Factors Affecting Reaction Rates and Collission Theory

18.
1 Rates of Reaction >
Chapter 18
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
18.1 Rates of Reaction
18.2 The Progress of Chemical
Reactions
18.3 Reversible Reactions
and Equilibrium
18.4 Solubility Equilibrium
18.5 Free Energy and Entropy
1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

18.1 Rates of Reaction > CHEMISTRY & YOU
How can rusting be used to cook a

meal?
There are products
that use the rusting of
an iron-magnesium
alloy to heat packaged
food. These products
are known as Meals
Ready to Eat, or
MREs for short.
18.1 Rates of Reaction > Describing Reaction Rates
Describing Reaction Rates

How is the rate of a chemical
reaction expressed?

Describing Reaction Rates

How is the rate of a chemical
reaction expressed?
– When you strike a match, it erupts into flame
almost instantly and burns quickly.
– Millions of years were required for plants buried

beneath Earth’s surface to be converted to coal.
• The speed of chemical reactions can vary

from very fast to extremely slow.
Rates of Change
A rate is a measure of how much something
changes within a specified amount of time.

In chemistry, the rate of a chemical

reaction, or the reaction rate, is
usually expressed as the change
in the amount of reactant or
product per unit time.

The figure below illustrates the progress of a

typical reaction. Over time, the amount of
reactant decreases and the amount of product
increases.

Collision Theory
A model called collision theory is used to
relate the properties of particles to the rates
of chemical reactions.

Collision Theory
A model called collision theory is used to
relate the properties of particles to the rates
of chemical reactions.
• According to collision theory, atoms, ions, and
molecules can react to form products when they
collide if the particles have enough kinetic
energy.
• Particles that do not have enough energy to
react bounce apart unchanged when they
collide.
An effective collision of oxygen and

hydrogen molecules produces water
molecules.

An ineffective collision of oxygen and

hydrogen molecules produces no reaction;
the reactants bounce apart unchanged.

The minimum energy that colliding

particles must have in order to react is
called the activation energy.
• You can think of the activation energy for a
reaction as a barrier that reactants must cross
before products can form.

When two reactant particles collide, they

may form an activated complex.
• An activated complex is an unstable
arrangement of atoms that forms for a
moment at the peak of the activation-energy
barrier.


• An activated complex is an unstable
arrangement of atoms that forms for a
moment at the peak of the activation-energy
barrier.
• The activated complex forms only if the
colliding particles have enough energy and if
the atoms are oriented properly.


• The lifetime of an activated complex is
typically about 10-13 seconds.
• Its brief existence ends with the reformation of
the reactants or with the formation of
products.
• Thus, the activated complex is sometimes
called the transition state.

18.1 Rates of Reaction > Interpret Graphs
The activation-
energy barrier
must be
crossed before
reactants are
converted to
products.

Remember:
An
endothermic
reaction
absorbs heat,
and an
exothermic
reaction
releases heat.
Collision theory explains why some reactions

are extremely slow at room temperature.
• Carbon and oxygen react when charcoal burns,
but the reaction has a high activation energy.
• The O—O and C—C bonds must be broken to
form the activated complex.
• At room temperature, the collisions of oxygen
and carbon molecules are not energetic enough
to break the bonds.
• Thus, the reaction rate of carbon with oxygen at
room temperature is essentially zero.
18.1 Rates of Reaction >
What factor determines whether a

molecular collision results in a
reaction?

What factor determines whether a

molecular collision results in a
reaction?
The molecules must collide with enough energy

in order to react. The minimum amount of
energy needed is called the activation energy.

18.1 Rates of Reaction > Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

What four factors influence the
rate of a chemical reaction?
• By varying the conditions, you can modify
the rate of almost any reaction.

Factors that can affect the rate of a

chemical reaction are temperature,
concentration, particle size, and
the use of a catalyst.

Temperature
• Usually, raising the temperature speeds up a
reaction.
• Lowering the temperature usually slows down
a reaction.

Temperature
At higher temperatures, particles move
faster.
• The frequency of collisions increases
along with the percentage of particles that
have enough kinetic energy to slip over
the activation-energy barrier.
• Thus, an increase in temperature causes

products to form faster.
Concentration
The number of particles in a given volume
affects the rate at which reactions occur.
• Cramming more particles into a fixed
volume increases the concentration of
reactants, and, thus, the frequency of
collision.
• Increased collision frequency leads to a

higher reaction rate.

The lighted splint glows When the glowing splint is

in air and soon dies out plunged into pure oxygen, it
because air is only 20% immediately bursts into flame.
oxygen. The increased concentration of
oxygen greatly speeds up the
combustion reaction.
Particle Size
The total surface area of a solid or liquid

reactant affects the rate of a reaction.

Particle Size

• The smaller the particle size, the greater the
surface area is for a given mass of particles.

Particle Size

• The smaller the particle size, the greater the
surface area is for a given mass of particles.
• The result of an increase in surface area is an
increase in the frequency of collisions and the
reaction rate.

When a piece of magnesium is placed in dilute acid,

hydrogen ions can collide with magnesium atoms.
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Only atoms at the Dividing the metal into

surface of the metal are smaller pieces increases
available for reaction. the surface area and the
number of collisions.
Particle Size
Another way to increase the surface area
of solids is to dissolve them.
• In a solution, particles are separated and

more accessible to other reactants.

