CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.

Coursebook answers
Chapter 5
Exam-style questions
1 a two examples of a giant ionic structure, moving electrons are a flow of
e.g. sodium chloride, magnesium oxide [2] current / can carry current. [1]
[1 mark each] In diamond all electrons involved in
two examples of a simple molecular covalent bond formation; [1]
structure, e.g. carbon dioxide, bromine [2] no moving electrons to carry current. [1]
[1 mark each] [Total: 21]
b Ionic structure is brittle because force 2 a Carbon dioxide has a simple
applied along layers displaces the ions; [1] molecular structure; [1]
ions of like charge come near each intermolecular forces or id–id forces [1]
other; [1] are weak. [1]
repulsion between like charged ions b Silicon(IV) oxide has a giant
disrupts bonding. [1] covalent / giant molecular structure; [1]
Metals are malleable because force all bonds [1]
applied along layers causes layers of
atoms/ions to slide; [1] are strong. [1]
there are still / there are new forces of c Both compounds are covalent; [1]
attraction [1] no mobile electrons (to carry the
between the ions and the delocalised current). [1]
electrons. [1] [Total: 8]
c Giant molecular structures have 3 a A gas in which the volume is
strong covalent bonds; [1] proportional to the (kelvin)
throughout / network of bonds; [1] temperature / inversely proportional
to pressure. [1]
takes a lot of energy to break these
(strong) bonds. [1] b high pressure; [1]
Simple molecular structures have weak low temperature; [1]
forces / bonds [1] molecules close together [1]
between molecules / intermolecular Significant intermolecular forces
forces; [1] between molecules / volumes of
requires only a small amount of molecules must be taken into account. [1]
energy to overcomes these forces. [1] c i weak forces between atoms; [1]
d In graphite, each carbon atom is easy to break interatomic forces [1]
bonded to three others; [1] ii no mobile / free electrons
fourth outer electron on each carbon [allow: not an ion] [1]
atom is free / delocalised; [1]

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 CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

d Change temperature to correct units: 5 a i giant ionic [1]

−20 °C = −20 + 273 = 253 K [1] ii poor [1]
0.5 × 1000 iii poor [1]
moles of He = = 125 mol [1]
4
iv simple molecular [1]
gas equation: pV = nRT
v giant covalent / giant molecular [1]
rearrange gas equation correctly:
vi good [1]
nRT
V =  [1]
p vii
poor [1]
125 × 8.31 × 253 b A is ionic so has high melting point
V =  [1]
50 000 because of strong electrostatic
V = 5.256 m3 = 5.26 m3 (to 3 significant attractions; [1]
figures) [1] between oppositely charged [1]
[Total: 13] ions. [1]
4 a A regular arrangement of ions Solid has low electrical conductivity; [1]
or atoms [1] ions can’t move from place to place; [1]
in three dimensions. [1] in liquid the ions are able to move
b Bromine has only id–id forces [1] from place to place. [1]
which are weak. [1] c B is simple molecular so has low
Water has hydrogen bonding; [1] melting point because of weak van
der Waals’ forces [1]
hydrogen bonding (in water) is
stronger than id–id forces / hydrogen between molecules; [1]
bonding is the strongest type of only small amount of energy needed
intermolecular force. [1] to overcome these forces. [1]
c Molecules in liquid kept together / Low electrical conductivity because
close to each other because of weak has covalent bonding; [1]
attractive / intermolecular forces; [1] none of the electrons able to move. [1]
molecules in liquid gain kinetic energy;[1] [Total: 18]
this energy is sufficient to overcome 6 a Ions in lattice / regularly arranged; [1]
attractive forces; [1]
in sea of delocalised electrons. [1]
molecules are free enough / have
enough energy to move about b Layers of metal ions; [1]
independently / are far apart. [1] slide when force applied; [1]
d Change temperature to correct units: new metallic bonds formed; [1]
98 °C = 98 + 273 = 371 K [1] between metal ions and delocalised
change volume to correct units: electrons. [1]
80 cm3 = 8.0 × 10−5 m3 [1] c i Aluminium has low(er) density. [1]

gas equation: pV =
mRT
 ii Copper too dense on own; [1]
Mr
could not support its own weight in
rearrange gas equation correctly: the air; [1]
mRT
Mr =  [1] aluminium has low density; [1]
pV
0.2 × 8.31 × 371 but has low tensile strength; [1]
Mr =
(1.1 × 105 ) × (8.0 × 10−5 ) steel has high tensile strength so
= 70.06 supports the aluminium. [1]
= 70 ( to 2 significant figures )  [1]
[Total: 15]

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 CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL CHEMISTRY: COURSEBOOK

d As percentage of zinc increases ii Solid has low electrical

tensile strength increases; [1] conductivity; [1]
up to a point because pure zinc has ions can’t move from place to
lower tensile strength than the alloy; [1] place; [1]
zinc atoms are a different size to the in liquid the ions are able to move. [1]
copper atoms; [1] iii Strong electrostatic attractions
zinc atoms disrupt the lattice between ions; [1]
structure of copper; [1] hard to break these electrostatic
make it more difficult for the layers to attractions by scratching surface; [1]
slide over each other. [1] brittle because force applied along
e brass [1] layers displaces the ions; [1]
[Total: 18] ions of like charge come near
7 a They are both giant structures [1] each other; [1]

containing strong covalent bonds. [1] repulsion between like charged

ions disrupts bonding. [1]
b i A
 ll the bonds in the layers are
strong; [1] [Total: 14]

so difficult to break; [1] 9 a buckminsterfullerene [1]

high tensile strength / high b Buckminsterfullerene has molecular

strength to weight ratio. [1] structure; [1]

ii Layers of carbon atoms held weak / id–id forces between the

together by weak van der Waals’ molecules; [1]
forces; [1] at 800 °C temperature is high enough
forces easily broken; [1] to overcome intermolecular forces. [1]

layers can slide over each other; [1] Diamond has giant covalent structure; [1]

layers can be removed onto paper. [1] all bonds are strong / strong bonding
in three dimensions / lots of bonds
c All bonds / network of bonds; [1] joined together; [1]
are strong covalent bonds; [1] not enough energy at 800 °C to break
bonds are hard to break so the bonds. [1]
diamond hard; [1] c similarity: each carbon atom joined to
has a very high melting point; [1] three others [1]
so doesn’t melt at high temperatures similarity: each has interlocking
produced on drilling. [1] hexagons of C atoms [1]
[Total: 14] difference: B (nanotubes) are
cylindrical / tube-shaped [1]
8 a Regular arrangement of sodium and
chloride ions [1] difference: graphite in layers [1]
in three dimensions; [1] d B: weak forces / id–id forces
between tubes; [1]
sodium and chloride ions alternate. [1]
tubes slide over each over (when force
b i I s ionic so has high melting point
applied). [1]
because of strong electrostatic
attractions [1] C: covalent bonds / cross links [1]
between oppositely charged [1] between the tubes; [1]
ions. [1] tubes can’t slide over each other
(when force applied). [1]
[Total: 16]

3 Cambridge International AS & A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press 2020