The Temple of Apollo at Bassae

Author(s): William Bell Dinsmoor

Source: Metropolitan Museum Studies , Mar., 1933, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Mar., 1933), pp. 204-227
Published by: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522802

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE

By WILLIAM BELL DINSMOOR

1765, aonce
Two small marble drops or guttae Frenchinlaid
architect named Bocher relieved
in a limestone cornice and fragments ofbuilding
the tedium of the modern villas at Zante
by a itself
hawksbeak molding of the cornice brief excursion
(fig. to Arcadia. Accidentally
2) may remind visitors to thehe
Metropolitan
happened upon this temple, which he im-
Museum of a comparatively unknown temple
mediately identified from its location; and on
designed by the architect of the Parthenon.
his unpublished drawings, acquired in I9I4 by
theof
Comparatively unknown, in spite Victoria
the and Albert Museum, appears the
fact
note "par moi
that it has been treated in monumental decouvert au mois de Novr de
publi-
l'annee I765-J.
cations, it still holds within its ordinary Bocher." Wishing to return
colum-
nar shell more fantastic problems than
for further any
study a few years later, he was mur-
other building, I think we may
deredsay, of the
by bandits; and for the next forty-five
Greek world. Isolated among the difficult
years Ar-
the temple remained almost as elusive as
cadian mountains (fig. i), nearly four
before. thou-
This period of ignorance was ended in
sand-feet above sea level and far from
I81I, when human
an international society of antiqua-
habitation, it was mentioned byrians,
onlyofonewhom an-Haller von Hallerstein and
cient traveler, Pausanias, the Greek
CharlesBaedeker.
R. Cockerell were the leaders, flushed
with their success of
And in this oldest description lies the first in the excavation of the
Aegina marbles,
our problems; for Pausanias reports that thecame to Bassae in hope of
temple was designed by the architect
similar booty.of the
Their first efforts were frustrat-
Parthenon at Athens, Iktinos, and that
ed by it was
Turkish opposition, though Cockerell,
dedicated to Apollo the Succorer, and
crawling downfrom
a fox hole when the tenant was
these two facts he conjectures that it was erect-
absent, discovered that its roof was composed
ed at the time of the great plague in Athens
of a sculptured marble frieze slab, which whet-
(430-427 B.c.). Some modern writers have de-
ted the appetites of the explorers. In 1812,
nied both architect and date. It would seem therefore, after bribing the Turkish gover-
that the temple which in the whole Pelo-
nor of the Peloponnesos with a promise of
ponnesos, as Pausanias says, was surpassed inhalf of the proceeds, the exploring party re-
beauty only by that at Tegea and containedturned, their number recruited to seven, and
important examples of the Doric, Ionic, andwith two hundred workmen encamped about
Corinthian styles would demand comprehen-the temple for two months. Cockerell was ab-
sive examination by modern methods.' sent in Sicily, but Haller gathered the techni-
In no slight degree are our uncertainties to cal architectural information; and with the en-
be attributed to the manner in which the tem-couragement of native music they removed the

ple has been studied in the past. For sixteenhuge masses of fallen stones which encum-
hundred years it was lost to view; then, inbered the interior to a height of fifteen feet,

1 I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the au-Rhys Carpenter, whose encouragement was in part re-
thorities of the Greek Archaeological Service and ofsponsible for the inception of this work and who par-
the British Museum for permitting and facilitatingticipated in its earlier stages, will be more evident
my investigations at Bassae and London. My debt toupon the appearance of the final publication.

204

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 205

revealing not only the fact that overboard. Haller

its plan was blown back to Zante
was
most peculiar, but that it was decorated with nothingwith
but a hastily penciled notebook
all three orders of architecture and with a as the fruit of the excavation. From this he
painfully elaborated a detailed study of the
sculptured frieze and sculptured metopes. Joy-
fully the sculptured marbles, of which thetemple in two duplicate notebooks, and began
Turkish governor relinquished his share fora new series of drawings (cf. fig. 3). But he
/750 upon learning that they were not of sil- died in I817, while excavating in the Vale of
ver as he had dreamed, were transported toTempe; and all his manuscripts, shipped to
Zante, with a British gunboat to keep off Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, disappeared, with

FIG. I. VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE FROM THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT KOTILON

French privateers; and there, at a publicthe exception of one of the duplicate note
sale,
they passed into the possession of the British which was transmitted to Cockerell i
books,
London; for it was to the latter that Stacke
Museum, at a cost of 60,ooo Spanish dollars.
The success which had attended the excava-
berg, Brondsted, Linckh, and the other explor
tion deserted the explorers when they ers now looked for the architectural publica
ap-
proached the problem of scientific publication.But meanwhile others had been busy.
tion.
Cockerell having been absent during the pirated
exca- publication of the frieze sculptures ap
peared at Rome in I8I4. The British Museum
vation, the work of recording technical details
had devolved upon the very capable Haller;
officially published the frieze in I820. Stackel
but he, while returning from Zante, was berg,
caughtafter long delays, finally issued his ac
count of the excavation and analysis of th
in a frightful storm, and the cargo, together
with his clothes, money, and elaboratelysculptures
fin- in I826. All three of these accounts
were accompanied by summary descriptions o
ished drawings and notebooks, was thrown

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206 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

light by the
the architecture. An English party Greekpor-
spent excavations of I902-I9o8
tions of two days at the temple inmeasures
and by the 1820; ofand
conservation undertak-
it was on their labors, which could not have
en at that time by Kavvadias, Kourouniotis,
totaled more than fourteen hours, that the
and Rhomaios; first helpful are the
particularly
detailed architectural publication
partial was
reconstruction
based of inthe temple itself and
I830. The year before this the
theFrench Expedi-
orderly arrangement of the scattered stones
in the vicinity.
tion de Moree, in turn, had spent three But it is not
days at to Bassae alone that
we must extend our
the temple in a heavy fog; nevertheless search. The British Muse-
their
publication of 1833 (by Blouet and others)
um contains not only theissculptured marbles
and some
one of the most elaborate. During architectural
this period details, but also Cock-
Cockerell was deeply immersed erell's
inpapers.2 And the purchaser of a locked
his profes-
sional career; and it was not until
wardrobeI860, forty-
at a Leipzig auction, in I872, discov-
ered therein Haller's missing manuscripts and
drawings, most of which are now in the Stras-
bourg Library. This resurrected material, which
has never yet been fully utilized, forms a source
of information almost equal in value to the
temple itself.
In this short preliminary notice I shall dis-
cuss only the essential new features pertaining
to the three architectural orders and to the

