Trends & the Periodic Table

History of the Periodic Table

• 1871 – Mendeleev arranged the elements
according to: 1. Increasing atomic mass 2.
Elements w/ similar properties were put in the
same row.
• 1913 – Moseley arranged the elements
according to: 1. Increasing atomic number 2.
Elements w/ similar properties were put in the
same column.
 7 6
7s 6p d 5f
5
6s p
5 d 4f
Increasing energy

4
5s p
4 d
4s p 3
3 d
3s p
2
2s p
Review of Electron
Configuration
1s
 Behold!
Periodic Table & Electron Configuration
The Pattern to the Periodic Chart
 Periodic Groups
• Elements in the same column have similar
chemical and physical properties.

• These similarities are observed because

elements in a column have similar e-
configurations (same amount of electrons in
outermost shell).
Know the Group Names
 Periodic Trends
• Trends we’ll be looking at:
1. Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius
2. Ionization Energy
3. Electronegativity
4. Reactivity
5. Metallic Character
 Trends
• more than 20 properties change in
predictable way based location of elements
on PT

• some properties: - anyone know where we can find these numbers?!

– Density
– melting point/boiling point
– atomic radius
– ionization energy
– electronegativity
When you’re
done it will
look like this so
leave room for
writing!
Going down column 1:
Period Element Configuration
1 H 1
2 Li 2-1
3 Na 2-8-1
4 K 2-8-8-1
5 Rb 2-8-18-8-1
6 Cs 2-8-18-18-8-1
7 Fr 2-8-18-32-18-8-1

increasing # energy levels as go down

Increasing number
of energy levels
 Atomic Radius
• Atomic radius: defined as ½ distance
between neighboring nuclei in molecule or
crystal
• Affected by
1. # of energy
levels
2. Proton Pulling
Power
Radius
Increasing number of energy levels

Increasing Atomic
 Cs has more energy levels, so it’s bigger
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Li: Group 1 Period 2 Cs: Group 1 Period 6

As we go across, elements gain electrons, but they
are getting smaller!
Family Element Configuration
IA or 1 Li 2-1
IIA or 2 Be 2-2
IIIA or 13 B 2-3
IVA or 14 C 2-4
VA or 15 N 2-5
VIA or 16 O 2-6
VIIA or 17 F 2-7
VIIIA or 18 Ne 2-8
 Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Radius
Atomic
Decreasing
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 Why does this happen..
• As you go from left to right, you
again more protons (the atomic
number increases)
• You have greater “proton pulling
power”
– Remember the nucleus is + and the electrons
are - so they get pulled towards the nucleus
• The more protons your have, the more Proton
Pulling Power
 Atomic Radius Trend
• Group Trend – As you go down a column,
atomic radius increases.
As you go down, e- are filled into orbitals (energy
levels) that are farther away from the nucleus
(attraction not as strong).
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L
to R), atomic radius decreases.
As you go L to R, e- are put into the same
energy level, but more p+ and e- total (more
attraction = smaller size).
Ionic Radius
• Ionic Radius -
size of an atom
when it is an
ion.
 Ionic Radius Trend

• Metals – lose e-, which means more p+ than e-

(more attraction) SO…
Ionic Radius < Neutral Atomic Radius
• Nonmetals – gain e-, which means more e- than
p+ (not as much attraction) SO…
Ionic Radius > Neutral Atomic Radius
 Ionic Radius Trend

• Group Trend – As you go down a column, atomic

radius increases.
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to
R), atomic radius decreases.
 previous | index | next

as go across
                                                                        

row size tends to decrease a bit

                                                                               
                                                            
because of greater PPP “proton pulling power”
 We can “measure” the Proton Pulling
Power by determining the Effective
nuclear charge
• It is the charge actually felt by valence electrons

• The equation
Nuclear charge - # inner shell electrons
(doesn’t include valance e-)
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+7
                                                        

+1
                                                                 
                                                    
Calculate “effective nuclear charge”
• # protons minus # inner electrons
What the inner electrons do….

