Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture-3
Linear Dependence
and
Linear Independence of vectors
Unit 1: Linear Algebra
Topic:
Learning Outcomes:
If 𝛼1 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 𝑣2 + 𝛼3 𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝛼𝑛 𝑣𝑛 = 0 (1)
If 𝛼1 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 𝑣2 + 𝛼3 𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝛼𝑛 𝑣𝑛 = 0 (1)
1 0 0
Solution. Let 𝐴 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
Expanding by first row,
3 1 6
Solution. Let 𝐴 = 2 0 4
2 1 4
Expanding by first row,
2. If the rank of the matrix of given vectors is less than the number of
vectors, then the vectors are Linearly dependent.
Problem: Show that the vectors 𝑣1 = 1,2,3 , 𝑣2 = 3,4,5 , 𝑣3 = 6,7,8
are linearly dependent.
1 2 3
Solution. Let 𝐴 = 3 4 5
6 7 8
1 2 3 𝑅 − 3𝑅
2 1
~ 0 −2 −4 𝑅 − 6𝑅
0 −5 −10 3 1
1 2 3
𝐴~ 0 1 2 𝑅2 /−2
0 −5 −10
1 2 3
~ 0 1 2 𝑅3 + 5𝑅2
0 0 0
Here 𝑟 𝐴 = 2 < 3 (Number of vectors)
2 2 1
Solution. Let 𝐴 = 1 −1 1
1 0 1
1 −1 1
~ 2 2 1 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
1 0 1
1 −1 1 𝑅 − 2𝑅
𝐴~ 0 4 −1 𝑅2 − 𝑅 1
3 1
0 1 0
1 3 4 1 3 4 𝑅 −𝑅
1 1 0 0 −2 −4 2 1
Solution. Let 𝐴 = ~ 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 4 2 0 1 −2
𝑅4 − 𝑅1
1 −2 1 0 −5 −3
1 3 4
0 1 −2
~ 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
0 −2 −4
0 −5 −3
1 3 4
0 1 −2 𝑅3 + 2𝑅2
𝐴~
0 0 −8 𝑅4 + 5𝑅2
0 0 −13
1 3 4
0 1 −2 13
~ 𝑅4 − 8 𝑅3
0 0 −8
0 0 0
Here 𝑟 𝐴 = 3 < 4 (Number of vectors)
So, the given vectors 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , are linearly dependent.
Problem: Check if the vectors 𝑣1 = 1,2,3, −1 , 𝑣2 = 0,1, −1,2 , 𝑣3 = 1,5,1,8 ,
1 2 3 −1 1 2 3 −1
0 1 −1 2 0 1 −1 2 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
Solution. Let 𝐴 = 1 5 1 8 ~ 0 3 −2 9 𝑅4 + 𝑅1
−1 7 8 3 0 9 11 2
1 2 3 −1 1 2 3 −1
0 1 −1 2 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2 0 1 −1 2
~ 0 0 1 3 𝑅4 − 9𝑅2 ~ 0 0 1 3 𝑅4 − 20𝑅3
0 0 20 −16 0 0 0 −76
Here 𝑟 𝐴 = 4 = (Number of vectors)
𝛼1 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 𝑣2 + 𝛼3 𝑣3 = 0 (1)
Coeff. Of 𝜶𝟐 𝜶𝟑 𝜶𝟏 𝜶𝟐
2 3 1 2
1 2 -2 1
𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3
= = = 𝜆 𝑠𝑎𝑦 ⟹ 𝛼1 = 𝜆, 𝛼2 = −8𝜆, 𝛼3 = 5𝜆
4−3 −6−2 1+4
Since 𝛼1 𝑣1 + 𝛼2 𝑣2 + 𝛼3 𝑣3 = 0 (1)
Also 𝛼1 = 𝜆, 𝛼2 = −8𝜆, 𝛼3 = 5𝜆
⟹ 𝜆 𝑣1 − 8𝑣2 + 5𝑣3 = 0