Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

[Problem No. 1] Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported beam of length 𝐿 carrying a
concentrated load at the midspan.

Solution:

𝑥
𝑃

𝐴 𝐶
𝛿 𝐵

𝐴𝑦 = 𝑃/2 𝐵𝑦 = 𝑃/2
𝐿
Figure 1.1

General moment equation of the beam:

1 1
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃 〈𝑥 − 𝐿〉
2 2
𝑑2𝑦 1 1
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃 〈𝑥 − 𝐿〉
𝑑𝑥 2 2

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑃𝑥 2 − 𝑃 〈𝑥 − 𝐿〉2 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 4 2 2
1 3
1 1 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃 〈𝑥 − 𝐿〉 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
12 6 2

Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 𝐿, 𝑦 = 0:
1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0 = 𝑃(𝐿)3 − 𝑃 〈𝐿 − 𝐿〉3 + 𝐶1 (𝐿) + 0
12 6 2
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0 = 𝑃𝐿3 − 𝑃𝐿3 + 𝐶1 𝐿
12 48
1 2
𝐶1 = − 𝑃𝐿
16

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑃𝑥 2 − 𝑃 〈𝑥 − 𝐿〉2 − 𝑃𝐿2
𝑑𝑥 4 2 2 16
1 1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑃𝑥 3 − 𝑃 〈𝑥 − 𝐿〉3 − 𝑃𝐿2 𝑥
12 6 2 16

Maximum deflection will occur at 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿/2 (midspan)

1 𝐿 3 1 𝐿 1 3 1 𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃 ( ) − 𝑃 ( − 𝐿) − 𝑃𝐿2 ( )
12 2 6 2 2 16 2
1 3
1 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝐿 − 0 − 𝑃𝐿
96 32
3
𝑃𝐿
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
48𝐸𝐼
𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ↓
𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

[Problem No. 2] Determine the maximum deflection δ in a simply supported beam of length 𝐿 carrying a uniformly
distributed load of intensity 𝑤 applied over its entire span.

Solution:

𝑥
𝑤

𝐴 𝐵
𝛿

𝐴𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿/2 𝐵𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿/2
𝐿
Figure 1.2

General moment equation of the beam:

1 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑤𝐿𝑥 − 𝑤𝑥 ( )
2 2
𝑑2𝑦 1 1
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑤𝐿𝑥 − 𝑤𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 2

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑤𝐿𝑥 2 − 𝑤𝑥 3 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 4 6
1 3
1 4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿𝑥 − 𝑤𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
12 24

Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 𝐿, 𝑦 = 0:
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0 = 𝑤𝐿(𝐿)3 − 𝑤(𝐿)4 + 𝐶1 (𝐿) + 0
12 24
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0 = 𝑤𝐿4 − 𝑤𝐿4 + 𝐶1 𝐿
12 24
1
𝐶1 = − 𝑤𝐿3
24

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑤𝐿𝑥 2 − 𝑤𝑥 3 − 𝑤𝐿3
𝑑𝑥 4 6 24
1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿𝑥 3 − 𝑤𝑥 4 − 𝑤𝐿3 𝑥
12 24 24

Maximum deflection will occur at 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐿/2 (midspan)

1 𝐿 3 1 𝐿 4 1 𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑤𝐿 ( ) − 𝑤( ) − 𝑤𝐿3 ( )
12 2 24 2 24 2

1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤𝐿4 − 𝑤𝐿4 − 𝑤𝐿4
96 384 48
5𝑤𝐿4
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
384𝐸𝐼
5𝑤𝐿4
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ↓
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

[Problem No. 3] The simply supported beam shown below carries a load of intensity 𝑤 symmetrically distributed
over part of its length. Determine the maximum deflection δ.

Solution:

𝑥
𝑤

𝐴 𝐵
𝛿

𝐴𝑦 = 𝑏𝑤 𝐵𝑦 = 𝑏𝑤
𝑎 2𝑏 𝑎
𝐿

Figure 1.3

General moment equation of the beam:

1
𝑀 = 𝑏𝑤𝑥 − 𝑤〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉2
2
𝑑2𝑦 1
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑏𝑤𝑥 − 𝑤〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉2
𝑑𝑥 2

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑏𝑤𝑥 2 − 𝑤〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉3 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 6
1 3
1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑏𝑤𝑥 − 𝑤〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 24

Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (midspan), 𝜃 = 0:
1 1
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 𝑤〈𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎〉3 + 𝐶1
2 6
1 1
0 = 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 𝑤𝑏 3 + 𝐶1
2 6
1 1
𝐶1 = 𝑤𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)2
3
6 2

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑏𝑤𝑥 2 − 𝑤〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉3 + 𝑤𝑏 3 − 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)2
𝑑𝑥 2 6 6 2
1 3
1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑏𝑤𝑥 − 𝑤〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉 + [ 𝑤𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 ] 𝑥
4 3
6 24 6 2
1 3
1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑏𝑤𝑥 − 𝑤〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉 + 𝑤𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 𝑥
4 3
6 24 6 2

Maximum deflection will occur at 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 (midspan)

1 1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − 𝑤〈𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑎〉4 + 𝑤𝑏 3 (𝑎 + 𝑏) − 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
6 24 6 2

1 1 1
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑏𝑤(𝑎 + 𝑏)3 − 𝑤𝑏 4 + 𝑤𝑏 3 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
3 24 6
1 3 3 2 (𝑎
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝑤𝑏[8(𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑏 − 4𝑏 + 𝑏)]
24
𝒘𝒃
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = [𝟖(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 − 𝟒𝒃𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)] ↓
𝟐𝟒𝑬𝑰

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

[Problem No. 4] The simply supported beam carries a uniformly distributed load and a concentrated load as shown
in the figure below. Calculate the maximum deflection that occurs on the beam using the slope and deflection
equations considering 𝐸𝐼 to be constant.
135 kN
22 kN/m

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
2m 1.3 m 1.7 m

𝐸 = 10.5 𝐺𝑃𝑎
4
𝐼 = 8325 × 106 mm

Figure 1.4a

Solution:

𝑥
22 kN/m 135 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶
2m 1.3 m 1.7 m

81.1 kN 97.9 kN

Figure 1.4b

General moment equation of the beam:

22
𝑀 = 97.9𝑥 − 135〈𝑥 − 1.7〉 − 〈𝑥 − 3〉2
2
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 97.9𝑥 − 135〈𝑥 − 1.7〉 − 11〈𝑥 − 3〉2
𝑑𝑥

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦 97.9 2 135 11
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 1.7〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 3〉3 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 2 3
97.9 3 45 11
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 1.7〉3 − 〈𝑥 − 3〉4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 2 12
Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 5 m, 𝑦 = 0:
97.9 45 11
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0 = (5)3 − 〈5 − 1.7〉3 − 〈5 − 3〉4 + 𝐶1 (5) + 0
6 2 12
𝐶1 = −243.267 kN-m2

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 97.9 2 135 11
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 1.7〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 3〉3 − 243.267
𝑑𝑥 2 2 3
97.9 3 45 11
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 1.7〉3 − 〈𝑥 − 3〉4 − 243.267𝑥
6 2 12

Locating for the distance 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 by setting the slope to zero (𝜃 = 0), we have
97.9 2 135 11
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 1.7〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 3〉3 − 243.267
2 2 3
𝑥 = 2.35 m → Invalid!

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

97.9 2 135
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 1.7〉2 − 243.267
2 2
𝑥1 = 2.36 m → Okay!
𝑥 = 10.01 m → Invalid!

Therefore, 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.36 m.

Solving for the maximum deflection, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 by substituting 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.36 m to the deflection equation, we have
97.9 45
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (2.36)3 − 〈2.36 − 1.7〉3 − 243.267(2.36)
6 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = −366.11 kN-m3
−366.11(1000)3
𝑦=
10.5(8325 × 106 )
𝑦 = −4.19 mm
𝒚 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 mm ↓ → answer

[Problem No. 5] The beam in the figure below is loaded as shown. Calculate the maximum deflection that occurs
on the beam considering 𝐸𝐼 to be constant.

200 kN/m
1800 kN-m

𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
2m 2m 2m 2m

𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐼 = 710 × 106 mm4
Figure 1.5a

Solution:

𝑥
200 kN/m
1800 kN-m

𝐴 𝐸
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
2m 2m 2m 2m
300 kN 500 kN

Figure 1.5b

General moment equation of the beam:

200
𝑀 = 300𝑥 − 1800〈𝑥 − 2〉0 − 〈𝑥 − 4〉2 + 500〈𝑥 − 6〉
2
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 300𝑥 − 1800〈𝑥 − 2〉0 − 100〈𝑥 − 4〉2 + 500〈𝑥 − 6〉
𝑑𝑥

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦 100
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 150𝑥 2 − 1800〈𝑥 − 2〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 4〉3 + 250〈𝑥 − 6〉2 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 3
25 250
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 50𝑥 3 − 900〈𝑥 − 2〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 4〉4 + 〈𝑥 − 6〉3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 3

Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 6 m, 𝑦 = 0:

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

25 250
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0 = 50(6)3 − 900〈6 − 2〉2 − 〈6 − 4〉4 + 〈6 − 6〉3 + 𝐶1 (6) + 0
3 3
𝐶1 = 622.22 kN-m2

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 100
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 150𝑥 2 − 1800〈𝑥 − 2〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 4〉3 + 250〈𝑥 − 6〉2 + 622.22
𝑑𝑥 3
25 250
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 50𝑥 3 − 900〈𝑥 − 2〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 4〉4 + 〈𝑥 − 6〉3 + 622.22𝑥
3 3

Locating for the distance 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 by setting the slope to zero (𝜃 = 0), we have
100
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 150𝑥 2 − 1800〈𝑥 − 2〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 4〉3 + 250〈𝑥 − 6〉2 + 622.22
3
𝑥 = 3.50 m → Invalid!

100
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 150𝑥 2 − 1800〈𝑥 − 2〉2 − 〈𝑥 − 4〉3 + 622.22
3
𝑥 = 3.07 m → Invalid!
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 150𝑥 2 − 1800〈𝑥 − 2〉2 + 622.22
𝑥1 = 1.30 m → Invalid!
𝑥2 = 3.06 m → Okay!

𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 150𝑥 2 + 622.22

𝑥 = 1.30 m → Okay!

Try, 𝑥 = 3.06 m and 𝑥 = 1.30 m, and 𝑥 = 8.0 m,

Solving for the deflection, 𝑦 by substituting 𝑥 = 3.06 m to the deflection equation, we have
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 50(3.06)3 − 900(3.06 − 2)2 + 622.22(3.06)
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 2325.56 kN-m3
2325.56(1000)3
𝑦=
200(710 × 106 )
𝑦 = 16.31 mm ↑

Solving for the deflection, 𝑦 by substituting 𝑥 = 1.30 m to the deflection equation, we have
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 50(1.30)3 + 622.22(1.30)
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 918.74 kN-m3
918.74(1000)3
𝑦=
200(710 × 106 )
𝑦 = 6.47 mm ↑

Solving for the deflection, 𝑦 by substituting 𝑥 = 8.0 m to the deflection equation, we have
25 250
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 50(8)3 − 900〈8 − 2〉2 − 〈8 − 4〉4 + 〈8 − 6〉3 + 622.22(8)
3 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = −3288.91 kN-m3
−3288.91(1000)3
𝑦=
200(710 × 106 )
𝑦 = −23.16 mm
𝒚 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 mm ↓

Therefore, 𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 mm ↓ located at the overhang of the beam. → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

[Problem No. 6] Compute the midspan value of 𝐸𝐼δ for the beam loaded as shown below.
600 N/m

𝐴 𝐵

1m 3m 2m

𝐸𝐼 = constant

Figure 1.6a

Solution:

𝑥
600 N/m

𝐴 𝐵

1m 3m 2m

1050 N 𝐸𝐼 = constant 750 N

Figure 1.6b

General moment equation of the beam:

1 1
𝑀 = 1050𝑥 − (600)〈𝑥 − 1〉2 + (600)〈𝑥 − 4〉2
2 2
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 1050𝑥 − 300〈𝑥 − 1〉 + 300〈𝑥 − 4〉2
2
𝑑𝑥

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 525𝑥 2 − 100〈𝑥 − 1〉3 + 100〈𝑥 − 4〉3 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 175𝑥 3 − 25〈𝑥 − 1〉4 + 25〈𝑥 − 4〉4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2

Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 6 m, 𝑦 = 0:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 175(6)3 − 25〈6 − 1〉4 + 25〈6 − 4〉4 + 𝐶1 (6) + 0
𝐶1 = −3762.5 N-m2

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 525𝑥 2 − 100〈𝑥 − 1〉3 + 100〈𝑥 − 4〉3 − 3762.5
𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 175𝑥 3 − 25〈𝑥 − 1〉4 + 25〈𝑥 − 4〉4 − 3762.5𝑥

Deflection at midspan, when 𝑥 = 3 m

𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 175(3)3 − 25〈3 − 1〉4 − 3762.5𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = −6962.5 N-m3
𝑬𝑰𝜹𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 = 𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 N-m3 ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

[Problem No. 7] Determine the midspan and the maximum deflection of the beam shown below.
600 N/m