AMI
three points at which decorative sculpture was
applied.
I[:r In the case of the Doric external order the
books show remarkable discrepancies. Each in-

FIG. 2. GUTTAE AND MOLDING FROM BASSAE

vestigator had selected one column at random,
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM measured it, and concluded that all the others
were similar. But how are we to reconcile the
fact thatrelying
eight years after the excavation, that, some publications represent all the
columns
partly on memory and partly on as uniformly -2 inches (0.0625 m.)
secondhand
stouter his
data from Haller, he finally completed than the diameter given by other pub-
task.
It will be readily comprehended lications,
that the va-
and that we find similar discrepan-
rious publications issued under such
cies of Iicircum-
inches (0.043 m.) in the heights? In-
stead of
stances disagree heartily with each measuring
other, soonly one column it was
that, if one attempts to study the necessary
temple to from
test them all; and among the very
the books, one becomes lost in hopeless
curious resultscon-
it appeared that the six columns
fusion. on the north fasade are it inches (0.040 m.)
It is now evident that the difficulties can be stouter than those employed on the three other
solved only through prolonged sojourns at sides of the building, while the capitals are
Bassae itself. Here we find that conditions have here 2A inches (0.056 m.) wider and i? inches
been greatly changed since the excavations of (0.032 m.) higher, though the total height of
I812: much of the material then visible was the columns naturally remains the same. It is
utterly destroyed in the disturbed years before
2 Stackelberg's diary was reported in i88I to be in
Greek independence. In compensation, muchthe Dorpat (Tartu) University Library; but no trace
material then unknown has been brought toof it can now be found there.

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 207

others
easy to see how the mistake arose believe
with that they can be d
refer-
ence to the diameters; and, as result
for theofheights,
careful measurement,
firmed had
it happened that various investigators that the stylobate show
com-
curvature
bined the low heavy shafts with the and that the
small columns did not lean
capi-
inward; in or
tals belonging to the thinner shafts, spitethe
of the distortions caused by
tall
earthquakes
thin shafts with the large capitals the horizontal
belonging to planes and vertical
axes can still
the heavier shafts. The importance of thebe verified.
new On the other hand,
measurements lies in the revision
the swelling
of theoutline
pro-
of the shaft known as the
entasis
portions of the Doric order and is certainly
in the fact present,
that and is quite ap-
the use of heavy columns atparent
oneasend
sighted
only
from is
pavement or capital.

....... . ...

* w : * ^

: ? ..-. , :*

r -?--???*??-
r--????

II

Q1
t , :*
f ... r?
?? .*

.I;?!????
r?
* ?21.

"'

..c ii;i?6

?,.

:?+:,*rr
Ktari
? ??*

"* ''

:
*:
?"

g ?ci:
*- ,

*??. .

,??*'p

FIG. 3. SECTION OF THE TEMPLE BY HALLER VON HALLERSTEIN. BRITISH MUSEUM

unique among Greek Doric temples, which Ascending to the capitals, I wish only to em-
normally, if they show this emphasis at all,
phasize the well-known fact that they are di-
have it at both ends.3 This emphasis on thevided from the shafts by triple incisions, instead
facade columns, furthermore, must be regard-of the usual single incision of the Periclean
ed as a sign of archaism. age, and to point out that this is another of the
The existence of optical refinements in this numerous archaic survivals in the design of
temple is disputed, the greatest expert of all, the temple. Above the capitals we find most
Penrose, having denied their existence, while
of the architrave still in place, though distort-

3 The precedent for this use of heavy columns at onechanged the material to marble but also, because of
end undoubtedly came, like the fifteen-columned flankthe greater strength of their material, combined the
and the special adytum chamber, from the archaicsmaller column diameters of the flanks with the wider
temple of Apollo at Delphi.There the earlier west end
front spacing, thus obtaining an effect afterwards re-
had heavier columns than those on the flanks, as usu-
produced at Bassae.
al; but on the east front the Alkmaionidai not only

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208 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

ed by earthquakes and corroded

found by weather.
in I812 were all half capitals,
Everything above the architrave
(0.470 must be re-
m.) high, without any abacu
trated
stored from the material lying in Stackelberg's
on the ground; book, and a
ler's and
but fortunately this is abundant unpublished
requires drawings (fig. 5)
only accurate measurementwho and believed
comparison.
that this absence of
The fragments in the Metropolitan
feature was Museum
very unsatisfactory, s
(fig. 2) belong to the external cornice.
abacus of hypothetical form, both i
As for the Ionic order flanking
Haller's
the notebook
interior,(fig. 5) and in grea
some of the limestone shaftsinwere rebuilt to
his own publication. So also the
their complete height during thorities
the Greek repairs
who reconstructed the tem
ing that the capital i8i inches (0.47
would exactly fit the lower of the t
cut at the top of each Ionic shaft (f
cluded that the upper shelf 51 in
m.) high was intended for an abac
only slightly in dimensions from th
by Cockerell but in general confirmi
and top-heavy proportions which
adopted in all the books of the la
years. Yet, when we measure and c
the adjacent architectural members,
ing of the buttresses, the fitting of th
terior cornice to the niches between the but-

tresses, the spacing of the niche ceiling coffers,

and the level of the lintel of the great north
door which has the Ionic architrave carved on
its inner face, it becomes certain that the Ionic
architrave must be dropped lower, directly into
the upper shelf, resting immediately on the
tops of the volutes (fig. 7). Hence the Ionic
FIG. 4. FRAGMENT OF AN IONIC CAPITAL
BRITISH MUSEUM abacus never existed; and in this respect Hal-
ler's unpublished restoration (fig. 3) is to be
of I903-I907, but they still lack the marble Ion-
preferred.
ic capitals, which were wantonly broken
A peculiarity and
of the interior is the fact that
destroyed soon after the excavations ofof I812.
the shafts were gray limestone up to a point
Only a few fragments now survive,
a few inches
thebelow
largest
the capitals, the remainder
being that in the British Museum
being(fig. 4).
of white Be-the transition from one
marble;
fore the modern reconstruction, the
material various
to the other is very abrupt, to say the
estimates of the height of theleast. One may
Ionic ask whether this could have
columns
varied by 3 feet i inch (0.94 m.); now
been the it intention
original can of the architect.
Fortunately
only be a question of whether we place the Greek
the topexcavations of I9o8 re-
of the capital at the upper shelfvealed
or atan Ionic
thecapital
top of limestone like the
shafts,
of the course (fig. 6), a difference ofintentionally
5# inches buried under foundations
(0.137 m.), and even this slight variation
near the temple.may
It is of very different design
be eliminated. The complete marble capitals
from the marble Ionic capitals, without the ris-

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 THE TEMPLE OF Al POLLO AT BASSAE 209

ing curve between the volutes,the temple

and has has sometim
a slight
abacus; but it is of the proper size to fit the
peculiarly molded base,
shafts. Instead, however, of accepting
exactly the
fitting
the- traces on
ory that it was a later repair, between
it seems prefer- the rows of Io
surance
able to regard it as a sculptor's that there
model, was an isolated column at
rejected
this point on the
and finally buried like the Corinthian axis of the temple; and the
capital

?:??. :::??

