PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics

Spring 2022

∆𝒑 = 𝑭∆𝒕 ∆𝑬 = 𝑾 + 𝑸 ∆𝑳 = 𝝉∆𝒕
Lecture 04
Thursday, Jan. 20th
 RECAP: MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
ONE of THREE key principles used in this class
IMPULSE
∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 Time interval
during which
NET FORCE momentum
MOMENTUM changes, but
exerted
CHANGE of SYSTEM: over which 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
ON SYSTEM, BY
∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 − 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 SURROUNDINGS : is constant

EFFECT 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹Ԧ1 + 𝐹Ԧ2 + ⋯

CAUSE
This is also known as NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
 Momentum Principle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Y57pw_iWlk
 RECAP: Iterative Prediction of Motion
Momentum Update: Position Update
(last lecture):

𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∆𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∆𝑡

If we assume that the
average velocity is
related to the future
momentum, such that:
𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈
𝑚

𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Then we get: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 + ∆𝑡
𝑚

when the force is NOT strictly constant 4

 RECAP: Iterative Prediction of Motion
• Determine the Net Force acting on the system:
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 Estimate interaction
time ∆𝑡 from the
distance, 𝑑 travelled
• Update the Momentum: during the interaction:
𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∆𝑡 𝑑

Repeat
∆𝑡 ≈
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔
• Update the Position:
𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑟Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 + ∆𝑡 • Constant force:
𝑚
𝑣𝑓 +𝑣𝑖
𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
• NON-constant
𝑝Ԧ𝑓
force: 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑚
 FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
• Indicators of interactions…
– Change of speed
– Change of direction

• But, what kinds of interactions are there?

– 4 Fundamental kinds of interactions
Will focus on these
• Gravitational : Between masses in this chapter
• Electromagnetic : Between charges, static & moving
• Strong : Between quarks in a nucleus
• Weak : Between many kinds of elementary particles
 Gravitational Force
Force between any two objects
Universal Gravitation Constant
2 Directly proportional
𝑚
𝐺 = 6.67𝑥10−11 𝑁 2 to product of masses
𝑘𝑔
Along the
attractive direction of the
𝑚1 𝑚2 position vector
𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 =−𝐺 2
𝑟Ƹ from the center of
𝑟Ԧ one mass to the
center of the
other
Inversely proportional to
square of distance between the
centers of the masses
 Gravitational Force
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 =−𝐺 𝑟Ƹ
𝑟Ԧ 2

𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1
 Finding Gravitational Force
Given: Two masses:
• 𝑚1 at position 𝑟Ԧ1
• 𝑚2 at position 𝑟Ԧ2
Find: 𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1
1.Calculate: 𝑟Ԧ21 = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1
2.Calculate: 𝑟Ԧ21
𝑚1 𝑚2
Ԧ
3.Calculate: 𝐹21 = 𝐺 Ԧ 2
𝑟21 𝐹Ԧ2 1 = − 𝐹Ԧ2 1 𝑟Ƹ
𝑟Ԧ21
4.Calculate: 𝑟Ƹ =
𝑟Ԧ21
 Finding Gravitational Force : Example
Given: Planet (m2) orbits a Star (m1)
• 𝑚1 = 2x10+30 kg at position 𝑟Ԧ1 = −1, 1,0 × 10+10 𝑚
• 𝑚2 = 1.5x10+24 kg at at position 𝑟Ԧ2 = 1, 2,2 × 10+10 𝑚
Find: 𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1
1. 𝑟Ԧ21 = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1 = ( 1, 2,2 − −1, 1,0 ) × 10+10 𝑚 = 2, 1,2 ×
10+10 𝑚
2. 𝑟Ԧ21 = 22 + 12 + 22 × 10+10 𝑚 = 3 × 10+10 𝑚
𝑚1 𝑚2
Ԧ
3. 𝐹21 = 𝐺 Ԧ 2
𝑟21
𝑚 2 2𝑥10+30 𝑘𝑔 1.5𝑥10+24 𝑘𝑔
= 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁 2 +10 2
= 6.× 7𝑥10+23 𝑁
𝑘𝑔 3𝑥10 𝑚
𝑟Ԧ21 2,1,2 ×10+10 𝑚
4. 𝑟Ƹ = = = 0.67, 0.33,0.67
𝑟Ԧ21 3𝑥10+10 𝑚
5. 𝐹Ԧ21 = − 𝐹Ԧ21 𝑟Ƹ = − 4.47, 2.20,4.47 × 10+23 𝑁
 PROBLEM : Planetary Motion
Predict approximately, the motion of the Earth around
the Sun using time step ∆𝑡 = 1 month .
• Use a coordinate system with…
– Sun at the origin : 𝑟Ԧ𝑆 = 0, 0, 0
– Earth’s orbit in the x-y, plane

Givens…
• Mass of Sun: 𝑚𝑆
• Mass of Earth : 𝑚𝐸
• Initial position of Earth:
𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑖 = 𝑟𝐸 , 0,0
• Initial velocity of Earth:
𝑣Ԧ𝐸𝑖 = 0, 𝑣𝐸 , 0
 PROBLEM : Planetary Motion – Step 1
Apply Momentum Principle – System: planet Surroundings: Star
• Relative Position: 𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆 = 𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑖 − 𝑟Ԧ𝑆 = 𝑟𝐸 , 0,0
• Magnitude 𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆 = 𝑟𝐸
𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆
• Unit Vector: 𝑟𝐸𝑆
Ƹ = = 1, 0, 0
𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
• Gravitational Force: 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑆 = − 𝐺 Ԧ𝑆 2𝐸 𝑟𝐸𝑆
Ƹ = 𝐺 𝑆 2𝐸 −1,0,0
𝑟𝐸𝑆 𝑟𝐸
1
• Mom. Update: 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑆 ∆𝑡 → 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑆 ∆𝑡
𝑚𝐸
𝑚𝑆 𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝑆
→ 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 0, 𝑣𝑖𝐸 , 0 + 𝐺 ∆𝑡 −1,0,0 → 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = −𝐺 ∆𝑡 ,𝑣 ,0
𝑚𝐸 𝑟𝐸 2 𝑟𝐸 2 𝑖𝐸

• Position Update: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 ∆𝑡

2
𝑚𝑆
→ 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟𝐸 − 𝐺 ∆𝑡 , 𝑣 ∆𝑡, 0
𝑟𝐸 2 𝑖𝐸
 PROBLEM : Planetary Motion –
Next Steps
Repeat the same procedure three times to get
the next two steps…
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∆𝑡 in step 2

𝑝Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 in step 2=
𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 in step 1

𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 in
Step 2
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∆𝑡 in step 1

𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 in step 1 𝑝Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 in step 1

Gravity Near Earth’s
Surface
Gravitational Force
with Between 𝑚
𝑀𝐸
• Earth (𝑀𝐸 ) and
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑀𝐸 𝑚
• Mass (𝑚), at 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 𝐺 → 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 𝐺
𝑟Ԧ21 2 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑦 2
height 𝑦 above
surface of Earth 𝑟Ԧ21 = 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑦
𝑀𝐸 𝑚
But: 𝑅𝐸 ≫ 𝑦 So: 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑦 ≈ 𝑅𝐸 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 ≈ 𝐺 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 ≈ 𝑔𝑚
𝑅𝐸 2
2
𝑀𝐸 −11 𝑁
𝑚 6𝑥10+24 𝑘𝑔 𝑁
𝑔=𝐺 = 6.67𝑥10 → 𝑔 = 9.81
𝑅𝐸 2 𝑘𝑔2 6.4𝑥10+6 𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
Motion Prediction : 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = constant
• If 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 does not change with time, no need to update time
in small time steps, we can use one big time step.
• We can go from 𝑡𝑖 = 0 to 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡 in one step. So : ∆𝑡 = 𝑡

• Mom. Update : 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑡
𝑝Ԧ 𝑚
• Mom. Approx. : 𝑝Ԧ ≈ 𝑚𝑣Ԧ → 𝑣Ԧ ≈
𝑚