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
4m 2m

𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 80 GPa
𝐼 = 753 × 103 mm4

Figure 3.2a

Solution:
600 N/m 𝑥

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
4m 2m

2800/3 N 800/3 N

Figure 3.2a

Solving for the 𝑧,

𝑧 600
=
𝑥−2 4
𝑧 = 150〈𝑥 − 2〉

General moment equation of the beam:

800 1 〈𝑥 − 2〉
𝑀= 𝑥 − 𝑧〈𝑥 − 2〉
3 2 3
800 1 〈𝑥 − 2〉
𝑀= 𝑥 − 150〈𝑥 − 2〉〈𝑥 − 2〉
3 2 3
800 3
𝑀= 𝑥 − 25〈𝑥 − 2〉
3
2
𝑑 𝑦 800
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑥 − 25〈𝑥 − 2〉3
𝑑𝑥 3

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦 400 2 25
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉4 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 3 4
400 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1.25〈𝑥 − 2〉5 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
9

Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 6 m, 𝑦 = 0:
400
0= (6)3 − 1.25〈6 − 2〉5 + 𝐶1 (6) + 0
9
𝐶1 = −4160/3 N-m2

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 400 2 25 4160
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉4 −
𝑑𝑥 3 4 3
400 3 5
4160
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1.25〈𝑥 − 2〉 − 𝑥
9 3

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

Deflection at midspan, when 𝑥 = 3 m

400 4160
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (3)3 − 1.25〈3 − 2〉5 − (3)
9 3
3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = −2961.25 N-m
2961.25(1000)2
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = −
80(753 × 103 )
𝜹𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟏𝟔 mm ↓ → answer

Locating for the distance 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 by setting the slope to zero (𝜃 = 0), we have
400 2 25 4160
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉4 −
3 4 3
𝑥1 = 7.67 m → Invalid!
𝑥2 = 3.24 m → Okay!

Solving for the deflection, 𝑦 by substituting 𝑥 = 3.24 m to the deflection equation, we have
400 4160
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (3.24)3 − 1.25〈3.24 − 2〉5 − (3.24 )
9 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = −2984.78 N-m3
−2984.78 (1000)2
𝑦=
200(710 × 103 )
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 mm ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Double Integration Method

[Problem No. 8] Solve for the maximum deflection of a simply supported beam spanning to 5 m, loaded with a
concentrated couple with magnitude of 60 kN-m at one of its supports. Take 𝐸𝐼 as constant with 𝐸 = 80 GPa, 𝐼 =
210 × 106 mm4. Indicate correct direction of the deflection in accordance to the given load.

Solution:
60 kN-m 𝑥

𝐴 𝐵

5m

12 kN 12 kN

Figure 1.8a

General moment equation of the beam:

𝑀 = 12𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 12𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 6𝑥 2 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2

Boundary Conditions:
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 5 m, 𝑦 = 0:
0 = 2(5)3 + 𝐶1 (5) + 0
𝐶1 = −50 kN-m2

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 6𝑥 2 − 50
𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 50𝑥

Locating for the distance 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 by setting the slope to zero (𝜃 = 0), we have
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 6𝑥 2 − 50
𝑥1 = 2.89 m → Okay!
𝑥2 = −2.89 m → Invalid!

Solving for the maximum deflection, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 by substituting 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.89 m to the deflection equation, we have
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 50𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2(2.89)3 − 50(2.89)
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −96.22 kN-m3
−96.22 (1000)3
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
80(210 × 106 )
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟑 mm ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

Area-Moment Method

1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐴
𝐸𝐼
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵
𝐸𝐼

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

[Problem No. 1] Determine the deflection 6 ft from the wall for the beam loaded as shown in the figure below.
80 lb/ft

𝐶
𝐴 𝐵
6 ft 2 ft
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 1.5 × 106 psi
𝐼 = 40 in4

Figure 2.1a

Solution:
80 lb/ft

𝐶
2560 lb-ft 𝐴 𝐵
6 ft 2 ft
640 lb 3840

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

-2560

2nd degree -1440

2’ 1.5’
3’
𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 2.1b

𝐴 6 ft 𝐵 2 ft 𝐶
𝛿𝐵 = 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 Tangent line at 𝐴

Figure 2.1c
(Beam Geometry)

Computing for the tangential deviations (refer in Figure 2.1b), we have

1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (3840)(6)(2) − (2560)(6)(3) − (1440)(6)(1.5)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = −27360/𝐸𝐼 lb-ft3
27360(12)3
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = −
1.5 × 106 (40)
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = −0.788 in
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟖 in ↓ → answer

[Problem No. 2] Use the area-moment method to determine the deflections at points 𝐵 and 𝐶 of the beam shown.

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

250 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 200 GPa
𝐼 = 462 × 106 mm4

Figure 2.1a

Solution:
250 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
62.5 N 187.5 N
562.5
375

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶 2m
2m 6m
𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 2.1b

6m 𝐵 3m 𝐶 3m 𝐷
𝐴
𝛿𝐵 𝛿𝐶
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝑡𝐶/𝐴
Tangent line at 𝐴

Figure 2.1c
(Beam Geometry)
Create variable relationships using the geometry in Figure 2.1c,
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 𝑡𝐶/𝐴 + 𝛿𝐶
=
12 9
3
𝛿𝐶 = (𝑡𝐷/𝐴 ) − 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
4

𝑡𝐷/𝐴 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 + 𝛿𝐵
=
12 6
1
𝛿𝐵 = (𝑡𝐷/𝐴 ) − 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
2

Computing for the tangential deviations (refer in Figure 2.1b), we have

1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐷 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐷
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (562.5)(9)(6) + (562.5)(3)(2)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2
16875
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method
1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐶
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (562.5)(9)(3)]
𝐸𝐼 2
7593.75
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (375)(6)(2)]
𝐸𝐼 2
2250
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

Solving for the deflection at point 𝐶,

3 16875 7593.75
𝛿𝐶 = ( )−
4 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐶 = 5062.5 kN-m3
5062.5(1000)3
𝛿𝐶 =
200(462 × 106 )
𝜹𝑪 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 mm ↓ → answer

1 16875 2250
𝛿𝐵 = ( )−
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐵 = 6187.5 kN-m3
6187.5 (1000)3
𝛿𝐵 =
200(462 × 106 )
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟔 mm ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

[Problem No. 3] Use the area-moment method to determine the slopes at ends of 𝐴 and 𝐷 and the deflections at
points 𝐵 and 𝐶 of the beam shown.
270 kN 180 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 12.5 GPa
𝐼 = 1.92 × 1010 mm4

Figure 2.3a

Solution:
270 kN 180 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
180 kN 1620 270 kN

