PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics

Spring 2022

∆𝒑 = 𝑭∆𝒕 ∆𝑬 = 𝑾 + 𝑸 ∆𝑳 = 𝝉∆𝒕
Lecture 05
Tuesday, Jan. 25th
 Gravitational Force
Force between any two objects
Universal Gravitation Constant
2 Directly proportional
𝑚
𝐺 = 6.67𝑥10−11 𝑁 2 to product of masses
𝑘𝑔
Along the
attractive direction of the
𝑚1 𝑚2 position vector
𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 =−𝐺 2
𝑟Ƹ from the center of
𝑟Ԧ one mass to the
center of the
other
Inversely proportional to
square of distance between the
centers of the masses
 Gravitational Force
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 =−𝐺 𝑟Ƹ
𝑟Ԧ 2

𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1
 Finding Gravitational Force
Given: Two masses:
• 𝑚1 at position 𝑟Ԧ1
• 𝑚2 at position 𝑟Ԧ2
Find: 𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1
1.Calculate: 𝑟Ԧ21 = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1
2.Calculate: 𝑟Ԧ21
𝑚1 𝑚2
Ԧ
3.Calculate: 𝐹21 = 𝐺 Ԧ 2
𝑟21 𝐹Ԧ2 1 = − 𝐹Ԧ2 1 𝑟Ƹ
𝑟Ԧ21
4.Calculate: 𝑟Ƹ =
𝑟Ԧ21
 Finding Gravitational Force : Example
Given: Planet (m2) orbits a Star (m1)
• 𝑚1 = 2x10+30 kg at position 𝑟Ԧ1 = −1, 1,0 × 10+10 𝑚
• 𝑚2 = 1.5x10+24 kg at at position 𝑟Ԧ2 = 1, 2,2 × 10+10 𝑚
Find: 𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1
1. 𝑟Ԧ21 = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1 = ( 1, 2,2 − −1, 1,0 ) × 10+10 𝑚 = 2, 1,2 ×
10+10 𝑚
2. 𝑟Ԧ21 = 22 + 12 + 22 × 10+10 𝑚 = 3 × 10+10 𝑚
𝑚1 𝑚2
Ԧ
3. 𝐹21 = 𝐺 Ԧ 2
𝑟21
𝑚 2 2𝑥10+30 𝑘𝑔 1.5𝑥10+24 𝑘𝑔
= 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁 2 +10 2
= 6.× 7𝑥10+23 𝑁
𝑘𝑔 3𝑥10 𝑚
𝑟Ԧ21 2,1,2 ×10+10 𝑚
4. 𝑟Ƹ = = = 0.67, 0.33,0.67
𝑟Ԧ21 3𝑥10+10 𝑚
5. 𝐹Ԧ21 = − 𝐹Ԧ21 𝑟Ƹ = − 4.47, 2.20,4.47 × 10+23 𝑁
 PROBLEM : Planetary Motion
Predict approximately, the motion of the Earth around
the Sun using time step ∆𝑡 = 1 month .
• Use a coordinate system with…
– Sun at the origin : 𝑟Ԧ𝑆 = 0, 0, 0
– Earth’s orbit in the x-y, plane

Givens…
• Mass of Sun: 𝑚𝑆
• Mass of Earth : 𝑚𝐸
• Initial position of Earth:
𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑖 = 𝑟𝐸 , 0,0
• Initial velocity of Earth:
𝑣Ԧ𝐸𝑖 = 0, 𝑣𝐸 , 0
 PROBLEM : Planetary Motion – Step 1
Apply Momentum Principle – System: planet Surroundings: Star
• Relative Position: 𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆 = 𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑖 − 𝑟Ԧ𝑆 = 𝑟𝐸 , 0,0
• Magnitude 𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆 = 𝑟𝐸
𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆
• Unit Vector: 𝑟𝐸𝑆
Ƹ = = 1, 0, 0
𝑟Ԧ𝐸𝑆
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
• Gravitational Force: 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑆 = − 𝐺 Ԧ𝑆 2𝐸 𝑟𝐸𝑆
Ƹ = 𝐺 𝑆 2𝐸 −1,0,0
𝑟𝐸𝑆 𝑟𝐸
1
• Mom. Update: 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑆 ∆𝑡 → 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝐸𝑆 ∆𝑡
𝑚𝐸
𝑚𝑆 𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝑆
→ 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 0, 𝑣𝑖𝐸 , 0 + 𝐺 ∆𝑡 −1,0,0 → 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = −𝐺 ∆𝑡 ,𝑣 ,0
𝑚𝐸 𝑟𝐸 2 𝑟𝐸 2 𝑖𝐸