*^^^O.' ...: f?>(

s?:??. .:.
?-..i

i- ? ???e
I:::?

.. . ?4 ," .e
? ????illl?????
?.?: :::::r:!:::?:-'.'-
:.???.:::?

* `- /o
.71 'I .. _
??;::?

-~~~rF?5 * If

,;. 3.'t' . , f. . Iie d I.,'T _ U 11 11 G

N

-9

. ..

? .. !'..j s,,G~... . .
",~ - - ....' -- '".

A.( ,. f.~,/: i. ,~,1-

.\.,I , I~,C'~ . -- ......
St **~-U1~ y^^^w^ 1 ....

; e ,, , / 44 =

'%L<k~~r vbXh'

! ' - A - *-i
,

Ti I I

,ftr i:. a
,,,,i | [.'. z.ea$.
t -j ..??

FIG. 5. SKETCHES OF AN IONIC CAPITAL BY HALLER VON HALLERSTEIN

PENCIL PROFILE OF ABACUS ADDED BY COCKERELL

at Epidauros; for the top is quite

isolatedrough
Corinthianand
capital, found in I812 and
unfinished, and obviously neverplanned to be seenan
supported from all sides, was of ap-
architrave. This faltering piece of design
propriate dimensions.is
I say was, because this
probably by the same hand to Corinthian
which capital,
we owe like the Ionic capitals, no
the equally undeveloped type ofexists
longer the Ionic
apart from a few fragments dis-
bases. covered in I908. Besides these we have merely
Even greater are the difficulties encountered hasty sketches made by different members of
with the third of the orders, the Corinthian, of the expedition of I812, who intended to carry
which the very existence as an integral part of the capital away from Greece and afterwards

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210 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

ment
to make measured drawings at in view
leisure. of the fact that the ext
These
sketches furnish very divergent criteria
and all thefor its of the shaft up to
drums
reconstruction; some show a single
littlegarland of necking are of the co
below the
twenty tiny acanthus leaves at the bottom,
limestone oth-
used also in the adjoining Io
and walls. Thus
ers a row of eight large water leaves; Cockerell the first distinction
the central rows
suggested that there were two superposed and the flank columns, th
of tiny leaves, separated by a joint. This
terial, last
falls in- A second distinction
away.
form
terpretation is now confirmed by of the
Haller's bases, those on either si
redis-
covered drawings (fig. 8)-to some
the enormous
of which
spread of I2 inches
Cockerell had access - and by the French
beyond the exca-
shaft, nearly doubling the
while in the isolated column the spre
duced to 5A inches (0.139 m.); but

MODIFIED FROM COCKERELL, THE TEMPLES AT

AEGINA . .. AND AT BASSAE . . , PL. XIII

FIG. 6. BEDS FOR CAPITAL AND ARCHITRAVE

FIG. 7. RESTORATION OF THE IONIC ORDER
ON AN IONIC BUTTRESS

tinction may reasonably be explained, not as

vations at Delphi, which have revealed copies
echoing a difference in the capitals, but as a
practical expedient
of this Bassae capital (slightly attenuated in to reduce the danger of
tripping
proportion) with two miniature rows ofover a projecting base in the middle
acan-
thus leaves at the bottom cut in of
thethesame
room. There
pieceremains the distinction in
with the top of the shaft. In form, therefore,
the capitals, Corinthian in the center, Ionic on
we can only confirm the restoration of
either side, this
the diagonal buttresses (cf. fig. 9)
oldest of all Corinthian capitalspresumably
published having
in Ionic capitals like their
Cockerell's beautiful drawings of neighbors.
i86o.4 No satisfactory restoration of such
There are other problems, however, than
diagonal Ionic capitals, however, has been sug-
those of form. The material of the Corinthian
gested; and I am told that Professor D6rpfeld,
capital was marble. Cockerell and other
in his lecturesau-
at Bassae, has even suggested
thorities state that the entire Corinthian col-
4 The Temples ... at Aegina and ... at Bassae, pl.
umn was likewise of marble, a curious state-
XV (under Phigaleia).

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 2II

that we should restore Corinthian capitals however,

It is probable, on that Cock
-the diagonal buttresses as well (which was
as on the published as oral
central
Cockerell's
column. This brings up the question sonau-
of the and is therefore re
thenticity of Cockerell's lively hand) was
story of based
the fate upon some mis
of the central capital, that it was
ing; transported
for Haller, who was presen

UzcL,A4A- .
_

I 'i^i'1 . -

1,A ,
,! !i "' !?-4 .c ... ?. . . ' ..

,: .' .' ' . . . *, ; .;J,

F iG/. ... 8.. SK ETCH i O A CR A ,CA T B AL.

,I G;: _ 1. ... ,. . Se

FIG. 8. SKETCHES O"F A CORINTHIAN CAPITAL B.Y HALLER VON HALLERSTEIN

together with the frieze sculptures to the shoreposed scene of destruction (while Cockerell
south of Olympia, where the departing exca-was not), wrote two years later, after the loss
vators were overtaken by the emissaries of theof his drawings, asking Cockerell to return to
new Pasha of the Morea, who hacked the capi- the temple to remeasure the Corinthian capi-
tal to pieces in their rage. If we accept thistal. Thus it would be possible to regard the
story, the twelve Corinthian fragments foundtwelve extant fragments as belonging to the
at the temple in I9o8, including three pieces ofcentral capital. More decisive is the following
abacus, must have belonged to other capitals.significant entry, which I found in Haller's

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212 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

manuscript notebooks: "It is remarkabletal,

to as
have
in the ordinary buttresses, but one of fu
found, besides the four corners of the depth;
Corin-and the bed is not I8I inches (0.470 m
thian abacus, which although broken still
belowre-the top of the column, as in the ordin
buttresses, but 262 inches (0.673 m.) below, j
enough to permit the insertion of a Corinth
capital. After making a sketch showing t
probable solution (fig. 9), I revisited Bas
and succeeded in finding the two upperm
stones of the same diagonal buttress, one cu
back to give room for the Corinthian capita
the other hooking over its top, exactly as I h
drawn them. And here we have the expla
tion of Haller's dilemma of I812, and possib
of the existence of so many Corinthian frag
ments today: this earliest known of all Cori
thian capitals was not unique-there were tri
lets.