Particle Size
You can also increase the surface area of

a solid by grinding it into a fine powder.
• Small dustlike particles, however, can be

dangerous when suspended in air.

Particle Size
An explosion destroyed this sugar refinery.
The tiny size

of the
reactant
particles
(sugar dust)
caused the
reaction of
the sugar with
oxygen in the
air to be
explosive.
Catalysts
Increasing the temperature is not always
the best way to increase the rate of a
reaction. A catalyst is often better.

Catalysts
• Recall that a catalyst is a substance that
increases the rate of a reaction without being
used up during the reaction.

Catalysts
• Recall that a catalyst is a substance that
increases the rate of a reaction without being
used up during the reaction.
• Catalysts permit reactions to proceed along a
lower energy path.
The activation-energy barrier for the

catalyzed reaction is lower than that of the
uncatalyzed reaction.
• When the
barrier is lower,
a greater
fraction of
reactants have
the energy to
form products
within a given
time.
When salt water is added to the metal

alloy in an MRE, the rate of the rusting
reaction increases, and heat is
produced rapidly. Which factor that
can affect reaction rates is being
applied in this situation?

When salt water is added to the metal

alloy in an MRE, the rate of the rusting
reaction increases, and heat is
produced rapidly. Which factor that
can affect reaction rates is being
applied in this situation?
Salt acts as a catalyst for the reaction

between the metal and water, speeding
up the reaction without being consumed.
Catalysts
• The rate of reaction of hydrogen and oxygen
at room temperature is negligible.
• But with a small amount of platinum (Pt) as a
catalyst, the reaction is rapid.
Pt
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Catalysts
Pt
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
• A catalyst is not consumed during a reaction.

• Therefore, it does not appear as a reactant in
the chemical equation.
• Instead, the catalyst is often written above the
yield arrow, as in the equation above.

Catalysts
At normal body temperature (37C), reactions
in the body would be too slow without catalysts.
• The catalysts that increase the rates of
biological reactions are called enzymes.
• When you eat a meal containing protein,
enzymes in your digestive tract help break
down the protein molecules in a few
hours.

Catalysts
An inhibitor is a substance that
interferes with the action of a catalyst.

Catalysts
• Some inhibitors work by reacting with, or
“poisoning,” the catalyst itself.

Catalysts
• Some inhibitors work by reaction with, or
• Thus, the inhibitor reduces the amount of
catalyst available for a reaction.

Catalysts
• Some inhibitors work by reaction with, or
• Thus, the inhibitor reduces the amount of
catalyst available for a reaction.
• Reactions slow or even stop when a catalyst
is poisoned.

Which of the following factors could be

increased in order to decrease a reaction
rate?
A. Catalyst concentration
B. Concentration
C. Temperature
D. Particle size

Which of the following factors could be

increased in order to decrease a reaction
rate?
A. Catalyst concentration
B. Concentration
C. Temperature
D. Particle size

18.1 Rates of Reaction > Key Concepts
In chemistry, the rate of a chemical reaction,

or the reaction rate, is usually expressed as
the change in the amount of reactant or
product per unit time.
Factors that can affect the rate of a chemical

reaction are temperature, concentration,
particle size, and the use of a catalyst.

18.1 Rates of Reaction > Glossary Terms
• rate: describes the speed of change over an

interval of time
• collision theory: atoms, ions, and molecules
can react to form products when they collide,
provided that the particles have enough kinetic
energy
• activation energy: the minimum energy
colliding particles must have in order to react

18.1 Rates of Reaction > Glossary Terms
• activated complex: an unstable arrangement

of atoms that exists momentarily at the peak of
the activation-energy barrier; an intermediate
or transitional structure formed during the
course of a reaction
• inhibitor: a substance that interferes with the
action of a catalyst

18.1 Rates of Reaction > BIG IDEA
Chemical Reactions, Matter, and Energy

• The rate of a chemical reaction can be
controlled by adjusting temperature,
concentration, or particle size.
• Adding a catalyst speeds up a reaction by
lowering the activation energy.

END OF 18.1

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates and Collission Theory

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18.

1 Rates of Reaction >

1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

How can rusting be used to cook a

Describing Reaction Rates

3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Describing Reaction Rates

– Millions of years were required for plants buried

• The speed of chemical reactions can vary

5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

In chemistry, the rate of a chemical

6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

The figure below illustrates the progress of a

7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

An effective collision of oxygen and

10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

An ineffective collision of oxygen and

11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

The minimum energy that colliding

12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

When two reactant particles collide, they

13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

When two reactant particles collide, they

14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

When two reactant particles collide, they

15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Collision theory explains why some reactions

What factor determines whether a

19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

What factor determines whether a

The molecules must collide with enough energy

20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Factors that can affect the rate of a

22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

• Thus, an increase in temperature causes

• Increased collision frequency leads to a

25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

The lighted splint glows When the glowing splint is

The total surface area of a solid or liquid

27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

The total surface area of a solid or liquid

28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

The total surface area of a solid or liquid

29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

When a piece of magnesium is placed in dilute acid,

Only atoms at the Dividing the metal into

• In a solution, particles are separated and

31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

You can also increase the surface area of

• Small dustlike particles, however, can be

32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

The tiny size

34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

The activation-energy barrier for the

When salt water is added to the metal

38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

When salt water is added to the metal