MTH165

Lecture-32

Change of variable in Double Integrals

Unit 5: Multiple Integrals

(Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics By Jain and Iyengar, Chapter-2)

Learning Outcomes:

1.To know about change of coordinate system from cartesian to polar.

2. To use polar coordinates to evaluate double integrals over circular regions.

 Cartesian Coordinates to Polar Coordinates

Let the given region of integration be a circular one.

𝑅: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑟 2

To change from cartesian to polar coordinates:

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

On squaring and adding:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑟 2

⟹𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

𝑦 𝑦
On dividing: = tan 𝜃 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥
 Jacobian required to work in Polar system

If 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, the value of Jacobian is:

𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥𝑟 𝑥𝜃
𝐽 = = 𝑦 𝑦
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝑟 𝜃

cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
= 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑟

In fact, whenever region of integration is a circular one, the calculations become

easier as compared to cartesian system.
Change of double integrals from cartesian to polar system

Cartesian Coordinates Polar coordinates

ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑅

ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ඵ 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝜃

𝑅 𝑅

ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ඵ 𝑓 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝜃
𝑅 𝑅
Problem 1. Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 𝑅׭‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

Solution. Let 𝐼 = ‫ 𝑥 𝑅׭‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

1 1−𝑥 2
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1−𝑥 2
1 𝑦3
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 𝑥 2𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥
3 0

1 ( 1−𝑥 2 )3
= ‫=𝑥׬‬0 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑥
3

It is really very difficult to evaluate this integral using these cartesian coordinates.
Now let us change to polar coordinates:

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

⟹ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2

−1 𝑦
⟹𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 and 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥

𝐽 =𝑟

As we know by change of variable:

‫𝑥 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ‫𝑟 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝜃 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2

‫ 𝑥 𝑅׭‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑟( 𝑅׭‬2 )𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋/2 1
= ‫=𝜃׬‬0 ‫=𝑟׬‬0 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 [∵ 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2]

𝜋/2 1
= ‫=𝜃׬‬0 𝑑𝜃 ‫=𝑟׬‬0 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟

1
𝜋/2 𝑟 4
= 𝜃 0 4 0

𝜋 1
= −0 −0
2 4

𝜋
= Answer.
8
 Polling Quiz

The limits of region 𝑅: − 1 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 2 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

(A) 𝑅 = {0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2}
(B) 𝑅 = {0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋}
(C) 𝑅 = {0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3𝜋/2}
(D) 𝑅 = {0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋}
Problem 2. Evaluate

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
‫𝑒 𝑅׭‬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑅: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 25, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0.

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Solution. Let 𝐼 = ‫𝑒 𝑅׭‬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Since the region of integration is circular,

So it is much better to convert to polar cord.

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 and 𝐽 = 𝑟

So, ‫𝑥 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ‫𝑟 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝜃 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝜃 where 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 5,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/4

 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑟2
‫𝑒 𝑅׭‬ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ‫𝜃𝑑 𝑟𝑑 𝑟) 𝑒( 𝑅׭‬

𝜋/4 5 𝑟2
= ‫=𝜃׬‬0 ‫=𝑟׬‬2(𝑒 )𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 [∵ 2 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 5, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/4]

𝜋/4 5 𝑟2
= ‫=𝜃׬‬0 𝑑𝜃 ‫=𝑟׬‬2(𝑒 )𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝜋/4 1 2 5
𝑟
= 𝜃 0 2 𝑒 2

𝜋
= − 0 𝑒 25 − 𝑒 4
4

𝜋
= 𝑒 25 − 𝑒 4 Answer.
4
Problem 3. Find area bounded by curves: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑦, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑦, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 0.

Solution. Let Area, 𝐴 = ‫𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑 𝑅׭‬

Since the region of integration is circular,

So it is much better to convert to polar cord.

Put 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 and 𝐽 = 𝑟

So, Area ‫𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝐽 𝑅׭ = 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑 𝑅׭‬

where 2 sin 𝜃 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4 sin 𝜃 , 𝜋/4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2

Area, 𝐴 = ‫𝜃𝑑 𝑟𝑑 𝑟 𝑅׭ = 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑 𝑅׭‬

𝜋/2 4 sin 𝜃
= ‫𝜋=𝜃׬‬/4 ‫=𝑟׬‬2 sin 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 [∵ 2 sin 𝜃 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 4 sin 𝜃 , 𝜋/4 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2]

𝜋/2 4 sin 𝜃
= ‫𝜋=𝜃׬‬/4 ‫=𝑟׬‬2 sin 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋/2 1 4 sin 𝜃
= ‫𝜋=𝜃׬‬/4 𝑟2 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

𝜋/2
= 6 ‫𝜋=𝜃׬‬/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝜋/2 1−cos 2𝜃 3
= 6 ‫𝜋=𝜃׬‬/4 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋+2 Answer.
2 4
 Polling Quiz
The limits of the square bounded by vertices ±1,0 , (0, ±1) are:
(A) 𝑅 = {0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}
(B) 𝑅 = {−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 0}
(C) 𝑅 = {−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}
(D) 𝑅 = {0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋}