line of the break in a rock
is a process that occurs due to the extreme stress-tension,
faulting compression, or shearing on plates that is endured by the folding of
layers
they are bends in rock when compression shortens and thickens the
folds
crust
magma molten, mobile, rock material, deep under the Earth’s crust
are simple bends or flexures in otherwise horizontal or uniformly
monoclines
dipping layers
mountain ranges folded mountains in the crust
are an elongated valley formed by the depression of a block of the
rift valleys earth’s crust, they are found between two parallel normal faults on a
part of land known as a graben, a sunken part of the land
are trough-like or concave downward folds with the youngest rocks in
synclines
the core of the fold
subduction edge of one plate is forced under another
tectonics a study of the building and changing of the Earth’s crust
transform
When the edges of one plate slides past another plate
boundary
steep depressions in the deepest parts of the ocean where old ocean
crust from one tectonic plate is pushed beneath another plate,
trenches
raising mountains, causing earthquakes, and forming volcanoes on
the seafloor and on land

E A R T H S C I E N C E
Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
18
 ASSESS WHAT YOU
: HAVE LEARNED
.

POST-TEST Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Box the
letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. How does trenches formed?

a. trenches are formed when plates slide past each other
b. trenches are formed as the two continental plates collide
c. trenches are formed when two continental plates diverged
d. trenches are formed when a denser plate collide and sink beneath the less
dense plate
2. How are rift valleys formed?
a. rift valleys are formed when two plates diverged
b. rift valleys are formed when plates slide past each other
c. rift valleys are formed as the two continental plates collide
d. rift valleys are formed when a denser plate collide and sink beneath the less
dense plate.
3. Which of the following geologic features is formed in subduction zone?
a. fault c. rift valleys
b. fold d. volcanoes
4. Which of the following does not belong to geologic features formed because of
subduction process?
a. mountains c. volcanic island arcs
b. trenches d. volcanoes
5. What is formed if the rock bends instead of breaking?
a. fault c. rift valleys
b. fold d. volcanoes
`

6. What is formed if the rock breaks instead of bending?

a. fault c. rift valleys
b. fold d. volcanoes
7. What plate movement is responsible for the formation of Himalayan mountain?
a. converging between two oceanic plates
b. converging between two continental plates
c. converging between continental and oceanic plate.
d. none of these
8. Which of the following is not a type of fault?
a. normal fault c. San Andreas fault
b. reverse fault d. Strike-slip fault

9. Which of the following geologic features are undesirable and highly hazardous in
foundation purposes?
a. folds c. trenches
b. mountain ranges d. volcanoes

10. What type of plate movement is involved in the formation of rift valleys?
a. convergence c. transform-fault
b. divergence d. none of the above

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
 ANSWER KEY

PRE-TEST:
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. D
5. D

DO THIS: Expected answers:

PART I: Buckling Towel

1. The box represents the continental plates.
2. The towel buckles up or move upward.
3. The outcome is always the same though sometimes a slightly different shaped is
formed
PART II: WAFERsperiment
1. The movement of plate done is transform fault. I think a fault is formed.
2. The ends of the biscuits cracks.
3. The one layered biscuit is pushed underneath the two layered biscuit. This is
because the two layered biscuit is thicker.

EXPLORE: Expected answers:

PART A: GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. The inner block falls. Normal fault is formed. Because of divergent plate boundary, a
part of a plate that cracks as the plate move away falls. Rift valleys and volcanic
mountains might form.
2. Rift valleys are formed when plates continue to move away from each other millions
of years.
3. The inner block bulges or move upward. Reverse fault is formed.
4. A frictional force is observed and the sliding part of the block were slightly destroyed
or there are tiny materials from the block that is falling.

PART B: GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. The layered toothpastes represent the sedimentary rock layers and the carton
represents the continental plates.
2. The layer of colored toothpaste folds and form a shape that looks like waves. Folding
process is observed.
3. The graham biscuit buckles upward. Mountain ranges are formed.
4. Subduction process is observed. Trenches, Volcanoes and Volcanic Island Arcs are
formed.
5. The graham cracker represents the plates and the mixture represents the molten
materials beneath the earth’s crust.

PART C: GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. The boiling water represents the magma while the carton represents the plates.
2. Subduction process

E A R T H S C I E N C E
Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
20
 3. Trenches are formed as denser plates sinks and overrides the less dense plate.
Volcanoes are formed along the subduction zone as the magma rises from the slab
of rock to the surface of the crust.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:

PART I: Complete the table: fill the table with what is asked.
Plate Boundaries Plate Movement Geologic features formed

Rift valleys
Divergent volcanoes
Volcanic mountains

Trenches
Convergent Volcanoes
Volcanic Island arc

Transform fault Fault

PART II:
CODED ANSWER:

D----II
A----IV
B----III
C----I

PART III: Complete the sentence

1. Tectonics
2-3. (In any order) Convergent boundary, Divergent Boundary, Transform fault boundary
5-10. (in any order) faults, folds, mountain ranges, rift valley, trenches, volcanoes
11. Subduction
12. Trenches
13. Volcanoes
14. Island arcs
15. Mountain ranges
16. Rift valleys
17. Volcanic mountains
18. Earthquake
19. Fault
20. Hazardous

E A R T H S C I E N C E
Formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges
21
PART IV: Make a flowchart with the use of the given words or phrases. Distinguish connecting
words form the main ideas. Use boxes and connecting lines to complete the concept map.

PLATE TECTONICS

has three types

CONVERGENT DIVERGENT TRANSFORM FAULT

leads to the formation of leads to the formation of leads to the formation of

mountain ranges rift valleys

trenches volcanic mountains fault
volcanoes new seafloor

POST TEST:
1. D 6. E
2. A 7. B
3. D 8. C
4. A 9. C
5. B 10. D

REFERENCES

• https://rocogeog.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/folds-and-faults.pdf
• https://www.earthscienceeducation.com/taster/Deformation.pdf- ACTIVITY 8
• https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/seafloor-below/ocean-
trenches/
• http://www.classzone.com/vpg_ebooks/sci_sc_8/accessibility/sci_sc_8/page_265.pd
f-
• https://www.cbsd.org/cms/lib/PA01916442/Centricity/Domain/1803/Great%20Rift%20Vall
ey.pdf
• http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~fbuon/GEOL_231/Lectures/Fold-
Fault%20Landforms.pdf
• https://ceetep.oregonstate.edu/sites/ceetep.oregonstate.edu/files/resources/2-
foamfaults.pdf
• http://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the earth/mountains/#:
~:text=How%20Are%20Mountains%20Formed%3F,in%20a%headon%20collision.

E A R T H S C I E N C E
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