The only available view of the restored in-

terior (fig. Io), that by Cockerell, now obvi-
ously demands many alterations, not only in
the measurements, but also in the elimination
of the inner halves of the Ionic capitals (which
Cockerell had treated as separate volutes pinned
to the buttresses), the elimination of the heavy
abacus of these capitals (by setting the archi-
trave directly on the volute cushion), and the
substitution of Corinthian for the Ionic capi-
tals on the angle buttresses. Five spreading
bases on each side, and one contracted base at
the rear; four Ionic capitals on each side, and
three Corinthian capitals across the rear; and
all eleven shafts composed of gray limestone to
a point just below the capitals, only the crown-
ing members being of white marble - such are
the essential elements of the internal colon-
nade as we now see it. And, in the entablature,
FIG. 9. RESTORATION OF A CORINTHIAN CAPITAL
ON A DIAGONAL BUTTRESS
we have the architrave of limestone, the sculp-
tured frieze of marble, and the cornice of lime-
stone again, an alternation of materials obvi-
main on the capital, two other corners ously
of theinspired by economy. The non-existent
same abacus." And at Bassae, among the hun-
gutter (sima) universally restored above the
dreds of stones which lie about the temple, I be eliminated, the wooden beamed
cornice must
found one which comes from the topceiling
of the
taking its place. And just under this flat
western diagonal buttress, cut to form the bed
ceiling, unillumined by the sun and only dim-
of a capital which was not merely a half capi-
ly perceptible through the murky atmosphere

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 213

of incense smoke, the high reliefs of the

exposed frieze
to the elements; the next
became an offering to the god,place
as wasit the
in the center of the roof
frieze
of the Parthenon, rather thanBut
an exhibition of
others objected that the go
art for mankind. with his nose immediately behin
To complete our general picture
thian of the in-
column, a most unsatisfac
terior we must visualize the cult statue
from the of the
viewpoint of those ente
main doorway;
god himself. We know from Pausanias Cockerell, there
that the

,v,.rEi,, TrHT. ,,mr-L AT ARIlNA .. - AND Al BASSAE r... r. 5Y

FIG. 10. THEORETICAL RESTORATION OF THE INTERIOR

OF THE TEMPLE

original was of bronze and thatplaced

it was carried
it sidewise in the rear room, facing the
off in 369 B. c. We know from rising
the sun
excavations
through the lateral east doorway. To
that it was replaced by a wooden
thisstatue, with
appropriate solution one might willingly
subscribe,
marble extremities, of which only some were it not for the fact that the so-
fingers
called
and toes are preserved. But where didirregular floor? pavement of this rear
it stand
room placed
The earliest investigators naturally in realityit
forms
in a pattern concentric
the center of the main room, around
which they
some objectas-
placed against the middle
of the open
sumed to have been a court entirely rear wall,
to directly
the behind the column.
Under such
sky. It was next observed that, while thiscircumstances,
might the statue would
have been possible for the bronze hardly have beenthe
original, unsymmetrically placed at
later wooden statue could not have been thus one side; and we may admit that the central

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214 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

object would not have been the ues statue itself,

likewise at Bassae; and their preliminary
because of the axial column. It seems prefer- visit had warned them that there was also an
able to assume that the statue was in its ac- internal frieze. The latter, as we have noted,
customed position in the main cella, before the they discovered almost in its entirety; and they
column; for we now have evidence that theunexpectedly recovered also some precious frag-
cella was neither an open court nor segmen- ments of a Doric frieze; but of the desired ped-
tally vaulted with an open skylight as suggest- iment statues there was no trace.
ed by Cockerell; the beds on the cornice indi- The most important of the Bassae sculptures
cate that here was an ordinary flat ceiling with are the twenty-three slabs of the Ionic frieze
great wooden beams crossing from side to side.which lined the interior, for a length of ioo feet
The rear room may then have been an adytum, 8i inches (30.687 m.),5 above the Ionic and

FIG. II. SLAB NUMBER 521 OF THE CENTAUR FRIEZE. BRITISH MUSEUM

Corinthian capitals. This frieze, because it is

perhaps an oracle chamber with its separate lat-
eral entrance, forming one of several links be-
practically complete, has been termed a corner-
tween Bassae and Delphi. stone of our knowledge of Greek sculpture;
Turning now to the field of decorative sculp-
but it is a cornerstone of which the composi-
ture, it may be recalled that there were three
tion has never been solved. The twenty-three
positions in which a fully appointed Doric
slabs are in the British Museum, apart from a
temple might be expected to receive such deco-
few small fragments discovered by Greek ex-
ration, namely, the pediments, the external
cavators a quarter of a century ago. Of these
frieze, and the internal frieze. The explorers of
additional pieces, only two are of technical im-
I812, after their experience at Aegina, had portance: the lower left corner of number 52I,
a hitherto unidentified fragment which re-
every expectation of discovering pediment stat-

5 The slabs themselves have an aggregate length of in the text is the new estimate of the exposed length
IOI ft. i in. (30.805 m.) at present; restoring the de-
of the sculptured frieze, subtracting overlapping cor-
ficiencies in nos. 52I and 530 we obtain a total ners.
of The numbers of the slabs are those employed
about Ioi ft. 2 in. (30.835 m.). The dimension givenin the British Museum.