They Shield the charge felt by the valance electrons.

 previous | index | next

 
H and He:
only elements
whose valence
electrons feel
full nuclear
charge (pull)
                                             NOTHING
TO
                                                        SHIELD
                                                THEM
 Increasing Atomic Radius

Shielding
Increasing number of energy levels

Increased Electron
Decreasing Atomic Radius
 Look at all the shielding Francium's one valance
electron has. It barely feels the proton pull from the
nucleus. No wonder it will lose it’s one electron the
easiest. No wonder it’s the most reactive metal
 Ionization Energy

• = amount energy required to remove a

valence electron from an atom in gas phase

• 1st ionization energy = energy required to

remove the most loosely held valence
electron (e- farthest from nucleus)
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• Cs valence electron                                         
lot farther away from nucleus than Li
• electrostatic attraction much weaker so easier to steal
electron away from Cs
• THEREFORE, Li has a higher Ionization energy then Cs
 Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Decreased Ionization Energy

(easier to remove an electron)
 Electronegativity
• ability of atom to attract electrons in bond

• noble gases tend not to form bonds, so don’t

have electronegativity values

• Unit = Pauling
• Fluorine: most electronegative element
= 4.0 Paulings
 Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

Increased Electron Shielding

Decreased
Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Electronegativity
Increased Electronegativity

Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
 Ionization Energy

• Group Trend – As you go down a column,

ionization energy decreases.
As you go down, atomic size is increasing (less
attraction), so easier to remove an e-.
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to
R), ionization energy increases.
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing (more
attraction), so more difficult to remove an e-
(also, metals want to lose e-, but nonmetals do
not).
Energy to Take Off Several Electrons

How do electron configurations explain

why there is a big change in energy at
the red line?
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity-
tendency of an
atom to attract e-.
 Electronegativity Trend (really electron
affinity)

• Group Trend – As you go down a column, electron

affinity decreases.
As you go down, atomic size is increasing, so less
attraction of electrons to the nucleus.
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
electron affinity increases.
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing, so the
electrons are more attracted to the nucleus.
Electronegativity: the ability of
an atom in a bond to pull on the
electron. (Linus Pauling)
 Electronegativity
• When electrons are shared by two atoms a
covalent bond is formed.

• When the atoms are the same they pull on

the electrons equally. Example, H-H.

• When the atoms are different, the atoms pull

on the electrons unevenly. Example, HCl
 Trends in Electronegativity

• Electronegativity generally decreases as you

move down a group.

• Electronegativity of the representative

elements (Group A elements) increases as you
move across a period.
Electronegativities of Some
Elements
Element Pauling scale
F 4.0
Cl 3.0
O 3.5
N 3.0
S 2.5
C 2.5
H 2.1
Na 0.9
Cs 0.7
 Note

• Most electronegative element is F

(EN 4.0)

• Least electronegative stable element is Cs

(EN 0.7)
 Decreased Electronegativity

Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Most
reactive

metallic)
(the most
metal = Fr
More metallic
Increased Electronegativity

Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
 Reactivity of Metals
• judge reactivity of metals by how easily
give up electrons (they’re losers)
 Reactivity of Non-metals

• judge reactivity of non-metals by how

easily gain electrons (they are
winners)
 Reactivity
• Reactivity – tendency of an atom to react.
• Metals – lose e- when they react, so metals’
reactivity is based on lowest Ionization Energy
(bottom/left corner)
– Low I.E = High Reactivity.
• Nonmetals – gain e- when they react, so
nonmetals’ reactivity is based on high
electronegativity (upper/right corner).
– High electronegativity = High reactivity
 Metallic Character
• Properties of a Metal –
– Easy to shape (malleable); many are ductile (can
be pulled into wires)
– Conduct electricity and heat
– Shiny
• Group Trend – As you go down a column, metallic character increases
(because ionization energy decreases).
• Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R), metallic character
decreases (because ionization energy decreases) (L to R, you are going
from metals to non-metals).
 Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)
Increased Electronegativity
Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
Decreasing Atomic Radius
Most Reactive
Nonmetal
=F

Increasing number of energy levels

More metallic
Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Decreased Electronegativity

Most
reactive
metal = Fr
(the most Nonreactiv
e
metallic)
BACK
 How do you know if an atom gains
or loses electrons?
• Think back to the Lewis structures of ions
• Atoms form ions to get a valence of 8
(or 2 for H)
• Metals tend to have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
– It’s easier to lose them
• Nonmetals tend to have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
– It’s easier to add some
• Noble gases already have 8 so they don’t form ions
very easily
 Positive ions (cations)
• Formed by loss of electrons
• Cations always smaller than parent
atom
2e
8e 8e

8e 8e

2e 2e

Ca
Ca Ca+2
 Negative ions or (anions)

• Formed by gain of electrons

• Anions always larger than parent

atom
 Allotropes
• Different forms of element in same phase
– different structures and properties
• O2 and O3 - both gas phase
– O2 (oxygen) - necessary for life
– O3 (ozone) - toxic to life
• Graphite, diamond:
– both carbon in solid form
 Do This…ACTIVITY
• Based on these trends, can you describe some
properties of the following groups?
• Alkali
• Alkaline
• Halogens
• Noble Gases
– Also, be able to identify metals, transition metals
semi-metals, and non-metals and know some
properties of each.