Unit I : Matrices-I

Lecture No. 4
Linear Independent/Linear Dependent
Faculty of Mathematics
Department of First Year Engineering
Vector
Vector is an ordered set of n elements arranged either in row or
column.

Column Vectors

Row Vector X = x1 x2 x3 … xn ,

where x1 , x2 , … . . xn are elements of vector X.

.

Linear Combination of Vectors

For given set of m vectors of same dimensions
X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ,

Then linear combination

c1 X1 + c2 X2 +. . . +cm Xm

where c1 , c2 , . . . , cm are scalar quantities.

Linear Dependent/ Independent Vectors

Let 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑚 be a system of m row (or column) vectors of the

same order.
1. If there exists a set of m scalars 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … , 𝑐𝑚 not all zero such
that 𝑐1 𝑋1 + 𝑐2 𝑋2 + … + 𝑐𝑚 𝑋𝑚 = 0, then the system of m vectors
is called as Linearly Dependent.
2. The system of m vectors 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … , 𝑋𝑚 is said to be Linearly
Independent, if every relation of the type 𝑐1 𝑋1 + 𝑐2 𝑋2 + … +
𝑐𝑚 𝑋𝑚 = 0 implies 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 = ⋯ = 𝑐𝑚 = 0, (all constants are zero).
Geometrical meaning
Geometrical meaning
• Linearly Dependent
(1,1,1) , (2, 5, 4), (8, -1, 2)

• Linearly Independent
(2, 1, -2), (-1,-5,-1), (1, -1, -3)
Note
• If S be a set of linearly dependent vectors, then at least one member
of the set can be expressed as a linear combination of the remaining
vectors.
• If S be a set of linearly independent vectors, then after removing any
number of vectors the remaining set is also linearly independent.
• A single non-zero vector is always linearly independent as 𝑐𝑋 = 0 ⇒
𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑋 ≠ 0.
• If S be a set of m vectors of n dimension, then S will be linearly
dependent if m>n.
Example:1 Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors
1,2, −1,0 , 1,3,1,2 , 4,2,1,0 , 6,1,0,1

Let the Given vectors be

𝑋1 = 1,2, −1,0 , 𝑋2 = 1,3,1,2 , 𝑋3 = 4,2,1,0 , 𝑋4 = 6,1,0,1

Consider the equation

𝐶1 𝑋1 + 𝐶2 𝑋2 + 𝐶3 𝑋3 + 𝐶4 𝑋4 = 0

𝐶1 1,2, −1,0 + 𝐶2 1,3,1,2 + 𝐶3 4,2,1,0 + 𝐶4 6,1,0,1 = 0

Therefore,
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 4𝐶3 + 6𝐶4 = 0
2𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 + 2𝐶3 + 𝐶4 = 0
−𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 0
2𝐶2 + 𝐶4 = 0
Which is Homogeneous Linear equation system, whose matrix form is given by

Consider the matrix A

Perform 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 + 𝑅1

Perform 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 , 𝑅4 − 2𝑅2

 12
Perform 𝑅4 − 𝑅3
17

𝜌 𝐴 = 4 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
∴ System possesses a unique solution i.e. trivial solution.

𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 = 𝐶4 = 0

∴ 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 , 𝑋4 are linearly independent.

Hence there does not exist any relation along them.
Example:2 Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors
1,2,3 , 3, −2,1 , (1, −1,2)
If dependent find the relation between them.

Let the Given vectors be

𝑋1 = 1,2,3 , 𝑋2 = 3, −2,1 , 𝑋3 = (1, −1,2)

Consider the equation

𝐶1 𝑋1 + 𝐶2 𝑋2 + 𝐶3 𝑋3 = 0 …(1)

𝐶1 1,2,3 + 𝐶2 3, −2,1 + 𝐶3 (1, −1,2) = 0

Therefore,
𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 0
2𝐶1 − 2𝐶2 − 𝐶3 = 0
3𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 2𝐶3 = 0
Which is Homogeneous Linear equation system, whose matrix form is given by
1 3 1 𝐶1 0
2 −2 −1 𝐶2 = 0
3 1 2 𝐶3 0
Consider the matrix A
1 3 1
2 −2 −1
3 1 2
Perform 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1, 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 3 1
0 −8 −3
0 −8 −1
Perform 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
1 3 1
0 −8 −8
0 0 2

𝜌 𝐴 = 3 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
∴ System possesses unique solution i.e. trivial solution 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 = 0
𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 are linearly independent.
Example:3 Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors
1,2,3 , 3, −2,1 , (1, −6, −5)
If dependent find the relation between them.

Let the Given vectors be

𝑋1 = 1,2,3 , 𝑋2 = 3, −2,1 , 𝑋3 = (1, −6, −5)

Consider the equation
𝐶1 𝑋1 + 𝐶2 𝑋2 + 𝐶3 𝑋3 = 0 …(1)

𝐶1 1,2,3 + 𝐶2 3, −2,1 + 𝐶3 (1, −6, −5) = 0

Therefore,
𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 0
2𝐶1 − 2𝐶2 − 6𝐶3 = 0
3𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − 5𝐶3 = 0
Which is Homogeneous Linear equation system, whose matrix form is given by

1 3 1 𝐶1 0
2 −2 −6 𝐶2 = 0
3 1 −5 𝐶3 0
Consider the matrix A
1 3 1
2 −2 −6
3 1 −5
Perform 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 3 1
0 −8 −8
0 −8 −8
Perform 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
1 3 1
0 −8 −8
0 0 0

𝜌 𝐴 = 2 < 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠

∴ System possesses Infinitely many solution i.e. non-trivial solution

 𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 0

−8𝐶2 − 8𝐶3 = 0

Assume 𝐶3 = 𝑡
𝐶1 = 2𝑡, 𝐶2 = −𝑡 , 𝐶3 = 𝑡

∴ 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 are linearly dependent.

Relation
From equation (1)
2𝑡𝑋1 − 𝑡𝑋2 + 𝑡𝑋3 = 0

2𝑋1 − 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 = 0

𝑋2 = 2𝑋1 + 𝑋3
Example:4 Examine for linear dependence or independence of vectors
1, −1,1 , 2,1,1 , (3,0,2)
If dependent find the relation between them.

Let the Given vectors be

𝑋1 = 1, −1,1 , 𝑋2 = 2,1,1 , 𝑋3 = (3,0,2)

Consider the equation

𝐶1 𝑋1 + 𝐶2 𝑋2 + 𝐶3 𝑋3 = 0 …(1)

𝐶1 1, −1,1 + 𝐶2 2,1,1 + 𝐶3 (3,0,2) = 0

Therefore,
𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 + 3𝐶3 = 0
−𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 0
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 2𝐶3 = 0
Which is Homogeneous Linear equation system, whose matrix form is given by

1 2 3 𝐶1 0
−1 1 0 𝐶2 = 0
1 1 2 𝐶3 0
Consider the matrix A
1 2 3
−1 1 0
1 1 2
Perform 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
1 2 3
0 3 3
0 −1 −1
1
Perform 𝑅3 + 𝑅2
3
1 2 3
0 3 3
0 0 0

𝜌 𝐴 = 2 < 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
∴ System possesses Infinitely many solution i.e. non-trivial solution.

𝐶1 + 2𝐶2 + 3𝐶3 = 0

3𝐶2 + 3𝐶3 = 0

Assume 𝐶3 = 𝑡
𝐶1 = −𝑡, 𝐶2 = −𝑡 , 𝐶3 = 𝑡

∴ 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 , 𝑋4 are linearly dependent.

Relation
From equation (1)
−𝑡𝑋1 − 𝑡𝑋2 + 𝑡𝑋3 = 0

−𝑋1 − 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 = 0

𝑋3 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2