Trends & the Periodic Table

Trends
• more than 20 properties change in predictable
way based location of elements on PT

• some properties: - anyone know where we can find these numbers?!

– Density
– melting point/boiling point
– atomic radius
– ionization energy
– electronegativity
When you’
re done it will l
ook like this so
leave room for
writing!
Going down column 1:
Period Element Configuration
1 H 1
2 Li 2-1
3 Na 2-8-1
4 K 2-8-8-1
5 Rb 2-8-18-8-1
6 Cs 2-8-18-18-8-1
7 Fr 2-8-18-32-18-8-1

increasing # energy levels as go down

Increasing number
of energy levels
 Atomic Radius
• Atomic radius: defined as ½ distance
between neighboring nuclei in molecule or
crystal
• Affected by
1. # of energy
levels
2. Proton Pulling
Power
Radius
Increasing number of energy levels

Increasing Atomic
 Cs has more energy levels, so it’s bigger
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Li: Group 1 Period 2 Cs: Group 1 Period 6

As we go across, elements gain electrons, but they
are getting smaller!
Family Element Configuration
IA or 1 Li 2-1
IIA or 2 Be 2-2
IIIA or 13 B 2-3
IVA or 14 C 2-4
VA or 15 N 2-5
VIA or 16 O 2-6
VIIA or 17 F 2-7
VIIIA or 18 Ne 2-8
 Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Radius
Atomic
Decreasing
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 Why does this happen..

• As you go from left to right, you again

more protons (the atomic number
increases)
• You have greater “proton pulling
power”
– Remember the nucleus is + and the electrons
are - so they get pulled towards the nucleus
• The more protons your have, the more Proton
Pulling Power
 previous | index | next

as go across
                                                                        

row size tends to decrease a bit

                                                                               
                                                            
because of greater PPP “proton pulling power”
 We can “measure” the Proton
Pulling Power by determining
the Effective nuclear charge
• It is the charge actually felt by valence
electrons

• The equation
Nuclear charge - # inner shell electrons
(doesn’t include valance e-)
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+7
                                                        

+1
                                                                 
                                                    
Calculate “effective nuclear charge”
• # protons minus # inner electrons
What the inner electrons do….

They Shield the charge felt by the valance electrons.

 previous | index | next

 
H and He:
only elements
whose valence
electrons feel
full nuclear
charge (pull)
                                             NOTHING
TO
                                                        SHIELD
                                                THEM
 Increasing Atomic Radius

Shielding
Increasing number of energy levels

Increased Electron
Decreasing Atomic Radius
 Look at all the shielding Francium's one valance
electron has. It barely feels the proton pull from the
nucleus. No wonder it will lose it’s one electron the
easiest. No wonder it’s the most reactive metal
 Ionization Energy
• = amount energy required to remove a
valence electron from an atom in gas
phase

• 1st ionization energy = energy required to

remove the most loosely held valence
electron (e- farthest from nucleus)
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•Cs valence electron                                         
lot farther away from nucleus than Li
•electrostatic attraction much weaker so easier to steal
electron away from Cs
•THEREFORE, Li has a higher Ionization energy then Cs
 Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Decreased Ionization Energy

(easier to remove an electron)
 Electronegativity
• ability of atom to attract electrons in bond

• noble gases tend not to form bonds, so

don’t have electronegativity values

• Unit = Pauling
• Fluorine: most electronegative element
= 4.0 Paulings
 Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

Increased Electron Shielding

Decreased
Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Electronegativity
Increased Electronegativity

Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
 Reactivity of Metals
• judge reactivity of metals by how easily
give up electrons (they’re losers)
 Decreased Electronegativity

Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)

Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Increasing number of energy levels

Most
reactive

metallic)
(the most
metal = Fr
More metallic
Increased Electronegativity

Decreasing Atomic Radius

Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
 Reactivity of Non-metals
• judge reactivity of non-metals by how
easily gain electrons (they are
winners)
 Decreased Ionization Energy (easier to remove an electron)
Increased Electronegativity
Increased Ionization Energy (harder to remove an electron)
Decreasing Atomic Radius
Most Reactive
Nonmetal
=F

Increasing number of energy levels

More metallic
Increased Electron Shielding

Increasing Atomic Radius

Decreased Electronegativity

Most
reactive
metal = Fr
(the most Nonreactiv
e
metallic)
BACK
 How do you know if an atom gains
or loses electrons?
• Think back to the Lewis structures of ions
• Atoms form ions to get a valence of 8
(or 2 for H)
• Metals tend to have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
– It’s easier to lose them
• Nonmetals tend to have 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
– It’s easier to add some
• Noble gases already have 8 so they don’t form ions
very easily
 Positive ions (cations)
• Formed by loss of electrons
• Cations always smaller than parent
atom
2e
8e 8e

8e 8e

2e 2e

Ca
Ca Ca+2
 Negative ions or (anions)
• Formed by gain of electrons

• Anions always larger than parent

atom
 Allotropes
• Different forms of element in same phase
– different structures and properties
• O2 and O3 - both gas phase
– O2 (oxygen) - necessary for life
– O3 (ozone) - toxic to life
• Graphite, diamond:
– both carbon in solid form