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 215

mains at the temple, accurately fits

joints heits place
ruthlessly amputated c
and
(distinguished in fig. ii by the pared down
contrasting at- shoulders and e
mospheric effects of Bassae andwise London);
the slabs the
are self-containing,
lower left corner of number 536 was
senting trans- episode; we find
a distinct
ferred to Athens, and a casttionssent of
to figures
London by joints such a
occurred
was fitted into the frieze. The if the friezeas
subjects, hadis
been carved after
erection, and such as(fig.
well known, are two: the Centauromachy would have facilitated the
ii) occupies eleven of the shorter slabs,
reconstruction. the
In other words, we have twen-
Amazonomachy (fig. 12) twelvety-twoof the longer
independent compositions separated by
slabs; in consequence, one subject occupies
the slab joints. 9 the facts that we
Allowing for
feet 8k inches (2.969 m.) less space
know thanand
one junction thethat we can identify
other. This unequal division one
at slab
oncewhich adjoinedto
points a corner, and even

FIG. 12. SLAB NUMBER 538 OF THE AMAZON FRIEZE. BRITISH MUSEUM

a lack of symmetry which is not the least of assuming, furthermore, that the two different
our problems. As for the arrangement, we subjects were not indiscriminately intermin-
know that one slab (no. 540) is rebated to fit gled, nevertheless, if we had no more evidence
at a corner; but we do not know at which of than was at the command of our predecessors,
the four corners of the room. Two other slabs these twenty-three slabs would still permit
(nos. 527 and 528) fit together, because one is 6,952,804,02,320,00o different arrangements.
socketed to receive a protruding knee and hand Only six of these arrangements have yet been
from an adjoining slab (fig. I3); this is but one published,6 and all can be proved .wrong; the
instance of the builder's difficulty in squeezing difficulty of finding the right one remains.
into place a series of slabs which were obvious- All previous investigations have been based
ly carved in some other locality and did not mainly on the subjective aspect of sculptural
quite fit their designated positions; at other design. Apart from the fallibility of such meth-
6These are due to Stackelberg (I826), Cockerell ods, even if we could persuade ourselves that
( 860), Ivanoff (I865), Lange (I880), Murray (I883), we had succeeded in rediscovering the sculp-
and Smith (1892). tor's original meaning, there would always re-

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216 216 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

FIG. 14. TYPICAL DOWEL HOLE

(SLAB 537, RIGHT)

the dimensions on the frieze must have been

close to these, possibly slightly more or less. To
FIG. 13. SOCKETS FOR OVERLAPPING SCULPTURE allow for any irregularities of measurement or
(SLABS 527 AND 528) workmanship and for our uncertainty as to
the exact relationship of architrave and frieze
marble and leaving their sculptural content for we may concede a field of error amount-
planes,
later, examination. ing to 5i inches (0.14 m.) in the width and 7
inches (o.I8 m.) in the length. It is obvious
The first step in the solution must be accu-
rate measurement of the frieze slabs them- that analysis of the long sides, listing all pos-
selves, and of the periphery which they must sible combinations of eight or nine slabs fill-
have occupied in the temple. With regard toing the allowable dimension, would be a hope-
the slabs, addition of the published lengthsless task. Even with the short ends, containing
yields totals varying by 71 inches (o.I94 m.),either three or four slabs, the conditions could

7 Stackelberg's width of 13 ft. j in. (3-975 m.) and totals become about Ioo ft. 6 in. (30.632 m.) accord-
Lange's of 14 ft. 6j in. (4.427 m.) offer the greatest ing to Smith, ioi ft. 91 in. (31.034 m.) according to
contrasts in this direction; and Smith's dimension ofLange. These variations are cited merely to illustrate
35 ft. Iol in. (10.941 m.) and Stackelberg's of 37 ft. the prevailing uncertainty as to the primary condi-
4i in. (II.392 m.) are the extremes in length. Thetions of restoration.

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT'BASSAE 2I7

be filled by I69 different groups of

right corner, we slabs,
must also a
note that five other
total which would be greatly multiplied
centaur if
slabs contain slighter protrusions of
we considered the allowablethe
sequences within
same sort, eliminating them from left or
right
the groups. The necessity of corner positions.8
pairing two end We are now reduced
groups without duplicatingtoany132 available end groups, which may be
slab reduces
the number of groups to I60, paired
which may,
in 2,094 how-
different ways, with 10,450 per-
ever, be paired in 3,172 different waysofwhile
missible variations sequences.
Our next step is to consider the holes for
satisfying the mathematical requirements.
Further advance depends upon
securing observation
the frieze slabs in place. Of these only
of technical details which have not hitherto the two circular holes bored directly through

FIG. 15. DOWEL HOLE SUPERPOSED ON LIFTING HOLE (SLAB 53I, RIGHT)

been taken into consideration. Much of this the sculpture near the top of each slab (cf. fig.
evidence has been overlooked because all frac- I6) had been discussed in the past, and they
tures and cavities were immediately filled withhad been interpreted as holes for pegging the
cement under the direction of Richard West- thin frieze slabs to a more solid background of
macott, before the first authorized publicationwood or stone; and, since these so-called peg
holes are conspicuous in the background of
in I820. Thus, while it has always been obvi-
ous that the protruding hand and knee of the sculpture and do not represent a normal
number 528 (fig. I3) would not have permit- method of building, it had been assumed that
ted use of the latter at a left corner and that athis was a makeshift method and that the frieze
was set in place only after the temple had been
protruding shoulder at the right edge of num-
ber 520 could not have been employed at acompleted. But at Bassae I identified most of
the limestone blocks which had formed the
8 Thus we see that Cockerell and Smith erroneously
employed no. 529 at a left corner and that Cockerellbackers of the sculptured frieze, and they show
similarly misused no. 526 at a right corner. not a single peg hole (cf. fig. I7). In other

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2I8 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

words, the holes through thethe backers themselves

frieze must have are so fragmentary that
been used merely for the ropes which cannot
their arrangement lifted be independently de-
them into place, and so do termined.
not help There us
seemed to be little chance that
with
regard to the sequence. Northedo
front and rearconse-
they, halves of the clamps could
be matched.
quently, indicate that the frieze is later than
The alternative
the temple; and such a conclusion would was to examine
in the bottoms
any case be contradicted by of the frieze slabs,unpub-
Haller's where sixteen vertical holes
were clamp
lished statement that there are visible, though they had almost escaped
cuttings
notice.9that
on the top of the frieze, showing Some confusion arose from the fact
the frieze
was not an afterthought butthatwas
most of thesebefore
laid holes, though badly corrod-
the cornice. Following Haller's clue, I located while one was
ed, seemed to be rectangular,
three of these clamp cuttings in
certainly I927,
circular; twoand
of the new fragments
recovered at Bassae
thirty-three others in 1930, when the authori- in I907 also showed circu-
ties of the British Museum lar holes. Thispermitted
kindly confusion was intensified by the
fact that Haller, relying on his memory, repre-
. 1 sents the identical holes as round in one note-
I .
book, rectangular in another. The importance
of solving the problem is evident from the fact
that rectangular holes appear also on the top of
? %::~:,~,i!~:~:' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... the architrave which had supported the frieze
. : ~:...... ' s.' ....: . ' (cf. fig. 17); and these architrave blocks, now at
ic Bassae, I had succeeded in placing in their orig-
I ~ ~ ~ r F * '

