Types of Matrices, Addition, 7.
A matrix is said to be a zero matrix or a null matrix, if all
Subtraction and Transpose of a Matrix
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers
(or functions).
The numbers (or functions) are called the elements or
the entries of the matrix.
The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute
rows of the matrix and the vertical lines of elements Addition of Matrices
are said to constitute columns of the matrix.
Order of a Matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a
matrix of the order m x n or simply m x n matrix (read
as an m by n matrix).
Types of Matrix
Subtraction of Matrices
1. A matrix is said to be a row matrix, if it has only one
row.
2. A matrix is said to be a column matrix, if it has only
one column. Transpos1e of a Matrix
3. A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the
number of columns, is said to be a square matrix.
Thus, an m x n matrix is said to be a square matrix, if
m = n and is known as a square matrix of order 'n'.
4. A square matrix B = [bijlnxn is said to be a diagonal
matrix, if its all non-diagonal elements are zero, that
is a matrix B = [bijlnxn is said to be a diagonal matrix,
if bij =0, when i *- j.
5. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix, if its
diagonal elements are equal, i.e. a square matrix
B = [bijlnxn is said to be a scalar matrix
if bij = 0, when i *- j
if bij = k, when i *- j, for some constant k.
6. A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal
are all 1 a,nd rest are all zeroes is called an identity
matrix.
In other words, the square matrix A = [aiIlnxn is an
identity matrix, if aij = 1, when i = j and aij = 0, when
i *- j.
L
its elements are zeroes. We denote zero matrix by O.
8. Two matices A = [aijl and B = [bijl are said to be equal, if
(a) they are of the same order
(b) each element of A is. equal to the corresponding
element of B, i.e. aij = bij, 'v' i and j.
Two matrices can be added, if they are of the same order,
then corresponding elements are added.
(i) A+ B=B+ A
(ii) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
(iii) A + 0 = 0 + A = A
(iv) A- A =0
Two matrices can be subtracted, if they are of the same
order.
If A =. [aij 1 be an m x n matrix, then the matix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the
transpose of A.
Transpose of the matrix A is denoted A' or (AT). In other
words, if A = [aijlmxn' then AT = [aijlmxn'
Properties of transpose of the matrices
For any martrix A and B of suitable orders~ we have
(i) (AT)T = A
(ii) (kA)T = kAT (where, k is any constant)
(iii) (A + Bl = AT + BT
(iv) (ABl = BT AT
Symmetric Matrix and Skew-Symmetric Matrix
(i) A square matrix A = [aijl is said to be symmetric, if
AT = A, i.e. aij = aij' for all possible values of i andj.
(ii) A square matrix A = [aijl is said to be skew-symmetric
matrix, if AT = -A, i.e. aij = -aij' for all possible values
oUandj.
NOTE Diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