1080
810

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶 2m

-810
8m 4m
6m 6m
𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 2.3b

𝐴 6m 𝐵 3m 𝐶 3m 𝐷
𝜃𝐴 𝛿𝐵 𝛿𝐶 𝜃𝐷
𝑡𝐵/𝐴
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝑡𝐴/𝐷 Tangent line at 𝐴 𝜃𝐴𝐷

Tangent line at 𝐷

Figure 2.3c
(Beam Geometry)

Create variable relationships using the geometry in Figure 2.1c,

𝑡𝐷/𝐴 𝑡𝐶/𝐴 + 𝛿𝐶
=
12 9
3
𝛿𝐶 = (𝑡𝐷/𝐴 ) − 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
4

𝑡𝐷/𝐴 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 + 𝛿𝐵
=
12 6
1
𝛿𝐵 = (𝑡𝐷/𝐴 ) − 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
2

𝜃𝐴𝐷 = 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐷

Computing for the tangential deviations (refer in Figure 2.2b), we have

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method
1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐷 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐷
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (1620)(9)(6) + (810)(3)(2) − (810)(3)(4)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2 2
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = 41310/𝐸𝐼 kN-m3

1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐶
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (1620)(9)(3) − (810)(3)(1)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = 20655/𝐸𝐼 kN-m3

1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (1080)(6)(2)]
𝐸𝐼 2
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 6480/𝐸𝐼 kN-m3

1
𝜃𝐴𝐷 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐷
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝜃𝐴𝐷 = [ (1620)(9) + (810)(3) − (810)(3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2 2
𝜃𝐴𝐷 = 7290/𝐸𝐼 kN-m2

Solving for the deflection at point 𝐶,

3 41310 20655
𝛿𝐶 = ( )−
4 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐶 = 10327.5 kN-m3
10327.5 (1000)3
𝛿𝐶 =
12.5(19200 × 106 )
𝜹𝑪 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 mm ↓ → answer

Solving for the deflection at point 𝐵,

1 41310 6480
𝛿𝐵 = ( )−
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐵 = 14175 kN-m3
14175 (1000)3
𝛿𝐵 =
12.5(19200 × 106 )
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟔 mm ↓ → answer

Solving for the slope at point 𝐴,

𝑡𝐷/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
12
41310
𝜃𝐴 =
12𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐴 = 3442.5/𝐸𝐼 kN-m2
3442.5(1000)2
𝜃𝐴 =
12.5(19200 × 106 )
𝜽𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟑 radians ↻ → answer

Solving for the slope at point 𝐷,

7290 3442.5
= + 𝜃𝐷
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐷 = 3847.5/𝐸𝐼 kN-m2
3847.5(1000)2
𝜃𝐷 =
12.5(19200 × 106 )
𝜽𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟎 radians ↺ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

[Problem No. 4]For the beam shown in the figure below, find the value of 𝐸𝐼δ at 2 ft from the right support and
the maximum deflection, 𝐸𝐼δM of the beam.
80 lb/ft

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
4 ft 2 ft
𝐸𝐼 = constant

Figure 2.3a

Solution:
80 lb/ft

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
4 ft 2 ft
640/3 lb 320/3 lb

8/3’ 4/3’ 2560/3

𝑥𝑚

640/3
𝑧1
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
2nd degree 𝑀 4/3’
𝑧2 2/3’
-640
3’ 1’

𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 2.3b

𝐴 4 ft 𝑀 𝐵 2 ft 𝐶
𝜃𝐴 𝛿𝑀 𝑡𝐴/𝑀 𝛿𝐵

𝜃𝐴𝑀
𝑡𝐴/𝐶 Tangent line at 𝑀 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
𝑡𝐵/𝐶

Tangent line at 𝐶
Tangent line at 𝐴
Figure 2.3c
(Beam Geometry)
Create variable relationships using the geometry in Figure 2.3c,
𝛿𝐵 + 𝑡𝐵/𝐶 𝑡𝐴/𝐶
=
2 6
1
𝛿𝐵 = (𝑡𝐴/𝐶 ) − 𝑡𝐵/𝐶
3

Computing for the tangential deviations (refer in Figure 2.3b), we have

1
𝑡𝐴/𝐶 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐴
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐴/𝐶 = [ (2560/3)(4)(8/3) + (640/3)(2)(4 + 2/3) − (640)(4)(3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2 3
8960
𝑡𝐴/𝐶 =
3𝐸𝐼

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐶 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐵𝐶 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐶 = [ (640/3)(2)(2/3)]
𝐸𝐼 2
1280
𝑡𝐵/𝐶 =
9𝐸𝐼

1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐶
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (2560/3)(4)(2 + 4/3) + (640/3)(2)(4/3) − (640)(4)(3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2 3
10240
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =
3𝐸𝐼

Solving for the deflection at point 𝐵,

1 8960 1280
𝛿𝐵 = ( )−
3 3𝐸𝐼 9𝐸𝐼
𝑬𝑰𝜹𝑩 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝟎/𝟑 lb-ft3 ↓ → answer

Locating the point for maximum deflection by setting 𝜃𝐴𝑀 = 0,

𝑧1 2560/3
=
𝑥𝑚 4
640
𝑧1 = 𝑥
3 𝑚

𝑧2 640
2
= 2
𝑥𝑚 4
2
𝑧2 = 40𝑥𝑚

𝑡𝐶/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
6
10240
𝜃𝐴 =
6(3𝐸𝐼)
5120
𝜃𝐴 =
9𝐸𝐼

1
𝜃𝐴𝑀 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝑀
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝜃𝐴𝑀 = 𝜃𝐴 = [ 𝑧1 𝑥𝑚 − 𝑧2 𝑥𝑚 ]
𝐸𝐼 2 3
5120 1 1 640 1 2 )(𝑥 )]
= [ ( 𝑥 ) (𝑥𝑚 ) − (40𝑥𝑚
9𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 2 3 𝑚 3 𝑚
3 2
12𝑥𝑚 − 96𝑥𝑚 + 512 = 0
𝑥1 = −2.059 ft → Invalid!
𝑥2 = 7.170 ft → Invalid!
𝑥3 = 2.889 ft → Okay!