• Position Update: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 ∆𝑡

2
𝑚𝑆
→ 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟𝐸 − 𝐺 ∆𝑡 , 𝑣 ∆𝑡, 0
𝑟𝐸 2 𝑖𝐸
 PROBLEM : Planetary Motion –
Next Steps
Repeat the same procedure three times to get
the next two steps…
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∆𝑡 in step 2

𝑝Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 in step 2=
𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 in step 1

𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 in
Step 2
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑤 ∆𝑡 in step 1

𝑝Ԧ𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 in step 1 𝑝Ԧ𝑛𝑜𝑤 in step 1

 Balancing Forces
Q3. At what point should the 4m mass be placed such that
the net force gravitational force on the green mass, m
due to the blue mass m and the mass 4m is zero?
A. Point A
B. Point B 4m
C. Point C
D. Point D
m m
E. Point E
A B C D E

2 22 = 4
Gravity Near Earth’s
Surface
Gravitational Force
with Between 𝑚
𝑀𝐸
• Earth (𝑀𝐸 ) and
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑀𝐸 𝑚
• Mass (𝑚), at 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 𝐺 → 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 𝐺
𝑟Ԧ21 2 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑦 2
height 𝑦 above
surface of Earth 𝑟Ԧ21 = 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑦
𝑀𝐸 𝑚
But: 𝑅𝐸 ≫ 𝑦 So: 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑦 ≈ 𝑅𝐸 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 ≈ 𝐺 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 ≈ 𝑔𝑚
𝑅𝐸 2
2
𝑀𝐸 −11 𝑁
𝑚 6𝑥10+24 𝑘𝑔 𝑁
𝑔=𝐺 = 6.67𝑥10 → 𝑔 = 9.81
𝑅𝐸 2 𝑘𝑔2 6.4𝑥10+6 𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
Reciprocity
Force that object 1
exerts on object 2 is…
• Equal in magnitude
and
• Opposite in direction
to…
…the Force that object
2 exerts on object 1.

This is also called…

𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 1 𝑏𝑦 2 = −𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1
Newton’s Third Law
 Reciprocity : Implications
Apply MP to system: object 1
Ԧ
• Impulse : ∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹∆𝑡 surroundings: object 2

• Reciprocity : 𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 1 𝑏𝑦 2 = −𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 ∆𝑝Ԧ1 = −∆𝑝Ԧ2

Apply MP to system: object 2
Change in Momentum of object 1 is… surroundings: object 1

• Equal in magnitude and

• Opposite in direction to…
…Change in Momentum of object 2.
∆𝑝Ԧ
But : ∆𝑣Ԧ ≈
𝑚
So: Even though ∆𝑝Ԧ1 = −∆𝑝Ԧ2 , ∆𝑣Ԧ1 ≠ −∆𝑣Ԧ2 if 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2
So, Change of Velocity of two different masses is different.
Motion Prediction : 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
• If 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 does not change with time, no need to update time
in small time steps, we can use one big time step.
• We can go from 𝑡𝑖 = 0 to 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡 in one step. So : ∆𝑡 = 𝑡

• Mom. Update : 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑡
𝑝Ԧ 𝑚
• Mom. Approx. : 𝑝Ԧ ≈ 𝑚𝑣Ԧ → 𝑣Ԧ ≈
𝑚

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2
• Pos. Update: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡
2𝑚
NOTE: This is true ONLY when
𝑣𝑖 +𝑣𝑓
Where : 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = constant
2 𝑝Ԧ𝑓
Otherwise 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈ 13
𝑚
 ACCELERATION
• Acceleration is the time rate of change of
velocity.
𝑑 𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡

• Newton’s Second Law: Relationship between

Net Force and Acceleration
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑚
Kinematic Expressions 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝒂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
• If 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 is constant with time, 𝑎Ԧ = is constant
𝑚
• Momentum Update becomes
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
𝑚

