Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Chapter 3 3 a Region of space outside the nucleus where

there is a likelihood of finding an electron /
1 a The energy needed to remove one electron; [1] two electrons. [1]
from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms; [1] b i sphere / circle drawn; [1]
to form a mole of gaseous 1+ ions. [1] ii correct shape of p orbital (hourglass /
b The first 3 electrons are easy to remove, so propeller shape) with two lobes [1]
these are in the outer shell / energy level; [1] c i d block [1]
large increase in ionisation energy between ii 10 [1]
third and fourth electrons removed; [1] iii 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 [1]
so fourth electron in next shell towards iv 4p [1]
nucleus; [1] Total = 7
fourth to eleventh electrons in same shell as
only gradual increase in ionisation energy; [1] 4 a C; [1]
large increase in ionisation energy between There is a big decrease in ionisation energy
11th and 12th electrons removed; [1] between B and C; [1]
so 12th and 13th electrons in shell close the outer electron in C is in the next quantum
to nucleus. [1] shell. [1]
c Al+(g) → Al2+(g) + e− [2] b D [1]
[1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state symbols] c Increase in number of protons / increased
d 1s2 2s2 2p6 [1] nuclear charge; [1]
Total = 12 electrons added go into the same outer
shell / quantum level; [1]
2 a Increase in number of protons / increased so same amount of shielding; [1]
nuclear charge; [1] greater force of attraction across period between
electrons added go into the same outer (positive) nucleus and (negative) electrons. [1]
shell / quantum level; [1] d above 1250 [1]
so same amount of shielding; [1] but below 2050 [1]
greater force of attraction across period between e The first seven electrons removed are in the
(positive) nucleus and (negative) electrons. [1] outermost energy level / quantum level; [1]
b Outermost electron of aluminium is in there is a big jump in energy required when
p sub-shell; [1] the eighth electron is removed; [1]
outermost electrons of magnesium in the eighth and ninth electrons are in the next
s sub-shell (of same quantum level as p); [1] energy level in / towards the nucleus. [1]
outermost electron of aluminium in Total = 13
sub-shell with higher energy (or further from
nucleus) / outermost electron of magnesium 5 a i The energy needed to remove one electron; [1]
in lower energy sub-level (or nearer the nucleus / from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms; [1]
more shielding of p electron; [1] to form a mole of gaseous 1+ ions. [1]
greater force of attraction between nucleus and ii The energy required to remove one electron; [1]
s electron than p electron (or reverse argument).[1] from each ion in a mole of gaseous 2+ ions; [1]
c 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 [1] to form a mole of gaseous 3+ ions. [1]
d i sub-shells shown in correct order, b i Mg(g) → Mg+(g) + e− [2]
[1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state symbols]
i.e. 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p [1]
ii two electrons as arrows in each box for 2s, ii Mg2+(g) → Mg3+(g) + e− [2]
[1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state symbols]
2p and 3s orbitals; [1]
c i 4th ionisation energy of magnesium [1]
electrons shown as arrows in opposite
ii 6th ionisation energy of aluminium [1]
direction in 2s, 2p and 3s orbitals; [1]
Total = 12
1 electron as arrow in each of the 3p orbitals
with arrows pointing in same direction [1]
e value less than 494 (ignore lack of units) [1]
Total = 14

AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 3 1
6 a They are in the outermost energy 8 a The energy needed to remove one electron; [1]
level / sub-shell; [1] from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms; [1]
greatest shielding by inner electrons; [1] to form a mole of gaseous 1+ ions. [1]
least attractive force from nucleus on the b Correctly labelled axes; [1]
outer electrons. [1] gradual increase in ∆Hi for the first
b Third electron is in the next main energy 7 electrons removed; [1]
level / principal quantum shell further in; [1] sudden increase in ∆Hi between the 7th and
closer to the nucleus; [1] 8th electrons removed; [1]
less shielding (by inner shells of electrons). [1] gradual increase in ∆Hi between the
c There are 2 electrons in the outermost 8th and 15th electrons removed; [1]
energy level / quantum shell; [1] sudden increase in ∆Hi between the 15th and
the next 8 electrons are in the energy level / 16th electrons removed; [1]
quantum shell further in; [1] gradual increase between the 16th and 17th
there are 2 electrons in the innermost energy electrons removed. [1]
level / quantum shell. [1] c The first seven electrons are easiest to remove
d Mg4+(g) → Mg5+(g) + e− [2] since they are in the outermost energy level; [1]
 [1 mark for balancing, 1 mark for state symbols] the steady increase shows that each electron is
Total = 11 attracted more strongly by a more positive ion. [1]
There is a big jump in energy required from
7 a A is in Group IV [1] the 7th to the 8th electrons; [1]
B is in Group II [1] this is because the 8th electron is in the next
C is in Group I [1] energy level; [1]
D is in Group IV [1] which is closer to the nucleus and the
E is in Group III [1] electrons in it are less shielded. [1]
b There is a big increase in ionisation energy There is a large jump from the 15th to the
from the 3rd to the 4th electron removed. [1] 16th electrons because the 16th electron is
c Correctly labelled axes; [1] in a new energy level. [1]
gradual increase in ∆Hi for the first 5 electrons Total = 15
removed; [1]
sudden increase in ∆Hi between the 5th and
6th electrons removed; [1]
gradual increase between 6th and 13th
electrons removed; [1]
sudden increase in ∆Hi between the 13th and
14th electrons removed; [1]
gradual increase between the 14th and 15th
electrons removed. [1]
Total = 12

2 Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 3 AS and A Level Chemistry © Cambridge University Press