(iii) Theorem I For any square matrix A with real
number entries, A + AT is a symmetric matrix and
A- AT is a skew-symmertric matrix.
(iv) Theorem II Any square matrix A can be
expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a
skew- symmetric matrix, i.e.
A = (A+ AT) + (A-AT)
2 2
(v) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
(a) A:!: B, AB + BA are also symmertic matrices.
(b) AB-BAis a skew-symmetric matrix.
(vi) If A, B are two skew-symmetrix matrices, then
(a) A:!: B, AB - BA are skew-symmertic matrices.
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
(vii) Let A be a square matrix.
(a) For orthogonal matrix, AAT = I
(b) For idempotent matrix, A 2 = A
(c) For involuntory matrix, A2 = I
(d) For nilpotent matrix, AP = 0, P ~ N.
Product of Matrices
Multiplication of Matrix by a Scalar
If A = [aijlmxn is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is
another matrix which is obtained by multiplying each
element of A by a scalar k, i.e. kA = [kaijlmxn
Negative of a Matrix
The negative of a matrix A is denoted by - A. We define
-A = (-1)A.
Multiplication of Matrices
The multiplication of two matrices A and B is defined, if
the number of columns of A is equal to the number of
rows ofB.
LetA = [aijl beanmxn matrixandB=[bjklbeannxp
matrix. Then, the product of the matrices A and B is the
matrix C of order m x p. To get the (i, k)th element Cjk of
the matrix C, we take the i th row of A and kth column of
B, then multiply them elementwise and take the sum of
all these products, i.e.
Gk = aiblk + a2kb2k + ai3b:Jk+"'+ ainbnk
The matrix C = [Gklmxp is the product of A and B.
NOTE (i) IfABis defined,then BAneed not be defined.
(ii) IfA,B are respectivelym x n, k x I matrices,then both
ABand BAare defined,ifand onlyifn = k and I = m.
(iii) IfABand BAare both defined,itis not necessary that
AB = BA.
(iv) Ifthe product of two matricesis a zero matrix,itis not
necessary that one of the matricesis a zero matrix.
(v) Forthree matricesA,Band C of the same order, if
A = B,then AC = AB, but converse is not true.
(vi) A. A = A2, A. A. A = A3 and so on.
Matrices and Determinants 113
(vii) IfA,Band C are three matricessuch that their
product is defined,then
AB~BA
(AB)C = A(BC)
A(B+ C) = AB+ AC
°
(viii) (a) AB= 0, itdoes not mean that A = or B =
(b) (A+ BHA- B)= A2 - B2 - AB+ BA
°
Properties of Determinants
For any square matrix A, IAImode satisfies the following
properties :
(i) The determinant of the product of matrices is equal
to product of their respective determinants, i.e.
IABI=IAII~
(ii) IA'I= IAI, where A' = transpose of matrix A.
(iii) If we interchange any rows (or columns), then sign
of the determinant changes.
(iv) If any two rows or any two columns in a
determinant are identical (or proportional), then
the value of the determinant is zero ..
(v) Mq.ltiplying a determinant by k means multiplying
the elements of only one row (or one column) by k.
(vi) If we multiply each element of a row (or a column)
of a determinant k, then value of the determinant is
multiplied by k.
(vii) If elements of a row (or a column) in a determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two more elements,
then the given determinant can be expressed as the
sum of two or more determinants.
(viii) If to each element of a row (or column) of a
determinant, the equimultiples of corresponding
elements of other rows (columns) are added, then
value of determinant remains ~£me.
NOTE (i) Ifallthe elementsof a row(orcolumn)are zeroes,
then the valueof the determinantis zero.
(H) Ifvalueof determinant'!J.' becomes zero by
substitutingx = n, then x - n is a factorof '!J.'.
(iii) Ifallthe elementsof a determinantabove or below
the maindiagonalconsists of zeroes, then the value
of the determinantis equal to the productof diagonal
elements.
Determinant of a Matrix of Order Three
The determinant of a matrix of order three can be
determined by expressing it in terms of second order
determinant which is known as expansion of a
determinant along a row (or a column). There are six
ways of expanding a determinant of order
3 corresponding to each of three rows (~,~ andR.3)
and three columns (C1,C2andCa) and each way gives
the same value.
(i) Diagonal matrix is the product of its diagonal
entries.
(ii) Triangular (upper or lower) matrix is the product of
its diagonal entries.
 114 Matrices and Determinants

(iii) Skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is O. 5. Important Facts

(iv) Nilpotent matrix is O. (i) If A is any square matrix, then adj A = (adj A) and
(v) Hermitian matrix is purely real. adj A e = (adj A)e
1. Product of Two Determinants (ii) Adjoint of a symmetric (Hermitian) matrix is
symmetric (Hermitian)
a1 b1 l1. a1 ~1 Y1
a2 b2 C2 a 2 ~2 12 6. Dim~rentiation and Integration of a Determinant
a3 b3 Gl a3 ~3 Y3 g(X) p(x) q(X)]
(i) If f(x) = h(x) t(x) r(x), where each' of the
a1 a1 + b1 ~1 + l1.Y1 a1 a2 + b1~2 + c1Y2 [
u(x) v(x) w(x)
a2a1 + b2~1 + C2Y1 a2a2 + b2~2 + C2Y2
elements of f (x) is differentiable function of'i, then
a3a1 + b3~1 + GlYI a3a2+ b3~2+ GlY2
g, (x) p' (x) q' (X)]
a1a3 + bl~3 + l1.Y3
:~ (f(x» = h(x) t(x) r(x)
a2a3 + b2~3 + C2Y3 [
u(x) v(x) w(x)
a3 a3 + b3 ~3 + GlY3 J

Here, we have multiplied rows by rows. We can also g(x) p(x) p(x)
q(X)] [g(X) q(x) ]
multiply rows by columns or columns by rows or + h' (x) t' (x) r' (x) + h(x) t(x) r(x)
columns by columns. [
u(x) v(x) w(x) u' (x) V' (x) w' (x)
2. Circulant of Determinant The elements of the 11 JII

column (or rows) are in cyclic arrangement, then the [{(Xi g(x) h(X)]
determinant is called circulant determinant. e.g. (ii) If !!>.(x)= a1 b1 l1. , then
abc b2 c2
a2
(i) b c a = 3abc - a3 - b3 - e
cab J:r(x)dx J:g(x)dx J: h (x)dx

=- (a3 + b3 + e - 3 abc) J:!!>. (x)dx= a1 b1 l1.