• Position Update becomes

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2 1 2
𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
2𝑚 2
15
 𝑦

Projectile Motion
System: Projectile object 𝒗𝒊 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0
Surroundings: Earth

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
With negligible air drag, the 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0, −𝑚𝑔, 0
net force is gravitational.  𝑎Ԧ = 0, −𝑔, 0
𝒓𝒊 = 0, 0, 0 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑥

Velocity vs. Time

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑡 𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
𝑚
𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 , 0 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡
Position vs. Time
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2 1 2
𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
Ԧ
2𝑚 2
1
𝑥, 𝑦, 0 = 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 0 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 𝑡 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡 2
2
 Projectile Motion : 𝒗𝒙 𝒕 , 𝒗𝒚 𝒕 Graphs
Velocity vs. Time: 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦 , 0 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 0𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑦

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔 𝑡

−𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡
 Projectile Motion : 𝒙(𝒕), 𝒚(𝒕) Graphs
1
Position vs. Time: 𝑥, 𝑦, 0 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0 𝑡 + 0, −𝑔, 0 𝑡 2
2

1
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 + 0𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑥 𝑦

(𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 /(2𝑔)

𝑡
𝑡 (𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)/𝑔 2(𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)/𝑔
Projectile Motion: Graphs Summary
X - direction 𝑣𝑦 Y - direction
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔
𝑣𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡

𝑡 −𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑥 𝑦
(𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 /(2𝑔)

𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔 2𝑣𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃/𝑔

𝑡 𝑡
Recall: 𝐹Ԧ𝑓𝑎𝑛

Motion of Cart
Q1. A cart has a fan
mounted on it which is turned on and pushes the cart to the left. You give the
cart a nudge with your hand to the right and then let go. When the cart returns
to its starting position, you quickly stop and hold the cart. What will the
velocity vs. time graph look like? (+x direction is to the right)
A. Graph A
A B
B. Graph B
C. Graph C
D. Graph D
E. None of above
C D
 PROBLEM : Drawing a Graph
A cart, of mass m, is
positioned toward the end
of a friction free track that
is tilted at an angle of 10°.
A gentle push gives it an 𝜃 = 10°
initial speed of 1.0 m/s in
the +x direction as shown.
Draw a graph of its
position along the track,
from 𝑡 = 0 until it returns
to the origin.
Free Body Diagram : Normal Force
Q2. What is the direction of the normal
reaction force on the block and how
does its magnitude compare with the
magnitude of the gravitational force

A. It is vertically up and equal to the
gravitational force

B. It is vertically up, but smaller than the
𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣
gravitational force
C. It is perpendicular to the plane and
equal to the gravitational force.
D. It is perpendicular to the plane and
smaller than the gravitational force.
E. None of the above
22
 Inclined Plane

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 , 0, 0

 𝑚𝑔
RECALL: Kinematic Expressions : 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = constant
• If 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 does not change with time, no need to update time
in small time steps, we can use one big time step.
• We can go from 𝑡𝑖 = 0 to 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑡 in one step. So : ∆𝑡 = 𝑡

• Mom. Update : 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑡 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑣Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑡
𝑝Ԧ 𝑚
• Mom. Approx. : 𝑝Ԧ ≈ 𝑚𝑣Ԧ → 𝑣Ԧ ≈
𝑚

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2
• Pos. Update: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑡 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡
2𝑚
NOTE: This is true ONLY when
𝑣𝑖 +𝑣𝑓
Where : 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = constant
2 𝑝Ԧ𝑓
Otherwise 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈ 24
𝑚
 PROBLEM : Drawing a Graph
Force experienced by cart that
cause it to move (is due to
gravity) is constant. So, we get
position as a function of time: 𝜃

𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 2 𝜃 = 10°
𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑣Ԧ𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑚𝑔
2𝑚
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 2
We are only concerned with x-direction: 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑡
2𝑚
To find 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 we resolve 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 into
components : 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 = −𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Substituting various values into
the equation above we get:
−𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛10° 2
𝑥𝑓 = 0 + 1.0 𝑡 + 𝑡
2𝑚
𝑥𝑓 = 1.0 𝑡 − 0.85 𝑡 2
 Incline Plane Problem
y x
At t0 a block of mass M is released from rest at
the top of the slippery ramp at an angle θ. The
length of the ramp is L. Find the position of the
block 0.05𝑠 after it was released and slides 

down the ramp (origin is at bottom of ramp).


