LESSON 4

RATE OF
REACTION
CHEMICAL

SCIENCE CLASS RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION

 REACTION
CHEMICAL
MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING

OF
RATE
COMPETENCIES
USE SIMPLE COLLISION THEORY TO
EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF
CONCENTRATION, TEMPERATURE,
AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE RATE
OF REACTION. (S11/12PS-IIIF-23)
DEFINE CATALYST AND DESCRIBE
HOW IT AFFECTS REACTION RATE.
(S11/12PS-IIIF24)

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 REACTION
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SESSION OBJECTIVES

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01

RATE
Discuss the different factors that affect
reaction rate;

02
Use simple collision theory to explain the
effects of concentration, temperature, and
particle size on the rate of reaction;
03
Define catalyst and describe how it affects

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reaction rate

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 REACTION
CHEMICAL
OF
VOCABULARY CHECK

RATE
TEMPERATURE
CATALYST
ACTIVATION ENERGY
CONCENTRATION
SURFACE AREA

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 REACTION
VOCABULARY CHECK
Increasing this means increasing the amount of reacting species

CHEMICAL
01 per unit volume. This increases the probability of collision
between the reactant particles because they are closer together.

OF
RATE
Decreasing the particle size or increasing this results to faster
02 reaction rate. In collision theory, an increase in this relates to
more particles being available for collision, hence the faster the
reaction.

03 A substance that increases the rate of a reaction by providing

an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur; that is, one
with a lower activation energy.

04 If this is increased, the average speed of the particles is also

increased.

05 The energy required to be surpassed before reactants can be

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converted to products. It is also called activation barrier

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 REACTION
VOCABULARY CHECK
Increasing this means increasing the amount of reacting species

CHEMICAL
CONCENTRATION per unit volume. This increases the probability of collision
between the reactant particles because they are closer together.

OF
RATE
Decreasing the particle size or increasing this results to faster
SURFACE reaction rate. In collision theory, an increase in this relates to
AREA more particles being available for collision, hence the faster the
reaction.

CATALYST A substance that increases the rate of a reaction by providing

an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur; that is, one
with a lower activation energy.

TEMPERATURE If this is increased, the average speed of the particles is also

increased.

ACTIVATION The energy required to be surpassed before reactants can be

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converted to products. It is also called activation barrier
ENERGY

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 REACTION
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL KINETICS

OF
RATE
Chemical kinetics is the area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at which
a chemical reaction occurs. The word “kinetic” suggests movement or change; kinetic
energy as the energy available because of the motion of an object. Here kinetics refers
to the rate of a reaction, or the reaction rate, which is the change in the concentration
of a reactant or a product with time (M/s).

We know that any reaction can be represented by the general equation:

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 REACTION
This equation tells us that during the course of a reaction, reactants are consumed

CHEMICAL
while products are formed. As a result, we can follow the progress of a reaction by
monitoring either the decrease in concentration of the reactants or the increase in
concentration of the products.

OF
RATE
The figure below shows the progress of a simple reaction in which A molecules are
converted to B molecules:

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Note: The progress of reaction A B at 10-s intervals over a period of 60 s. Initially, only A molecules (gray

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spheres) are present. As time progresses, B molecules (red spheres) are formed.
 REACTION
CHEMICAL
OF
RATE
The decrease in the number of A molecules and the increase in the number of B
molecules with time are shown in the figure below:

The rate of reaction A - B, represented

as the decrease of A molecules with
time and as the increase of B
molecules
with time.

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 COLLISION THEORY
OF REACTION RATES

SCIENCE CLASS RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION

 REACTION
CHEMICAL
OF
COLLISION THEORY OF REACTION RATES

RATE
This theory states that for reactions to occur, molecules,
atoms, or ions must first collide. Not all collisions are
successful. In order for collisions to be effective, particles
must possess the minimum amount of energy needed for
the reaction and must collide with proper orientation.

