LINEAR ALGEBRA

BSCS (SEMESTER Ⅱ)
Lecture# 03
April 15, 2021
Section – E2
Amna Tahir
GCU, Lahore
Outline Determinant of a square matrix

Expansion Techniques

Inverse of a Matrix

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Determinant of a Square Matrix
Determinant is a unique value (or scalar) associated with a square
matrix of order n . Determinants were originally introduced for
solving linear systems. The word “determinant” means “having the
power or quality of deciding”. It is useful for;
• Solving linear equations
• Finding inverse of a matrix
• Eigenvalue problems etc.

✓We will find the determinant of matrices with following orders :

• 1 × 1 matrix
• 2 × 2 matrix
• 3 × 3 matrix

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Determinant of a Matrix with Order 1
The simplest square matrix is a 1 × 1 matrix and it contains just a single
number. Its determinant is that number itself. For square matrix
𝐴 = [a]1×1 , its determinant is:
𝐴 = 𝑎 =𝑎
Notation:
For any square matrix 𝐴, its determinant is denoted as 𝐴 or det(𝐴).
Examples:
• 𝐴 = 5 ⟹ 𝐴 = 5 =5
• 𝐴 = −14 ⟹ 𝐴 = −14 = −14
2 2 2
• 𝐴 = ⟹ 𝐴 = =
5 5 5

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Determinant of a Matrix with Order 2
The order 2 (or 2 × 2) matrix contains two rows and two columns. For square
𝑎 𝑏
matrix 𝐴 = , its determinant is calculated by the following technique:
𝑐 𝑑 2×2
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴 = = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
Example:
0 2 0 2
• 𝐴 = ⟹ 𝐴 = = 0 4 − 4 2 = 0 − 8 = −8
4 4 4 4
5 5
• 𝐵 = 10 2 ⟹ 𝐵 = 10
5
2 = 10 4 − −4 = 40 + 10 = 50
2
−4 4 −4 4
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Determinant of a Matrix with Order 3
The order 3 (or 3 × 3) matrix contains three rows and three columns. For square
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 , we can expand /evaluate its determinant by the
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3
following techniques:
• By row expansion
• By column expansion

Note:
• A determinant may expand by any row or column.
• For quick determinant expansion, choose a row/column with maximum number of
zeros.

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Sign Strategy for Determinant Expansion

While expanding order 3 (or higher orders) determinants (by rows / columns
expansions), we use the following pattern for signs;

+ − +
− + −
+ − +
Note:
No matter which columns or rows we choose in expanding, it yields the same value
for determinant.

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Determinant of a Matrix with Order 3
• Row Expansion (Expansion by 1st row):

+ – +
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝑎32 𝑎33 − 𝑎12 𝑎31 𝑎33 + 𝑎13 𝑎31 𝑎32

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Determinant Evaluation by Row Expansion
Example:
1 3 0
Evaluate det(𝐴), where A = 2 6 4.
−1 0 2
Expansion by 1st row:

1 3 0
6 4 2 4 2 6
𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 2 6 4 =1 −3 + 0
0 2 −1 2 −1 0
−1 0 2

= 1(12 – 0 ) – 3 (4 + 4) + 0(0 + 6)

= 12 – 24 + 0 = – 12 ⟹ det 𝐴 = −12

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Determinant Evaluation by Column Expansion
Example:
1 3 0
Evaluate det(𝐴), where A = 2 6 4.
−1 0 2
Expansion by 1st column:

1 3 0
6 4 3 0 3 0
𝐴 = 2 6 4 =1 −2 + (−1)
0 2 0 2 6 4
−1 0 2

= 1(12 – 0 ) – 2 (6 – 0) – 1 (12 – 0 )

= 12 – 12 – 12 = – 12 ⟹ det 𝐴 = −12

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Practice Questions
Note: Evaluate the following determinants.
70.4 0.3 0.8
▪ 𝐴 = 0 0.5 2.6 (Ans = −66.88)
0 0 −1.9

0 𝑎 𝑏
▪ 𝐷 = −𝑎 0 𝑐 (Ans = 0)
−𝑏 −𝑐 0

0 3 −1
▪ 𝐵 = −3 0 −4 (Ans = 0)
1 4 0
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
▪ 𝐶 = 𝑤 𝑢 𝑣 (Ans = 𝑢3 + 𝑣 3 + 𝑤 3 − 3𝑢𝑣𝑤)
𝑣 𝑤 𝑢