• First, we need to consider a coordinate
𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣
system.
– Choose your coordinate system such that the
x-coordinate is along the plane of motion.
• Next, we need to consider 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 and
direction each force acts in.

26
SOLUTION: Prediction of Motion Along
Incline Plane
STEP 1: Start @ 𝑡 = 0, So: 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 = 0, 0, 0 , 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 = 𝐿, 0,0
• Calculate 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖 = −𝐹𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑥 , −𝐹𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑦 +𝐹𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 , 0
→ 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖 = −𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ, −𝑀𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠θ + 𝑀𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠θ, 0

• Update Momentum: 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑖 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑖 ∆𝑡

→ 𝑝Ԧ𝑓 = 0, 0, 0 + −𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ, 0,0 ∆𝑡

𝑝Ԧ𝑓 +𝑝Ԧ𝑖
• Update the Position: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + ∆𝑡
2𝑀
1
→ 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝐿, 0,0 + −𝑀𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛θ, 0,0 ∆𝑡 2
2𝑀

Or an approximation in case the net force is not a constant

𝑝Ԧ𝑓
• Update the Position: 𝑟Ԧ𝑓 = 𝑟Ԧ𝑖 + ∆𝑡
𝑀
Fundamental Interactions
Of the four fundamental interactions, electromagnetic interaction
produces the “everyday” interactions we describe as “contact”
interactions between objects.

• Because of their charged constituents, the deformation of

neutral atoms can lead to unbalanced electric forces
between them.
• This is the fundamental explanation of “contact” interactions
between objects.
• Since electric interactions have the property of reciprocity, so
do those contact interactions.
 Electric Force
Force between two charges
Universal Constant Directly proportional to
1 9
𝑚
2
product of the charges
= 9𝑥10 𝑁
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐶2
Along the direction
of the position
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 vector from the
𝐹Ԧ𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 = 𝑟Ƹ center of one mass
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟Ԧ 2 to the center of
the other

Inversely proportional to
square of distance between the
centers of the charges
 Electric Force
Force between two charges

Like Charges Repel

Unlike Charges
Attract
Forces on Charge
Q4. The figure below shows two negatively charged
objects (with the same charge) and one positively
charged object. What is the direction of the net
electric force on the positively charged object?

A. Horizontal to the Left

B. Horizontal to the Right
C. Force is zero
D. None of the above
 Electric vs. Gravitational

Force between two Force between two

charges masses
𝐹Ԧ𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1 𝐹Ԧ𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 1
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑚1 𝑚2
= 𝑟Ƹ =−𝐺 2
𝑟Ƹ
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟Ԧ 2 𝑟Ԧ

Attractive or Similarities
Repulsive depending Always
upon signs of attractive
charges
Differences
 Momentum Conservation
Ԧ
• Impulse : ∆𝑝Ԧ = 𝐹∆𝑡
∆𝑝Ԧ1 = −∆𝑝Ԧ2
• Reciprocity : 𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 1 𝑏𝑦 2 = −𝐹Ԧ𝑜𝑛 2 𝑏𝑦 2

Applying this to SYSTEM &

∆𝑝Ԧ1 + ∆𝑝Ԧ2 = 0
SURROUNDINGS

∆𝑝Ԧ𝑆𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑝Ԧ𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 0
Total Momentum of System and
Surroundings Does NOT CHANGE
LAW OF MOMENTUM
CONSERVATION
 Momentum Conservation
There are multiple ways to define the
system, so…
• If Star 1 is system &
Star 2 is surroundings
∆𝑝Ԧ𝑆𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑝Ԧ𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 0