1 a a2 a2 b2 C2
1 a bc
(ii) 1 b ca 1 b b2 = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a)
1 c ab 1 c c2

1 a a3
Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
(iii) 1 b b3 = (a - b) (b - c) (c- a) (a + b + c) Minors and Cofactors
1 c e (i) Minor of an element aij of the determinant of matrix A is
the determinant obtained by deleting ith row and jth
3. Important Facts In a third order determinant, each column, and it is denoted by Mij•
element of first column is the sum of '1' terms. Each
(ii) Cofaetor of an element aij is given by A;j = (-It j Mij.
element of second column is the sum of 'm' terms and
each element of the third column is the sum of'n' terms, (iii) Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by the
then total number of decompositions of original sum of products of elements of a row (or a column) with
determinant is equal to 1x m x n. corresponding cofactors.

4. Summation of Determinants
e.g. IAI = anAn + a12A12+ a13A13
(iv) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with
f(r) g(r) h(r)
cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), then
Let !!>.r = a b c ,where a, b, c, ~ m, n are
their sum is zero.
m n
e.g. anA21 + a1~22 + a13A33 = 0
constants independent of'r', then
n n n Adjoint of a matrix
~ f(r) ~ g(r) ~ h(r)
n r=l r=1 r=l The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aijl nxn is defined as
L !!>.r= a b c the transpose of the matrix [aijl nxn' where A;j is the
r=l
m n cofactor of the element aij' It is denoted by adj A.
an a12 a13 An A21 A31
Here, function of'r' can be the element of only one row If A = a21 a22 a23' then adj A = A12 A22 A32,
or column. None of elements other than that row or a31 a32 a33 A13 A23 As3
column should be dependent of 'r'.
whel'e, A;j is cofactor aij'

l
 Matrices and Determinants 115

(i) A (adj A) = (adj A) A =/AII, where A is a square matrix

of order n. all
A = a2!
1
a 2
a22
a13]
a23
[4.]
l
,X = oX:!, B = b2
[b
]
(ii) If A is a square matrix of order n, then [
a3! a32 a33 Xa b3
I adj AZ1 = I A In-I.
The matrix A is called the coefficient matrix. X is called
(iii) (a) adj(adj A) = IAln-2 . A the unknown vector.
(b) I adj(adj A) I = IA/(n-~2 A set of values of the variables 4., X2' Xa which
simultaneously satisfy these three equations is called a
(c) adj(AT) = (adj Al solution. A system may contain n equations in n variables.
(d) adj(Am)=(adjAr,mll'N A system oflinear equations may have a unique solution or
(e) adj (kA) = kn-I(adj A),k eR infinitely many solutions or no solution at all. If a system
has a solution (unique or not), the system is said to be
Inverse of matrix consistent. If it has no solution, it is called an inconsistent
(i) A square matrix A is said to be singular or system.
non-singular according as IAI= 0 or IAI"1= 0, If b! = b2 = bg = 0, i.e. B = 0, then the system is called a
respectively. homogeneous system. Otherwise, it is called a
(ii) If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same non-homogeneous system of equations.
order, then AB and BA are also non-singular, 2. Criterion of Consistency of a System of Linear
matrices of the same order. Equations
(iii) If AB = BA = I, where A and B are square matrices, (i) The non-homogeneous system AX = B, B "1= 0 has
then B is called inverse ofA and is written as B = A-I. unique solution, if I A I "1= 0 and the unique solution is
AIso, g-I = (KI rI = A. given by X = K! B.
(iv) A square matrix A is invertible, if and only if A is (ii) Cramer's Rule If I A I "" 0 and X = (4., oX:!,... , xn),
non-singular matrix.
then for each i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n; li = I ~ " where ~ is the
(v) If A is an invertible matrix, then A-I = I~I (adj A) IAI
matrix obtained from A by replacing the ith column
(vi) (a) (KIrI = A, (ATrI = (KIf withB.
(b) (ABrI)=B-IKI, (ABCrI =C-IB-IKI (iii) Ifl A I = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then the system AX = Bis
(c) I
adj (K ) = (adj Ar
l consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
(iv) Ifl A I = 0 and (adj A) B "1= 0, then the system AX = Bis
Solving System of Equations inconsistent.
1. Solution of Simultaneous Linear (v) If I A I "1= 0, then the homogeneous systemAX = 0 has
Equations Consider a system of simultaneous linear only null solution or trivial solution (i.e. 4. = 0, oX:!= 0,
equations ... 'Xn =0).