Solving for the maximum deflection with 𝛿𝑀 = 𝑡𝐴/𝑀 and 𝑥𝑚 = 2.889 ft

1
𝑡𝐴/𝑀 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝑀 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐴
𝐸𝐼
1 1 640 2 1 3
𝑡𝐴/𝑀 = [ ( (2.889)) (2.889) ( (2.889)) − (40(2.889)2 )(2.889) ( (2.889))]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 3 3 4
1018.06
𝑡𝐴/𝑀 =
𝐸𝐼
𝑬𝑰𝜹𝑴 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟔 lb-ft3 ↓

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

[Problem No. 5] Compute for the slope and deflection at point 𝐵 and the deflection at the overhang of the beam
shown in the figure below.
180 kN 15 kN/m

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
5m 5m 4m

𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 70 GPa
4
𝐼 = 2340 × 106 mm
Figure 2.5a

Solution:
180 kN 15 kN/m

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
5m 5m 4m
78 kN 162 kN

20/3 m 10/3 m
780
1m
390
3m
𝐴 𝑐 𝐷
𝐵
-120 2nd degree
5/3 m
-900

5/3 m
𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 2.5b
𝐷
5m 𝐵 5m 𝐶 𝛿𝐷
𝐴
𝜃𝐴 𝛿𝐵 4m
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 𝜃𝐴𝐵 𝜃𝐵
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 𝑡𝐷/𝐴
Tangent line at 𝐵

Tangent line at 𝐴

Figure 2.5c
(Beam Geometry)

Create variable relationships using the geometry in Figure 2.5c,

𝛿𝐵 + 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
=
5 10
1
𝛿𝐵 = (𝑡𝐶/𝐴 ) − 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
2

𝑡𝐷/𝐴 − 𝛿𝐷 𝑡𝐶/𝐴
=
14 10
7
𝛿𝐷 = 𝑡𝐷/𝐴 − (𝑡𝐶/𝐴 )
5

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

Computing for the tangential deviations (refer in Figure 2.5b), we have

1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐶
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 = [ (780)(10)(10/3) − (900)(5)(5/3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2
9250
𝑡𝐶/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = [ (390)(5)(5/3)]
𝐸𝐼 2
1625
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐷 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐷
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 5 1
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 = [ (780)(10)(4 + 10/3) − (900)(5) (4 + ) − (120)(4)(3)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2 3 3
15370
𝑡𝐷/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

Solving for the deflection at point 𝐵,

1 9250 1625
𝛿𝐵 = ( )−
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐵 = 3000 kN-m3
3000(1000)3
𝛿𝐵 =
(70)(2340 × 106 )
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟐 mm ↓ → answer

Solving for the slope at point 𝐵,

𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝜃𝐴 + 𝜃𝐵
𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵 − 𝜃𝐴

𝑡𝐶/𝐴
𝜃𝐴 =
10
9250
𝜃𝐴 =
10𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐴 = 925/𝐸𝐼 kN-m2

1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = [ (390)(5)]
𝐸𝐼 2
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 975/𝐸𝐼 kN-m2

975 925
𝜃𝐵 = −
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
50(1000)2
𝜃𝐵 =
(70)(2340 × 106 )
𝜽𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑 radians ↺ → answer

15370 7 9250
𝛿𝐷 = − ( )
𝐸𝐼 5 𝐸𝐼
3
2420(1000)
𝛿𝐷 =
(70)(2340 × 106 )
𝜹𝑫 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟕 mm ↑ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method

[Problem No. 6] Compute the midspan value of 𝐸𝐼δ for the beam load as shown below.
600 N/m

𝐴 𝐵

1m 3m 2m

𝐸𝐼 = constant

Figure 2.6a

Solution:
600 N/m

𝐴 𝐵

1m 2m 1m 2m

1050 N 750 N
2m 1m 1m
3150
2250

𝐴 𝑀 𝐵

-300 2nd degree

2nd degree
-1200
2.5 m
0.5 m 0.25 m

𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 2.6b

𝐴 3m 𝑀 3 m 𝐵
𝛿𝑀

𝑡𝑀/𝐵
𝑡𝐴/𝐵

Tangent line at 𝐵

Figure 2.6c
(Beam Geometry)

Create variable relationships using the geometry in Figure 2.6c,

𝛿𝑀 + 𝑡𝑀/𝐵 𝑡𝐴/𝐵
=
3 6
1
𝛿𝑀 = (𝑡𝐴/𝐵 ) − 𝑡𝑀/𝐵
2

Computing for the tangential deviations (refer in Figure 2.6b), we have

1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐴
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1 1 1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = [ (3150)(3)(2) + (2250)(3)(4) − (1200)(2)(2.5) − (300)(1)(3.25)]
𝐸𝐼 2 2 3 3
20625
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 =
𝐸𝐼

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Area-Moment Method
1
𝑡𝑀/𝐵 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1 1 1
𝑡𝑀/𝐵 = [ (2250)(3)(1) − (300)(1)(0.25)]
𝐸𝐼 2 3
3350
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 =
𝐸𝐼

Solving for the deflection at midspan (point 𝑀),

1 20625 3350
𝛿𝑀 = ( )−
2 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝑬𝑰𝜹𝑴 = 𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 N-m3 ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Conjugate-Beam Method

Conjugate-Beam Method

[Problem No. 1] Use the area-moment method to determine the deflections at points 𝐵 and 𝐶 of the beam shown.
250 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 200 GPa
𝐼 = 462 × 106 mm4

Figure 3.1a

Solution:
250 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
62.5 N 187.5 N
Figure 3.1b
(Real Beam)
562.5
375

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 3.1c
562.5/𝐸𝐼

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
1406.25/𝐸𝐼 1968.75/𝐸𝐼
Figure 3.1d
(Conjugate-Beam under a fictitious load 𝑴/𝑬𝑰 )

2m
562.5/𝐸𝐼 562.5/𝐸𝐼 1m
375/𝐸𝐼

+𝑀𝐵 +𝑀𝐶
𝐴 𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
+𝑉𝐵 +𝑉𝐶
6m 3m
1406.25/𝐸𝐼 1968.75/𝐸𝐼
1125/𝐸𝐼 843.75/𝐸𝐼

Figure 3.1e Figure 3.1f

(Free-body Diagram at the left of B) (Free-body Diagram at the right of C)

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Conjugate-Beam Method

Solving for the slope at 𝐵, 𝑉𝐵 = 𝜃𝐵 (refer to Figure 3.1e)

+↓ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑉𝐵 + 1406.25 − 1125 = 0
281.25
𝑉𝐵 = −
𝐸𝐼
281.25
𝜃𝐵 = −
𝐸𝐼
281.25(1000)2
𝜃𝐵 = −
200(462 × 106 )
𝜃𝐵 = −0.00304
𝜽𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟒 radians ↻ → answer

Solving for the slope at 𝐶, 𝑉𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶 (refer to Figure 3.1f)

+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑉𝐶 + 843.75 − 1968.75 = 0
1125
𝑉𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼
1125
𝜃𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼
1125(1000)2
𝜃𝐶 =
200(462 × 106 )
𝜽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟐 radians ↺ → answer

Solving for the deflection at 𝐵, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝛿𝐵 (refer to Figure 3.1e)

+↺ ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑀𝐵 + 1406.25(6) − 1125(2) = 0
6187.5
𝑀𝐵 = −
𝐸𝐼
6187.5
𝛿𝐵 = −
𝐸𝐼
6187.5(1000)3
𝛿𝐵 = −
200(462 × 106 )
𝛿𝐵 = −66.96 mm
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟗𝟔 mm ↓ → answer

Solving for the deflection at 𝐶, 𝑀𝐶 = 𝛿𝐶 (refer to Figure 3.1f)

+↻ ∑𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑀𝐶 + 1968.75(3) − 843.75(1) = 0
5062.5
𝑀𝐶 = −
𝐸𝐼
5062.5
𝛿𝐶 = −
𝐸𝐼
5062.5(1000)3
𝛿𝐶 = −
200(462 × 106 )
𝛿𝐶 = −54.79 mm
𝜹𝑪 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 mm ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Conjugate-Beam Method

[Problem No. 2] Determine the deflection at midspan and at 2 m from the right support of the beam shown below.
600 N/m

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
4m 2m

𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 80 GPa
𝐼 = 753 × 103 mm4

Figure 3.2a

Solution:
600 N/m

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
4m 2m

2800/3 N 800/3 N
Figure 3.2b
(Real Beam)
1600

3rd degree
-1600
𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 3.2c
1600/𝐸𝐼

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵

3rd degree
1600/𝐸𝐼
25600 4m 2m 4160
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐵𝑦 =
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
Figure 3.2d
(Conjugate-Beam under a fictitious load 𝑴/𝑬𝑰 )
1600/𝐸𝐼

1600/3𝐸𝐼
+𝑀𝐵
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
+𝑉𝐵
4160
𝐵𝑦 =
1600 3𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼 2m

2/3 m 1600/3𝐸𝐼

Figure 3.2e
(Free-body Diagram at the right of B)

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Conjugate-Beam Method

Solving for the reactions of the conjugate-beam (refer to Figure 3.2d),

+↻ ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
1 1 4
𝐵𝑦 (6) − (1600)(6)(2) + (1600)(4) ( ) = 0
2 4 5
4160
𝐵𝑦 =
3𝐸𝐼
𝐵𝑦 = 1386.667/𝐸𝐼 N-m2

Solving for the deflection at 𝐵, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝛿𝐵 (refer to Figure 3.2e)

+↺ ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0
4160 1600 2
𝑀𝐵 + (2) − ( )=0
3 3 3
21760
𝑀𝐵 = −
9𝐸𝐼
21760
𝛿𝐵 = −
9𝐸𝐼
𝛿𝐵 = −2417.78/𝐸𝐼 N-m3
2417.78(1000)2
𝛿𝐵 = −
80(753 × 103 )
𝛿𝐵 = −40.14 mm
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 mm ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Conjugate-Beam Method

[Problem No. 3] Determine the deflection 9 ft from the wall and the slope and deflection at the overhang for the
beam loaded as shown in the figure below.
300 lb/ft

𝐶
𝐴 𝐵
9 ft 3 ft

𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 1.5 × 106 psi
𝐼 = 152 in4
Figure 3.3a

Solution:
300 lb/ft

75 lb/ft

𝑀𝐴 = 7200 lb∙ft
𝐶
𝐴 𝐵
9 ft 3 ft
𝐴𝑦 = 1800 lb
Figure 3.3b
(Real Beam)

-112.5

3rd degree
-7200
𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 3.3c

9 ft 3 ft
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

-112.5/𝐸𝐼 207360
𝑀𝐶 =
𝐸𝐼
3rd degree 21600
-7200/𝐸𝐼 𝐶𝑦 =
Figure 3.3d 𝐸𝐼
(Conjugate-Beam under a fictitious load 𝑴/𝑬𝑰 )

9 ft 3 ft +𝑀𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

+𝑉𝐶

3rd degree
-7200/𝐸𝐼 9.6’
21600/𝐸𝐼
Figure 3.3e
(Free-body Diagram at the left of C) 84.375/𝐸𝐼
2.4’

+𝑀𝐵 3’
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

+𝑉𝐵 207360
𝑀𝐶 =
-112.5/𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
21600
-7200/𝐸𝐼 𝐶𝑦 =
Figure 3.3f 𝐸𝐼
(Free-body Diagram at the right of B)

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Conjugate-Beam Method

Solving for the reactions of the conjugate-beam (refer to Figure 3.3d),

+↻ ∑𝑀𝐶 = 0
1 4
𝑀𝐶 − (7200)(12) ( ) (12) = 0
4 5
𝑀𝐶 = 207360/𝐸𝐼 lb-ft3 ↻

+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
1
𝐶𝑦 − (7200)(12) = 0
4
𝐶𝑦 = 21600/𝐸𝐼 lb-ft2 ↑

Solving for the deflection at 𝐶, 𝑀𝐶 = 𝛿𝐶 (refer to Figure 3.3e)

+↻ ∑𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑀𝐶 + 207360 = 0
207360
𝑀𝐶 = −
𝐸𝐼
𝛿𝐶 = −207360/𝐸𝐼 lb-ft3
207360(12)3
𝛿𝐶 = −
1.5 × 106 (152)
𝛿𝐶 = −1.57 in
𝜹𝑪 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 in ↓ → answer

Solving for the slope at 𝐶, 𝑉𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶 (refer to Figure 3.3e)

+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑉𝐶 + 21600 = 0
21600
𝑉𝐶 = −
𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐶 = −21600/𝐸𝐼 lb-ft3
21600(12)2
𝜃𝐶 = −
1.5 × 106 (152)
𝜃𝐶 = −0.0136 radians
𝜽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔 radians ↻ → answer

Solving for the deflection at 𝐵, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝛿𝐵 (refer to Figure 3.3f)

+↻ ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑀𝐵 + 207360 − 21600(3) + 84.375(0.6) = 0
142610.625
𝑀𝐵 = −
𝐸𝐼
𝛿𝐵 = −142610.625/𝐸𝐼 lb-ft3
142610.625(12)3
𝛿𝐵 = −
1.5 × 106 (152)
𝛿𝐵 = −1.08 in
𝜹𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 in ↓ → answer

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

Superposition Method
Principle
In the analysis of slopes and deflections on beams on a specific point, the resultant is equal to the algebraic sum
caused by each load acting independently.

The technique is convenient to use for loadings with a combination of the types in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2.
Superposition method may require integration for partially distributed loads. In other cases wherein deflection is
only desired at one location, area-moment method usually works best.

The limitation to this principle is that deflections due to independent loads must not cause excessive deformations
on the original shape or length of the beam. It is also assumed that shear deformations are so small compared to
the bending deformations, which materialize on most beams (except for very deep beams), and thus their effect
may be neglected in the analysis.