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 REACTION
CHEMICAL
TRANSITION STATE THEORY

OF
RATE
Chemical reactions which require bond breaking and forming
is accompanied by changes in potential energy.

Potential energy is the energy stored within an object, due to

the object's position, arrangement or state. Potential energy
is one of the two main forms of energy, along with kinetic
energy.

According to the theory, the reactants must pass through a

high-energy, short-lived intermediate state called the

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transition state in order for reactions to occur.

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 REACTION
CHEMICAL
TRANSITION STATE THEORY

OF
RATE
The kinetic energy of the particles must overcome the
potential energy needed to break and create bonds. The
activation energy, Ea (or activation barrier) is the kinetic
energy needed by reactants to allow them to reach the
transition state.

When molecules collide they form an activated complex (also

called the transition state), a temporary species formed by
the reactant molecules as a result of the collision before they
form the product.

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ACTIVATION ENERGY

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The energy required to be

RATE
surpassed before reactants can
be converted to products.
It is also called activation barrier

The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction

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 REACTION RATES
FACTORS AFFECTING

SCIENCE CLASS RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION

 REACTION
CHEMICAL
With very few exceptions, reaction rates
increase with increasing temperature. If the

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temperature of a reaction system is
FACTORS

RATE
increased, the average speed of the particles
is also increased. This means that at higher
AFFECTING temperatures, more collisions can happen
between and among particles with an energy
REACTION that is sufficient enough to surpass the
activation energy of the reaction. More
RATES collisions mean a higher possibility for
successful reactions, resulting in a faster
TEMPERATURE reaction.
For example, the time required to hard-boil
an egg in water is much shorter if the
“reaction” is carried out at 100°C (about 10
min) than at 80°C (about 30 min).

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The figure below shows a typical example of
the relationship between the rate constant of

OF
a reaction and temperature.
FACTORS

RATE
AFFECTING This figure shows
REACTION the dependence of
rate constant on
RATES temperature.
The rate constants
of most reactions
TEMPERATURE increase with
increasing
temperature.

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 REACTION
CHEMICAL
OF
FACTORS

RATE
AFFECTING Higher or increasing concentrations results
in an increase on the rate of reaction.
REACTION In collision theory, an increase in reactant
concentration ensures that there will be
RATES more collisions between particles.
This increases the probability rate of
CONCENTRATION effective collisions due to closer distance
between each molecule.
OF REACTANTS

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 REACTION
CHEMICAL
Consider the reaction of A molecules with B
molecules to form some product. Suppose
that each product molecule is formed by the

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direct combination of an A molecule and a B
FACTORS

RATE
molecule. If we doubled the concentration of

AFFECTING A, then the number of A-B collisions would

also double, because there would be twice as
REACTION many A molecules that could collide with B
molecules in any given volume.
RATES
CONCENTRATION
OF REACTANTS

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 REACTION
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FACTORS Decreasing the particle size or increasing

RATE
surface area results to faster reaction rate.
AFFECTING In collision theory, an increase in surface
area relates to more particles being available
REACTION for collision, hence the faster the reaction.
An example of this is the dissolution of
RATES sugar. Powder of sugar is much easier to
dissolve compared to a cube of sugar.
SURFACE AREA/ Therefore, it can be concluded that
PARTICLE SIZE decreasing particle size or increasing surface
area results to faster reaction rate

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 REACTION
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FACTORS

OF
RATE
Catalyst is a substance that increases the
AFFECTING rate of reaction without being consumed nor
changed in a chemical reaction. They are
REACTION substances that can be added to a chemical

RATES reaction to increase its reaction rate.

A catalyst does not lower the activation
energy. It just provides an alternative route
PRESENCE OF which is of lower activation energy for the
reaction to proceed.
CATALYST

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 REACTION
CHEMICAL
FACTORS

OF
RATE
AFFECTING
REACTION
RATES
PRESENCE OF
CATALYST

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