inal sequence. Again the solution was obtained

only by removing patches of cement from the
frieze slabs in the British Museum. In many
1 FIG. 6. ARRANGEMENT OF EIGHT HOLES
FIG. i6. ARRANGEMENT OF EIGHT HOLES cases the rectangular dowel holes now emerged
ON A TYPICAL SLAB (NUMBER 533) almost as if fresh from the chisel (cf. fig. 14).
It was interesting to find that in some cases the
me to remove the concealing cement. Mean- work was begun by boring a drill hole hori-
while the above-mentioned limestone backers zontally from the face of the slab, designating
at Bassae had revealed the other halves of the the top of the dowel hole; and in a few in-
same clamp cuttings (cf. fig. 17), showing that stances the presence of a dowel hole, itself lost
the frieze slabs were secured in the usual man- in a fracture, was betrayed only by the survival
ner with double-T clamps on their tops, nec- of the circular drill mark. In all we now pos-
essarily laid before the cornice and therefore sess thirty-three dowel holes, and can define the
contemporary with the entablature as a whole. positions of several others within close limits;
With regard to the problem of arrangement, the short slab number 520 had only one hole
the clue offered by the clamps seemed most at the center, and four of the longer slabs, curi-
unattractive: of the original total number of ously enough, had a hole near one end but not
forty-six clamps we possess the front halves of at the other. During this removal of cement
thirty-six and the rear halves of seventeen, but two more of the vertical circular holes ap-

9 The sketches made in i812 by Wagner and Stack- fractures); Corbould in the publication of 1820 rep-
elberg (for the frieze publications of 1814 and 1826) resented only seven. Ivanoff shows "incavi verticali
show respectively thirty-five and twenty-one such per i perni" in his section (1865), and Lange observed
holes (six of the former being misinterpretations of nine holes but gave no explanation (i880).

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 219

peared; but, since they were cut at the middle

within.10 It has now become appare
of the slab thickness, they are for the most part between round and
stead of the confusion
now inaccessible. In one case square
(fig.holes,
15) a rec-
there were two distinct sets of

?? ?;?..'1?? z

I:? .:; ?? :?I_rj

'; ??
ji?;??":;i
1.?
'? .?i ??: ??? ;?? I ?? ;' ,- ,?;??' ?? ; ?:.." ?,
':, ??i` ' ? :.i i`- ?' ?'' :"? :. r?
?: ;;
-;? ..- .. .. t.:.? ;; I ,??,; ?I''? '-??
:I : ... ; .; ?? ?? . ??
-?' I?
.?;:?.;??t?? ?.::;??;??l:i?:: .:?I, ??'?'
\I
;, ?? :' `??'
:.. : ...' i i
? ?? .?
" -?????

;'; ???;;i.;:?
...

t;'
. : .
I.'. : ';1_?.. -??? ?? :..
..?..

1?1
t ???; tr?
??-'`..; 5' ::t

d I

FIG. 17. METHOD OF FASTENING FRIEZE SLABS TO ARCHITRAVE AND BACKER

tangular dowel hole, directly superposed on

holes
a at the bottoms of the slabs. Thus a typi-
cal frieze slab (fig. 16) contained eight holes,
circular hole, had broken through, suggesting
that the workman had cut the dowel hole in four on the bottom, two near the top, and two
ignorance of the presence of the circular hole (of T-shape) on the top. But the round holes
10 A second instance of the same occurrence is there- were not used for fastening, and correspond to
by explained. nothing on the architrave; they must have been

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220 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

obtain seventy-six
employed in connection with transporting the candidates, varyi
slabs up the mountain. On the other
onehand, the
to seventeen for each of the eigh
square holes were used for iron dowels which
positions. Incidentally, this process yi
first
pinned the frieze to the architrave clue
(fig. I7).to the orientation of the fri
It was with considerable optimism that I 540,
number be- abutted by either 537 or
gan to compare the thirty-three upper halves
cupied of
the southwest corner, the subj
dowel holes in the frieze slabs withbeing the Amazon battle. Further li
the twenty-
five lower halves of dowel holes in on the
view ofar-
the necessity of utilizing at
dowel
chitraves; the latter being fixed in hole it
position, in each slab, reduces the
seemed logical to proceed on theofaxiom thatfor corner positions to sixt
candidates
every dowel hole in the frieze must correspond
And, after due consideration of the p
to a hole (or at least to an adequateities of thein
fracture) joints and of the orientati
the architrave, and vice versa. But this effort
subjects, we finally reduce the number
was soon frustrated. The distances between the
able end groups to twenty-three, whi
centers of pairs of dowel holes on the archi-
be paired in twenty-four different wa
trave are from 7' to 12 inches (0.19 to 0.305
thirty-one permissible variations of se
m.), averaging io4 inches (0.260 m.),
Withwhereas
regard to the long sides of the
the average interval between the pairs
where ofitad-
is impracticable to group
joining dowels in the frieze (on either side of
according to their lengths, the proble
a joint) would have been I92 inches (0.495 m.).
again be attacked with reference to th
The discrepancy is particularly flagrant
for thein the
backers. Five of the latter show
case of the Amazon slabs, whereclamp the average
cuttings, between which must h
interval is 20o inches (o.5I8 m.), and the clos-
a frieze joint (cf. fig. I9); one of th
est combination possible would be
ersI5A inches
comes from the east side, two from
(0.384 m.), far exceeding the maximum per-
side or the south end, and two from
mitted by the holes on the architrave. It is
side or the south end. Pairing the fri
now evident that the dowel holes cannot be
in such a way that the added distances
matched. Yet we cannot assume that theyjoints
their were and clamps will equal cl
never used, since Haller and Stackelberg
tervals both
on the backers, we discover I66
allude to the discovery of bronze dowels in the could be satisfactorily c
slabs which
frieze. The only alternative is that
withtwo
theholes
five backers. The question of
were cut on each slab, and that from
the builders
among these rests upon the rela
utilized only the one which happened
betweento befrieze joints and the back
the
most convenient.11 At the present for
day,however,
the latter were fairly regular, at
we have no means of distinguishing which ofto half of the Ionic colum
equivalent
the dowel holes were actually utilized.
ing. A lengthy process of eliminatio
Returning, perforce, to the top of the frieze,
involves testing each pair of slabs in e
sition intask
we must attempt the seemingly hopeless combination with all the oth
of matching the clamps on two concentric rec- eventually limits us, on
and backers,
tangles, in both of which the sequence of six
side, to thepermissible groups of eigh
elements is unknown throughout.
all Beginning
fixed as to sequence. And, compa
at the corners, however, we can identify three with the dowel holes and
six sequences
of the L-shaped angle backers; and, by match-
1 A similar instance occurs at Sunion, w
ing the clamps of all frieze slabs which might
Doric frieze blocks have dowel holes at both
conceivably have fitted at cornerswere
(fig.fastened
i8), weat one end only.