Table of Formulas
TABLE 4.1 – Slope and Deflection at Free End of Cantilever Beams

Case No. Type of Load 𝑀 𝑛 𝐸𝐼𝜃 𝐸𝐼𝛿

𝑀
𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
1 𝑥 𝑀 0
1 2
𝜃 𝛿

𝐿
𝑦
𝑃

𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
2 𝑥 𝑃𝐿 1
2 3
𝜃 𝛿

𝐿
𝑦
𝑤

𝑤𝐿2 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
3 𝑥 2
𝜃 𝛿 2 3 4

𝐿
𝑦
𝑤

𝑤𝐿2 𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝐿2
4 𝑥
3
6 4 5
𝜃 𝛿

The formulas in Table 4.1 can be summarized in the following formulas:

𝑀𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝜃 =
𝑛+1
𝑀𝐿2
𝐸𝐼𝛿 =
𝑛+2

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

TABLE 4.2 – Beams Under Various Loading Conditions

Load Maximum Deflection Equation:
Type of Load Slope at End Maximum Deflection
Case No. Moment (𝑦 is positive downward)
𝑦

𝑀
𝑀𝐿 𝑀𝑥 2 𝑀𝐿2
1 𝑥 𝑀 = −𝑀 𝜃= 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝛿=
𝐸𝐼 2 2𝐸𝐼
𝜃 𝛿

𝐿
𝑦
𝑃

𝑃𝐿2 𝑃𝑥 2 𝑃𝐿3
2 𝑥 𝑀 = −𝑃𝐿 𝜃= 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (3𝐿 − 𝑥) 𝛿=
2𝐸𝐼 6 3𝐸𝐼
𝜃 𝛿

𝐿
𝑦 Condition 1: For 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎:
𝑃
𝑃𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑃𝑎2 6 𝑃𝑎2
3 𝑥 𝑀 = −𝑃𝑎 𝜃= 𝛿= (3𝐿 − 𝑎)
2𝐸𝐼 Condition 2: For 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝐿: 6
𝜃 𝛿
𝑃𝑎2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝐿 6
𝑦
𝑤

𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿3 𝑤𝑥 2 𝑤𝐿4

4 𝑥 𝑀=− 𝜃= 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (6𝐿2 − 4𝐿𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝛿=
𝜃 𝛿 2 6𝐸𝐼 24 8𝐸𝐼

𝐿
𝑦
𝑤

𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿4 𝑤𝑥 2 𝑤𝐿4

5 𝑥 𝑀=− 𝜃= 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (10𝐿3 − 10𝐿2 𝑥 + 5𝐿𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝛿=
6 24𝐸𝐼 120𝐿 30𝐸𝐼
𝜃 𝛿

𝐿
continues…

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

TABLE 4.2 (continued)

Load Maximum Deflection Equation:
Type of Load Slope at End Maximum Deflection
Case No. Moment (𝑦 is positive downward)
𝑦 Condition 1: For 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿/2 ∶
𝑃
𝐿 𝐿 𝑃𝑥
𝑃𝐿2 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (3𝐿2 − 4𝑥 2 )
2 2 𝑃𝐿 𝜃𝐿 = 𝜃𝑅 = 48 𝑃𝐿3
6 𝑥 𝑀= 16𝐸𝐼 𝛿=
8 Condition 2: For 𝐿/2 < 𝑥 < 𝐿: 48𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐿 𝛿 𝜃𝑅
𝑃(𝐿 − 𝑥)
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = [3𝐿2 − 4(𝐿 − 𝑥)2 ]
48
𝑦 Condition 1: For 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎 ∶ 𝑃𝑏(𝐿2 − 𝑏 2 )3/2
𝑃
2 2) 𝑃𝑏𝑥 2 𝛿=
𝑎 𝑏 𝑃𝑏(𝐿 − 𝑏 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (𝐿 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 ) 9√3𝐸𝐼𝐿
𝑃𝑎𝑏 𝜃𝐿 = 6𝐿
7 𝑀= 6𝐸𝐼𝐿
𝑥
𝐿 𝑃𝑎(𝐿2 − 𝑎2 ) Condition 2: For 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝐿:
𝜃𝐿 𝛿 𝜃𝑅 𝜃𝑅 = 𝐿2 − 𝑏 2
6𝐸𝐼𝐿 𝑃𝑏 𝐿 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √
𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = [ (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝐿2 − 𝑏 2 )𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ] 3
𝑅1 𝑅2 6𝐿 𝑏
𝑦
𝑤
𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐿3 𝑤𝑥 3 5𝑤𝐿4
8 𝑥 𝑀= 𝜃𝐿 = 𝜃𝑅 = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (𝐿 − 2𝐿𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝛿=
8 24𝐸𝐼 24 384𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐿 𝛿 𝜃𝑅

𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
𝑦 𝑤
7𝑤𝐿3
𝑤𝐿 2 𝜃𝐿 = 𝑤𝑥 5𝑤𝐿4
9 𝑥 𝑀= 360𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (7𝐿4 − 10𝐿2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 4 )
8𝑤𝐿3 𝛿=
𝜃𝐿 𝛿 𝜃𝑅 9√3 360𝐿 768𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝑅 =
360𝐸𝐼
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2

𝑦 𝐿
𝑤
2
𝑤𝐿2 5𝑤𝐿3 Condition: For 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿/2 ∶ 𝑤𝐿4
10 𝑥 𝑀= 𝜃𝐿 = 𝜃𝑅 = 𝑤𝑥 𝛿=
8 192𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (25𝐿4 − 40𝐿2 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 4 ) 120𝐸𝐼
𝜃𝐿 𝛿 𝜃𝑅 960𝐿
𝑅1 𝐿 𝑅2
(Source: Strength of Materials by Pytel and Singer)

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

Applications on Simply-Supported Beams

[Problem No. 1] Compute for the midspan deflections using the table of formulas for deflection.
270 kN 180 kN

𝐴 𝐷
𝐵 𝐶
6m 3m 3m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 12.5 GPa
𝐼 = 1.92 × 1010 mm4

Figure 4.1a

Solution:

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

Applications on Cantilever Beams

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

Applications on Propped Beams

[Problem No. 1] Solve for the reactions of the beam shown in the figure below.