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Practice Questions
𝜆−2 1
▪ Find all the values of 𝜆 for which det 𝐴 = 0, where 𝐴 = .
−5 𝜆+4

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
▪ Evaluate the determinant of given matrix, 𝐵 = .
−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

1 2+𝑥 3
▪ Solve for 𝑥, 2 1 3+𝑥 =0
3 2+𝑥 1

−𝛼 𝛼−1 𝛼+1
▪ For what value of 𝛼, is the matrix 𝐴 = 1 2 3 singular?
2−𝛼 𝛼+3 𝛼+7

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Inverse of a Matrix (Two Types)
1. Additive Inverse (under “ +”)
• Given an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , we define −𝐴 = −𝑎𝑖𝑗 . Thus −𝐴 is an 𝑚 ×
𝑛 additive inverse of 𝐴 and by definition:
𝐴 + −𝐴 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + −𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 + (−𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) = 𝟎
𝐴 + −𝐴 = 𝟎 = (−𝐴) + 𝐴
2. Multiplicative Inverse (under “ . ”)
• Let 𝐴 be a square matrix of order 𝑛. A matrix 𝐵 of order 𝑛 is said to be the
inverse of 𝐴 if
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐵𝐴
• The inverse of 𝐴 is denoted by 𝐴−1 , so above equation becomes;
𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐴−1 𝐴

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 Important Definitions
Singular Matrix
• A square matrix 𝐴, whose
inverse does not exists, is called
a singular matrix.
• For a singular matrix 𝐴,
𝐴 =0
• It is also called a non-invertible
matrix.
Non-Singular Matrix
• A square matrix 𝐴, whose
inverse exists, is called a non-
singular matrix.
• For a non-singular matrix 𝐴,
𝐴 ≠0
• It is also called an invertible
matrix.
• An inverse of a square matrix, if
it exists, is unique.
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 Finding Inverse of a Matrix
We can find inverse of a matrix by the following methods:
• By adjoint method
• By elementary operations

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Adjoint of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 Matrix
𝑎 𝑏
For square matrix 𝐴 = , its adjoint is defined as:
𝑐 𝑑 2×2

𝑑 −𝑏
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
−𝑐 𝑎 2×2

For example:
2 0 1
− 0
Given, 𝐴 = 5 −
1 then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 2
2 −5 2

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Adjoint of a 𝟑 × 𝟑 Matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
For given matrix, 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 . The adjoint (or adjugate) of 𝐴 is
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3
defined as:
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑇
𝑎32 𝑎33 − 𝑎 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32
31
𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = − 𝑎 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎33 − 𝑎 𝑎32
32 31
𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑎22 𝑎23 − 𝑎 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
21

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎22 𝑎23

• Since (−1)1+1 2
𝑎32 𝑎33 = (−1) 𝑎32 𝑎33 = 𝑎32 𝑎33 = 𝐴11
is called a cofactor of 𝐴.

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Adjoint of a 𝟑 × 𝟑 Matrix
Question:
1 2 3
Let 𝐴 = 2 3 1 , compute 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴.
3 1 2
Solution: 𝑇
3 1 2 1 2 3
−
1 2 3 2 3 1
2 3 1 3 1 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = − −
1 2 3 2 3 1
2 3 1 3 1 2
−
3 1 2 1 2 3
𝑇 𝑇
6−1 −(4 − 3) 2−9 5 −1 −7
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −(4 − 3) 2−9 −(1 − 6) = −1 −7 5
2−9 −(1 − 6) 3−4 −7 5 −1
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Adjoint of a 𝟑 × 𝟑 Matrix
𝑇
5 −1 −7
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = −1 −7 5
−7 5 −1

5 −1 −7
𝑎𝑑𝑗 A = −1 −7 5
−7 5 −1

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Inverse of a Matrix (By Adjoint Method)
Follow these steps to find an inverse of matrix:
• Step-1: 𝐴 ≠ 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝐴−1 exists.
• Step-2: Adj A = (Matrix of cofactors of A) T
1
• Step-3: 𝐴−1 = adj 𝐴
𝐴

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