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 FIG. I8. COMBINATION OF CORNER SLABS WITH CORNER BACK

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222 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

tion
on the architrave (assuming that ofslab
each the four faces without excess
must have been doweled at one end or the thus automatically limiting
crepancies,
other), we find ourselves limited to single sequence on the north, west, and
two groups.
and
Similarly on the east side, with the to now
field a single group (but with 120 per
tions of sequence)
restricted by the alternative identifications of on the east. This

FIG. 19. COMBINATION OF INTERMEDIATE SLABS WITH INTERMEDIATE BACKERS

the west slabs, we should be limited to sixteen

maining problem is now solved by te
groups (with 1,920 possible variations
thirteenof se-
available pairs of slabs fitting
east have
quence); and the same restrictions backers,
nowin combination with all
available
limited us to five sequences at the south slabs
end and backers, a proce
limits end.
and to a single sequence at the north us to five variations of sequ
If,
these five
furthermore, we compare the lengths of thevariations, in turn, when
comparison
opposite sides of the frieze, east with west andwith the dowel holes o
north with south, we find only one
style
combina-
(on the assumption that every

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 223

have been doweled at one end or the

with eachother),
other (within I in. [o.oI
may be eliminated with a singleends and 8 in. [0.004 m.] on the si
exception.
conform to the calculated dimensions on the
Such are the bare outlines of an investigation
architrave
which has covered several years (within i in. [0.006 m.] on the ends
of calculation.
and i in. of
Starting with an appalling number [0.037 m.] on the sides). All special
possibil-

_,I
>- " " J

FIG. 20. RECONSTRUCTION OF PEDIMENT BACKGROUND

ities, the process of attrition has gradually re- treatments at the j

duced them to a single survivor. In this ulti- and there are no con
mate solution (pl. I), the exposed lengths of ture, either in the
the opposite faces of the frieze not only agree frieze or at the cor

12 Such conflicting corner slabs occur in several of the ing at a corner), M

earlier restorations, as in those of Cockerell (no. 526 a corner), and Smith
at a right corner, no. 529 at a left corner, both with at a left corner, and
protruding sculpture), Ivanoff (524 and 540 conflict-

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224 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

the frieze slabs match corresponding cuttings

have sought refuge at the xoanon of Artemis,
and Apollo
(or at least breaks or patches where suchshoots
may the sacrilegious centaur
have been) on the backers, and across
vicethe
versa.
corner The
of the room at forty-five de-
backers themselves are uniformly spaced,
grees. break-
It seems evident, therefore, that the frieze
ing joints with the architraveslabs
below.
were set
And
up exactly
of in the order which
the frieze dowels, one on everyhad originally
slab fits a been proposed; the readjust-
cor-
responding hole (or a break or patch
ments duringwhere
the process of erection were all
such may have been) on the architrave, and
very slight, hardly affecting the general ap-
vice versa. pearance. Now, furthermore, the reason for the
It is time, therefore, to consider
hackedthe
jointsfrieze
and shortened slabs becomes ap-
once more as sculpture (pl. II),
parent:
and theto
sculptors
judgeworking at a distance
whether the new restoration is from the temple mistakenly
satisfactory also carved the relief
to the verythat
from this point of view. It so happens ends ofthe
most of the corner slabs,
frieze emerges without any of without reserving blank margins for overlap-
the incongrui-
ties which we might, perhaps, ping;
have andexpected.
the error had to be rectified at the
It seems to be perfectly relatedtemple
to its by architec-
reducing the lengths of the interme-
diate slabs.
tural environment. On the two long sides ac-
As for the
centuated groups occur directly above theDoric friezes, it has always been
capi-
noted that
tals of the Ionic columns (coinciding the metope
with the panels on the exterior
were
architrave joints in pl. II), and at theleftsouth
plain, whereas
end those over the inner
the chiastic group of TheseusDoric
and Hippolyta
porches, in accordance with Peloponne-
sian column.
carries up the axis of the central custom, wereTheoccupied by thin sculptured
north end frieze, in contrast, avoids
slabs. Triglyph blocksof
the use with recessed pockets for
a marked central group over such
theslabs
wide
exist door-
at Bassae; but the small frag-
ments of the
way, even to the extent of employing fourtwelve sculptured metopes in the
slabs
British Museum
instead of three.13 The separations between the have little to tell us that is

two subjects are marked by thenew.

blank left edge
With
of number 53214-preceded by the regard
tree of to the pediment statues, the new
num-
investigation hasto
ber 524, which brings the Centauromachy been
a as barren of results as
full stop -and, on the other side,wereby
thethe
original excavations; but we can now
three
stiff terminal figures at the right edge of num- at least, of their absence.
determine the cause,
These
ber 539. Only in the north frieze doenrichments
we meet of a the facades had not been
omitted;
momentary surprise, where the but modern explorers were anticipat-
stag-drawn
ed the
chariot of Artemis and Apollo at by their Roman
right predecessors. Probably two
cor-
of the
ner, rushing toward the right and so pediment groups with which Augus-
out of the
tusobjection.
picture, might seem to be a fatal decorated the temples of his capital were
But
a glance at the adjoining left corner stripped from
slab ofApollo's
the shrine at Bassae and
east flank indicates the reason: the divinities transported to Bouzi on the west coast, and
are coming to the rescue of the women who thence to Rome. The evidence is derived from
13 No previous restoration has suggested the use of technical details of construction. All the pub-
four slabs in an end frieze. lished restorations indicate that the pediment
14 This blank edge, bare for 5I in. (0.I4 m.), has al- background was composed of slabs set verti-
ways been regarded as the result of employment at a
cally as in the Athenian temples; but suspi-
corner. It was only after no. 532 was liberated from
this restriction that it became possible to approach the cions aroused by the discrepant numbers of
solution.
slabs, varying from five to sixteen in the differ-