120 kN/m

𝐶
𝐴 𝐵
3m 1m

𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 80 GPa
𝐼 = 753 × 103 mm4
Figure 3.2a

Solution:

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

Applications on Restrained Beams

[Problem No. 1] Solve for the reactions of the beam shown in the figure below.
80 kips/ft

𝐴 𝐵
4 ft 2 ft

𝐸𝐼 = constant
Figure 4.2a

Solution using Double Integration Method:

80 kips/ft 𝑥

𝑀𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
4 ft 2 ft 𝐵𝑦

Figure 4.2a

General moment equation of the beam:

80
𝑀 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑀𝐵 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉2
2
𝑑2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑀𝐵 − 40〈𝑥 − 2〉2
𝑑𝑥

Slope and deflection general equations:

𝑑𝑦 1 40
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑀𝐵 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉3 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 2 3
1 1 10
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑥 3 + 𝑀𝐵 𝑥 2 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 2 3

Boundary Conditions to eliminate arbitrary constants:

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0; therefore 𝐶2 = 0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝜃 = 0; therefore 𝐶1 = 0

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 40
𝐸𝐼 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑀𝐵 𝑥 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉3
𝑑𝑥 2 3
1 1 10
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑥 3 + 𝑀𝐵 𝑥 2 − 〈𝑥 − 2〉4
6 2 3

Boundary Conditions to create compatibility equations and solve ① and ② simultaneously, we have
When 𝑥 = 6 ft, 𝑦 = 0;
1 1 10
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0 = 𝐵𝑦 (6)3 + 𝑀𝐵 (6)2 − 〈6 − 2〉4
6 2 3
108𝐵𝑦 + 54𝑀𝐵 = 2560 →①

When 𝑥 = 6 ft, 𝜃 = 0;
1 40
𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 0 = 𝐵𝑦 (6)2 + 𝑀𝐵 (6) − 〈6 − 2〉3
2 3
54𝐵𝑦 + 18𝑀𝐵 = 2560 →②

𝐵𝑦 = 94.81 kips
𝑀𝐵 = −142.22 kip ∙ ft

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

Solving for the other unknown reactions by using static equations for equilibrium,
+↺ ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑀𝐴 + 94.81(6) − 80(4)(2) − 142.22 = 0
𝑀𝐴 = 213.33 kip ∙ ft

+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 94.81 − 80(4) = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 225.19 kips

𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ↑
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↺
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟏 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬𝐬 ↑
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↻

Solution using Area-Moment Method:

80 kips/ft

𝑀𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
4 ft 2 ft 𝐵𝑦

6𝐵𝑦 Figure 4.2a

𝑀𝐵

𝐴 𝐵

-640
1’
2’
3’

𝑀
− 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 (𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑓𝑡)
𝐸𝐼
Figure 2.1b

Tangent line at 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵

4 ft 2 ft

Figure 2.1c
(Beam Geometry)
Writing for the compatibility equations based on the beam geometry in Figure 4.
1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵
𝐸𝐼
1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥̅𝐴
𝐸𝐼

From the moment diagram by parts in Figure 4, we have

𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 0
1 1 1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = [ (6𝐵𝑦 )(6) + 𝑀𝐵 (6) − (640)(4)] = 0
𝐸𝐼 2 3
54𝐵𝑦 + 18𝑀𝐵 = 2560 →①

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = 0
1 1 1
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = [ (6𝐵𝑦 )(6)(2) + 𝑀𝐵 (6)(3) − (640)(4)(1)] = 0
𝐸𝐼 2 3
108𝐵𝑦 + 54𝑀𝐵 = 2560 →②

Solving ① and ② simultaneously, we have

𝐵𝑦 = 94.81 kips
𝑀𝐵 = −142.22 kip ∙ ft

Solving for the other unknown reactions by using static equations for equilibrium,
+↺ ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑀𝐴 + 94.81(6) − 80(4)(2) − 142.22 = 0
𝑀𝐴 = 213.33 kip ∙ ft

+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 94.81 − 80(4) = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 225.19 kips

𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ↑
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↺
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟏 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ↑
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↻

Solution using the formulas in Table 4.1:

80 kips/ft

𝑀𝐵
𝐴 𝐶 𝐵
4 ft 2 ft 𝐵𝑦

80 kips/ft

𝛿𝐶
𝜃𝐶 𝛿1
2𝜃𝐶

𝜃2 𝛿2

𝐵𝑦

𝜃3 𝛿3

𝑀𝐵
Figure 2.1c
(Beam Under Superimposed Loads with 𝑩𝒚 and 𝑴𝑩 as Redundants)
Writing for the compatibility equations based on the geometry in Figure 4.2b
𝛿1 = 𝛿2 + 𝛿3 →①
𝛿1 = 𝛿𝐶 + 2𝜃𝐵
𝜃1 = 𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐶

𝜃1 = 𝜃2 + 𝜃3 →②

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

Solving for the terms in equations ① and ②

80(4)(2)(4)2 80(4)(2)(4) 80(4)(2)(4)
𝛿1 = + 2[ ] 𝜃1 =
2+2 2+1 2+1
12800 2560
𝛿1 = 𝜃1 =
3 3

6𝐵𝑦 (6)2 6𝐵𝑦 (6)

𝛿2 = 𝜃2 =
1+2 1+1
𝛿2 = 72𝐵𝑦 𝜃2 = 18𝐵𝑦

𝑀𝐵 (6)2 𝑀𝐵 (6)
𝛿3 = 𝜃3 =
2 0+1
𝛿3 = 18𝑀𝐵 𝜃3 = 6𝑀𝐵

Substituting the components to the compatibility equation above and solve ① and ② simultaneously, we have
12800
= 72𝐵𝑦 + 18𝑀𝐵
3
2560
= 18𝐵𝑦 + 6𝑀𝐵
3

𝐵𝑦 = 94.81 kips
𝑀𝐵 = −142.22 kip ∙ ft

Solving for the other unknown reactions by using static equations for equilibrium,
+↺ ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝑀𝐴 + 94.81(6) − 80(4)(2) − 142.22 = 0
𝑀𝐴 = 213.33 kip ∙ ft

+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 + 94.81 − 80(4) = 0
𝐴𝑦 = 225.19 kips

𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ↑
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↺
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟏 𝐤𝐢𝐩𝐬 ↑
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↻

Solution using Fixed-End Moments (Case 1):

𝑃 = 80𝑑𝑥
𝑎=𝑥
𝑏 =6−𝑥
𝐿=6

𝑃𝑎𝑏 2
FEM𝐴𝐶 =
𝐿2
4
80𝑥(6 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
FEM𝐴𝐶 =∫
0 62
FEM𝐴𝐶 = 213.33 kip ∙ ft ↺

𝑃𝑎2 𝑏
FEM𝐶𝐴 =
𝐿2
4
80𝑥 2 (6 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
FEM𝐶𝐴 =∫
0 62
FEM𝐶𝐴 = 142.22 kip ∙ ft ↻

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Theory of Structures II Lecture Notes Superposition Method

𝑀𝐴 = FEM𝐴𝐶
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↺

𝑀𝐶 = FEM𝐶𝐴
𝑴𝑪 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐢𝐩 ∙ 𝐟𝐭 ↻

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