REINFORCED CONCRETE

The term plain concrete is used to describe any concrete mass used
without any strengthening materials. Though Concrete is one of
the most widely used construction materials, there are lot of
disadvantages associated with it. Major limitations of concrete
are listed below:

a) Concrete is Quasi-brittle Material

b) Low Tensile Strength
c) Concrete has Low Toughness
d) Formwork is Required- Formwork is required to mould it in
a shape
e) Long curing time

Brittle : fractures under low stress without deformation

Tensile : Condition of being pull
Ductile : capability of being stretched or deformed without fracturing
 REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)
Definition
Reinforced concrete is a material combination of
concrete and steel reinforcement.
In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of
steel and the compressive strength of concrete
work together to allow the member to sustain
these stresses over considerable spans.
 ADVANTAGE OF RC
1. In reinforced concrete (RC), the advantage of
concrete is its strength in handling
compression force,
2. while the advantage of steel reinforcement is
in handling tensile force.

*Concrete good in compression force

*Steel good in tensile
REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)

Reinforcing for concrete columns. To the left is a

column with a rectangular arrangement of vertical
bars and column ties. To the right is a circular
arrangement of vertical bars with a column spiral.
Either arrangement may be used in either a round or a
square column.
 TWO(2) TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
STEEL FOR RC
1. Steel Bar.
2. Steel Mesh.
 Steel Bar
1. Plain bar
2. Hot Rolled Deformed Bar (reinforcement bar also
known as rebar).
3. Twisted Bar

• Galvanized reinforcing bars and epoxy-coated reinforcing bars

are often used in marine structures, highway structures, and
parking garages to resist corrosion.
• Stainless steel bars, stainless-steel-clad bars, zinc-and-
polymer-coated bars, and proprietary corrosion-resistant alloy
bars are newer types of corrosion-resistant reinforcing.
Example of deformed bar

Example of twisted bar

Example of plain bar and deformed bar
Example of twisted bar
 Steel Mesh.
1. Rolled welded fabric
2. steel mesh
3. Expanded sheet metal
4. Hexagonal wire mesh (Chicken mesh)
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
THE RATIONALE OF CONCRETE PRE-
STRESSING
• When a beam supports a load, the compression
side of the beam is squeezed slightly and the
tension side is stretched.
• In a reinforced concrete beam, the stretching
tendency is resisted by the reinforcing steel but
not by the brittle concrete.
• When the steel stretches under tension, the
concrete around it forms cracks.
• The concrete mass is only useful to hold the steel
in position and protect it corrosion
THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE PRE-
STRESSING
• The reinforcing bars are stretched to a high tension
before the beam is loaded.
• Then the reinforcing bars are released against the
concrete that surrounds them and they would be in
compression.
• When a load is put on the beam, the tension in the
stretched steel and the compression in the concrete
would be decreased or neutralized.
• If the initial tension or pre-stress in the steel bars
were of sufficient magnitude, the surrounding
concrete would never be subjected to tension, and
no cracking would occur.
 THE ADVANTAGE PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
• The absence of cracks in the pre-stressed beam
more efficient than that of a reinforced beam.
• The pre-stressed beam uses less material and cheaper.
• Lighter in weight and smaller (less bulky) in size
• The quality is assured
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
PRE-STRESSING MEMBER AND TOOLS
 Steel Strands Or High Tension Steel
Cable
Pre-stressing is practical only with extremely high-strength steel strands that are
manufactured for the purpose. These are made of cold-drawn steel wires that are
formed into small-diameter cables.
Anchorage
Hydraullic Jack
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
PRE-TENSIONED METHOD
POST-TENSIONED METHOD
Post tensioning draped tendons in a large concrete beam with a hydraulic jack. Each tendon
consists of a number of individual high-strength steel strands. The bent bars projecting from
the top of the beam will be embedded in the concrete slab that the beam will support to
allow them to act together as a composite structure
Most beams and slabs in buildings are post tensioned with plastic-sheathed,
unbounded tendons. The pump and hydraulic jack (also called a ram) are small
and portable
EXAMPLE OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
A Bridge on the clouds - Engineering and Nature
The Millau Bridge over the River Tarn in
southern France is the tallest bridge in the
world. The bridge on the clouds was designed
to have the delicacy of a butterfly, said the
architect Norman Foster.
EXAMPLE OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
 PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Precast (prefabricated) construction includes those
buildings, where the majority of structural components
are:
• standardized
• produced in plants (factory) in a location away from
the building
• and then transported to the site for assembly.
• These components are manufactured by industrial
methods based on mass production
• in order to build a large number of buildings in a short
time at low cost
Pre Cast Factory
 THE ADVANTAGES OF PRE-CAST
• The division and specialization of the human
workforce
• The use of tools, machinery, and other
equipment, usually automated, in the production
of standard, interchangeable parts and products
• Compared to site-cast concrete, precast concrete
erection is faster and less affected by adverse
weather conditions.
• Plant casting allows increased efficiency, high
quality control and greater control on finishes.
 PRE-CAST
This type of construction requires a
restructuring of entire conventional
construction process to enable interaction
between design phase and production
planning in order to improve and speed up
construction
 TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
• Structural Units:
– Beams
– Walls
– Columns
– Stairs
– Slabs (channel and hollowcore)
 TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
• Utility Units:
– light pole bases,
– meter boxes,
– panel vaults,
– pull boxes,
– telecommunications structures,
– transformer pads,
– transformer vaults,
– trenches,
– utility buildings,
– utility poles
 TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
• Modular Units:
–Kitchen unit
–Toilet unit
–Bathroom unit
–Room unit
Large Panel System
Frame System
Slab-column Systems With Walls
Precast Slabs
Precast Beam & Girders
Precast Columns
Precast Walls
Precast concrete Stairs
Addition Knowledge- Typical Connection Of
Precast Concrete Elements
Column To Column Connection
Beam To Column Connection
Slab To Beam Connection
Modular unit
 REFERENCES

• http://www.paradigm.in/Downloads/5)%20PR
ECAST.pdf