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2
• Pos. Update: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡
2𝑚
NOTE: This is true ONLY when
𝑣𝑖 +𝑣𝑓
Where : 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = constant
2 𝑝Ԧ𝑓
Otherwise 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈ 15
𝑚
 ACCELERATION
• Acceleration is the time rate of change of
velocity.
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡

• Newton’s Second Law: Relationship between

Net Force and Acceleration
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑚
Kinematic Expressions 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = constant
𝑎Ԧ = constant
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
• If 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 is constant with time, 𝑎Ԧ = is constant
𝑚
• Momentum Update becomes
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
𝑚

• Position Update becomes

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2 1 2
𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
2𝑚 2
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 𝑦

Projectile Motion
System: Projectile object 𝒗𝒊 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0
Surroundings: Earth

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
With negligible air drag, the 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0, −𝑚𝑔, 0
net force is gravitational.  𝑎Ԧ = 0, −𝑔, 0
𝒓𝒊 = 0, 0, 0 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥

Velocity vs. Time

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
𝑚
𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 , 0 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡
Position vs. Time
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2 1 2
𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
2𝑚 2
1
𝑥, 𝑦, 0 = 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 0 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 𝑡 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡 2
2
 Projectile Motion : 𝒗𝒙 𝒕 , 𝒗𝒚 𝒕 Graphs
Velocity vs. Time: 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 , 0 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 0𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔 𝑡

−𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡
 Projectile Motion : 𝒙(𝒕), 𝒚(𝒕) Graphs
1
Position vs. Time: 𝑥, 𝑦, 0 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 𝑡 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡 2
2

1
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 + 0𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑥 𝑦

(𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 /(2𝑔)

𝑡
𝑡 (𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)/𝑔 2(𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)/𝑔
Projectile Motion: Graphs Summary
X - direction 𝑣𝑦 Y - direction
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔
𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡

𝑡 −𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑥 𝑦
(𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 /(2𝑔)

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔

𝑡 𝑡
 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑎𝑛
Motion of Cart
Q2. A cart has a fan
mounted on it which is turned on and pushes the cart to the left. You give the
cart a nudge with your hand to the right and then let go. When the cart returns
to its starting position, you quickly stop and hold the cart. What will the
velocity vs. time graph look like? (+x direction is to the right)
A. Graph A
B. Graph B A B
C. Graph C
D. Graph D
E. None of above
C D
Reciprocity
Force that object 1
exerts on object 2 is…
• Equal in magnitude
and
• Opposite in direction
to…
…the Force that object
2 exerts on object 1.

This is also called…

𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 1 𝑏𝑦 2 = −𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1
Newton’s Third Law
 Reciprocity : Implications
Apply MP to system: object 1
Ԧ
• Impulse : ∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹∆𝑡 surroundings: object 2

• Reciprocity : 𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 1 𝑏𝑦 2 = −𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 ∆𝑝Ԧ1 = −∆𝑝Ԧ2

Apply MP to system: object 2
Change in Momentum of object 1 is… surroundings: object 1

• Equal in magnitude and

• Opposite in direction to…
…Change in Momentum of object 2.
∆𝑝Ԧ
But : ∆𝑣Ԧ ≈
𝑚
So: Even though ∆𝑝Ԧ1 = −∆𝑝Ԧ2 , ∆𝑣Ԧ1 ≠ −∆𝑣Ԧ2 if 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2
So, Change of Velocity of two different masses is different.
 Be Sure To…
• Complete
– Go to Brightspace
• See Syllabus and Course Schedule
– iClicker Registration
– HW 03 due 11:59 PM Friday (1/21)
– HW 04 due 11:59 PM Wednesday (1/26)
– Attend your assigned Recitation (by Registrar) this week! Recitation 02
can be found in Brightspace, Week 02 Folder.
– Attend your assigned Lab (by Registrar) this week! Lab 02 can be
found in Brightspace, Week 02 Folder.
• Read relevant sections in text as per syllabus, before next lecture

SEE YOU NEXT LECTURE!

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