• If Both Stars 1 & 2 are the system,

there is nothing in surroundings
∆𝑝Ԧ𝑆𝑦𝑠 = 0

This is an Isolated System

 PROBLEM : COLLISION
Two vehicles, one traveling 𝑚1 = 2,000 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
East and one traveling North, 𝑣Ԧ1 = 20
𝑠
as shown, collide with each
other. After the collision, the 𝑚
𝑣Ԧ2 = 30
𝑠
wreck of the two vehicles
sticking together slides along
the road. What is the
magnitude and direction of the
wreck’s velocity immediately
after the collision?
𝑚2 = 1,000 𝑘𝑔
 PROBLEM : COLLISION
BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION
𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑠𝑓 sinθ

= 3,000 𝑘𝑔

𝑚1 = 2,000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑣Ԧ1 = 20
𝑠
𝜃 =?
𝑚 𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑥 = 𝑣𝑠𝑓 cosθ
𝑣Ԧ2 = 30
𝑠

𝑚2 = 1,000 𝑘𝑔

System: Both cars

Surroundings: Air, Road etc.
Assume: Frictionless surface, No air drag.
Isolated System: ∆𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 0 → 𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑖 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑓
 PROBLEM : COLLISION
BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION
𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑠𝑓 sinθ

= 3,000 𝑘𝑔

𝑚1 = 2,000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑣Ԧ1 = 20
𝑠
𝜃 =?
𝑚 𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑥 = 𝑣𝑠𝑓 cosθ
𝑣Ԧ2 = 30
𝑠

𝑚2 = 1,000 𝑘𝑔

𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑖 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑓
𝑝Ԧ1 + 𝑝Ԧ2 = 𝑝Ԧ𝑠𝑓
𝑚1 𝑣1 , 0,0 + 0, 𝑚2 𝑣2 , 0 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑥 , 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑠𝑓𝑦 , 0
𝑚1 𝑣1 , 𝑚2 𝑣2 , 0 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0
 PROBLEM : COLLISION
BEFORE COLLISION AFTER COLLISION

𝑚1 𝑣1 , 𝑚2 𝑣2 , 0 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0

4𝑥104 , 3𝑥104 , 0 = 3𝑥103 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 0
Separating into components:
4𝑥104 = 3𝑥103 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 || 3𝑥104 = 3𝑥103 𝑣𝑠𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Divide y-equation, by x-equation: 𝜃 = arctan 3/4 = 37°
𝑚
Substituting back: 𝑣𝑠𝑓 = 16.7
𝑠
 Multi-particle Momentum Principle
• A system of three
interacting particles. They…
– Exert forces on each other.
– Experience forces from
surroundings.
• Apply momentum principle
to each mass:
 Multi-particle Momentum Principle
• Change in Momentum of System:

Due to Reciprocity : 𝐹Ԧ1,2 = −𝐹Ԧ2,1 𝐹Ԧ1,3 = −𝐹Ԧ3,1 𝐹Ԧ2,3 = −𝐹Ԧ3,2

Mom. Change of System depends ONLY on Net Force from Surroundings.

NOT on the Internal Forces between particles in the System
 System Momentum & Center of Mass
• Every multi-particle system has
a center of mass (CM)
• Position of CM, depends upon
the positions of each mass:

• Velocity of CM depends upon

momentum of system:

where
 Momentum Principle for System
The CM of a non-relativistic,
multi-particle system moves like
a single particle system that:
• has mass equal to total mass
of system, 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
• is subject to net external force
on system by surroundings,
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
Momentum Principle for System is given by:
 DEMO : Trajectory of System’s CM

• Point on object might spin, but

Center of Mass (CM) moves
along parabola
Trajectory of a Binary-Star System’s
Center of Mass

click to run demo 6

• Since the binary system is far from
other objects and, so, is isolated.
• CM travels at constant speed as
stars orbit each other
 Be Sure To…
• Complete
– Go to Brightspace
• See Syllabus and Course Schedule
– iClicker Registration
– HW 04 due 11:59 PM Wednesday (1/26)
– HW 05 due 11:59 PM Friday (1/28)
– Attend your assigned Recitation (by Registrar) this week! Recitation 03
can be found in Brightspace, Week 03 Folder.
– Attend your assigned Lab (by Registrar) this week! Lab 03 can be found
in Brightspace, Week 03 Folder.
– Problem Quiz 01: Thursday (1/27), 24 Hr window to complete via Lon-
Capa
• Read relevant sections in text as per syllabus, before next lecture

SEE YOU NEXT LECTURE!

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