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE 225

ent restorations, are increasedfixed byfact

by the Pausanias,
that it has been no
no such vertical slabs exist in the vicinity
modern writers of
accept his verdict
the temple. On the contrary, deny the architect
one finds blocks and even att
about I21 inches (0.31 m.) high with
pone their
the dateends
by a century. To m
beveled to fit the sloping cornice, and records
dent that the temple represents th
of other blocks of the same kind exist in hence
periods, and Hal- probably of t
ler's unpublished notebooks,men.
showing unmis-
Pausanias, in naming Iktino
takably that each pediment fering
background
a merewasconjecture as he di
constructed in six horizontal to the date;
courses (fig. and
20), the plan and p
such as no publication has yetfact, show distinct
suggested. And affinities wit
non.differs.
it is not only the construction that But the Doric order of the e
Cock-
erell had inferred, because the
in background
proportions was
and in details, is c
not recessed to exceptional to
depth (as in the
the Parthenon, just as the Io

FIG. 21. SIMA OF PEDIMENT. BRITISH MUSEUM

Parthenon and at Aegina), that

the no pediment
interior, with the discarded lim
sculptures were ever intended.tal,
Butrepresents
our tympa-one of the series of
num wall shows, for the entire
preceding
length of
the
the
standardization of t
Kallikrates
bottommost course on each facade, in the
a groove 5 temples at Athe
inches (o.I2 m.) high and cutwas
back 8 inches
created by Iktinos, as seems
(0.20 m.) into the wall, such ascase,
the couldit only
is impossible to accep
have served to receive a plinthconjecture
course support-
that it was later than th
rather
ing pedimental statues. Likewise at was it an immature work of
Olympia
of about
such a plinth must have existed, 450
as we B. c. On the other ha
learn
from weathered traces and the ble
absence of foot
Ionic and Corinthian capital
tured
cuttings on the pediment floor; in frieze and metopes of mar
this case,
however, no blocks of the backing
marble wall haveand the marble si
ceilings,
21) the
been identified. At Bassae, where and pieces
antefixes
of of the exterior a
post-Parthenon
the pediment floor are too fragmentary to yield in date, of about 4
feel that we
conclusive evidence, we have the supplemen- must attach a name to this later

man, it at
tary information that was lacking might well be that of Kallimachos, in-
Olympia:
the construction was identical in both instances.
ventor of the Corinthian capital and exponent
As for the date and the architect, seemingly
of the acanthus style.

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226 METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES

EPILOGUE

There is, after all, one detail wherein the been

article had fore- sent to Metropoli
Studies, I
going solution of the problem of the frieze made a final visit to Lon
might have been subject to criticism. At now
to test what the proved to be th
the entire
very point where the architectural structure.
evidence is I found that
most emphatic, in that a frieze backer from
interlocked perfectly (fig. 22); th
the west side (or south end) right
with clamp
arm ofcut-
the centaur of num
tings exceptionally close together, 5 inches
lapped the blank background of
(0.I3 m.), can hardly be matched except
and, of by
the centaur's protruding k

. .. AX

I?d
*- ;.f... ;4
:~~,_l~,?.~-

.. - ";,,

;-? _ ; X..

Fi 22. . . j i* ' .' ,F S N E. 'I" MUSE UM: .

FIG. 22. COMBINATION OF SLABS NUMBER 529 AND522. BRITISH MU ....EUM

pairing the frieze slabs numbers

ber 529
529, and
the 522
right fitted above and
low the knee
in that order, the sculptural evidence seemed of his fellow on nu
Most conclusive
most ambiguous. Repeated examination of the was the fact, inv
varying concave backgrounds the slabs
at the wereof
edges immured with the o
these two slabs, both with protruding sculp-
the left edge of number 522 had b
ture at the joints, had failed to away by
disclose the original builders for
wheth-
er or not they could have adjoinedthickness of the slab and for a h
without
collision. The authorities of theinches
British Muse-
(o0.75 m.) above the bottom
um thereupon offered to have the
sion two slabs
corresponding to nothing in th
cept the
extracted from the series and brought protruding left foreleg of
together
for comparison; and, though of number
the 529.
foregoing

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 SOUTH

rI I

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM STUDIES, 1933

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 I I t
I

WEST

I I

SOUTH
F
I I

EAST

PLATE II. RESTORATION OF THE INTERNAI

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 Am~~ K -/-I~
_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' d K -~J

WEST

NORTH

EAST

OF THE INTERNAL FRIEZE AT BASSAE

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 J i -? ?:
1
E. ?-?- -z ;r
I-S- i:
1%
..Y :E - ?,?. ?. .1%
-+?
t--- r
??i ?--C
r;
L1

s
ZI .r,
r

-AL

NORTH

METROPOLITAN MUSEUM COLLOTYPE

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 THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT BASSAE
227

REFERENCES CITED

Blouet, Abel, and others. Expedition scientifique

Epicuriode a Basse presso Figalia" and "La
Moree, vol. II. Paris, 1833. sizione architettonica della cella del Tem
Cockerell, Charles R. The Temples of JupiterApolloPanhel-
Epicurio a Basse presso Figalia." A
lenius at Aegina and of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
dell' Instituto di corrispondenza archeologic
near Phigaleia in Aricadia. London, i860.vol. XXXVII, pp. 29 ff.
(edited by S. P. Cockerell). TravelsLange,
in South-K. "Die Composition des Frieses von P
ern Europe and the Levant. London, I903 (for
lia." the
Berichte der sdchsischen Gesellscha
doubtful story of the Corinthian capital). Wissenschaften, I880, vol. XXXII, pp. 56 ff.
Dinsmoor, William B. Bassae: the Temple of Apollo
Murray, A. S. A History of Greek Sculpture,
near Phigalia. (In preparation.) Revised edition. London, 1890.
Donaldson, Thomas L., and others. Antiquities of
Smith, Arthur H. Catalogue of Greek Sculpt
Athens and Other Places in Greece and Sicily, etc., Museum, vol. I. London, I892.
the British
Supplementary to the Antiquities of Athens by
Stackelberg, Otto Magnus von. Der Apollote
lames Stuart and Nicholas Revett. London, I830.
Bassae in ArkJadien und die daselbst ausgegr
Bildwerke.
Ivanoff, Sergej. "I1 Bassorilievo del Tempio di ApolloFrankfort on the Main, 1826.

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