all4. + a12oX:!+ a13Xa = b! (vi) If I A I = 0, then the system AX = 0 has a non-null

solution.
a2l4. +a22oX:! + a23Xa = b2
(vii) The 3 equations in two unknowns, can be
a3l4. + Xa2oX:!+ a33Xa = b3 a!x+ bly+ C1 =0
These equations can be written in the matrix form ait + b2Y + C2 = 0
AX = B, where -
a3x+ b3y+ C3 =0
 Topic 1 Types of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction and
Transpose of a Matrix
Objective Question I (Only one correct option) 5. Let 00 be a solution of:i - 1 = 0 with 1m (00) > O.If a = 2
1. If A and B are square matrices of equal degree, then with b and c satisfying Eq. (i) then the value of
3 13.
which one is correct among the following? (1995,2M) -+-+-:-lS
O)a O)b O)e
(a) A + B = B + A (b) A + B = A - B
(a) - 2 (b) 2
(c) A - B =B - A (d) AB = BA
(c) 3 (d) - 3

Objective Question II Passage II

One or more than one correct option) Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set
of 2 x 2 matrices
2. For 3 x 3 matrices M and N, which of the following
statement(s) is/are not correct? (2013 Adv) Tp =f A=[~
l
~.] ;a, b, c e{O, 1, 2, ... , P-1}}
(2010)
(a) NT M N is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as
M is symmetric or skew-symmetric 6. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible
(b) MN - NM is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M by p, is
andN (a) 2p2 (b) p3 - 5p
(c) M N is symmetric for all symnletric matrices M andN (c) p3 _ 3p (d) p3 _ p2
(d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj(MN) for all invertible matrices M
andN 7. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not
divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
(a) (P-1)(P2-p+l) (b) p3 _(P_1)2
Passage Based Problems (c) (p _1)2 (d) (P -1) (p2 - 2)
Passage 1 8. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or
Let a, b[;nd; b;]three real numbers satisfying skew-symmetric or both and det (A) is divisible by p is
(a) (p_1)2 (b) 2(p-l)
[a b c] 8 2 7 = [0 0 0] ... (i) (c) (P _1)2 + 1 (d) 2p-1
NOTE The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.
737 (2011)

3. If the point P (a, b, c), with reference to Eq. (i), lies on Analytical andDescriptive Questions
the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7a + b + cis 9. If M is a 3 x 3 matrix, where M™ = I and det (M) = 1,
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 6 then prove that det (M -1) =0 (2004, 2M)
4. Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying Eq. (i). If a and ~ are
the roots of the quadratic equation aXJ- + bx + c = 0, then 10. If matrix A=[~
~ ~], where a,b,c are real

L (1- + -l)n is equal

cab
00
to positive numbers, abc=1 and AT A=l, then find the
"",0 a ~ value of a3 + b3 + t!'. (2003, 2M)
6
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) - (d) 00
7

Topic 2 Product of Matrices

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option)

1. If A = [~ ~ :2] is a matrix satisfying the equation 2. If A=[~ ~ ~], 6K1 = A2 + CA+ d1, then (c, d) is
c 2 b o -2 4 . . (2005,IM)
AAT = 9 I, where, I is 3 x3 identity matrix, then the (a) (- 6,11)
ordered pair (a, b) is equal to (2015 Main) (b) (- 11, 6)
(a) (2,-1) (b)(-2,1) (c) (11, 6)
(c) (2,1) (d)(-2,-1) (d) (6,11)

l
,,---

Matrices and Determinants 117

3. If P = [../3/2
-1/2
1/2]
In
...;3/2
,A = [1 1]
0 1
and Q=P~, then Objective Questions II
pTQ2oo5pis (2005,IM)
(One or more than one correct option)
5. Let M and Nbe two 3 x3 matrices such that MN = NM.
1 2005] 1 20 05] Further, if M ;t N2 and M2 = N4, then (2014 AcIv)
(a) [ 0 1 (b) [ 2005 1 (a) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(b) there is a 3 x 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)
(c) [20~5 ~] (d) [~ ~] U is zero matrix

4. If A
2
=[ r 01]and B = [~ ~J then value of a for which
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) .~ 1
(d) for a 3 x 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero
matrix, then U is the zero matrix
A = B,is (2003,IM)
6. Let w be a complex cube root of unity with w;t 0 and
(a) 1
P = [Pij] be an n x n matrix with Pij = wi+ j. Then; p2 ;t 0
(b) -1
when n is equal to (2013 Adv)
(c)4
(a) 57 (b) 55 (c) 58 (d) 56
(d) no real values

Topic 3 Properties of Determinants

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) xp+y x y
1. Ifa, j3;tOand {(n) = an + j3nand 7. The determinant yp+ z y z =O,if
3 1 + {(I) 1 + {(2) o xp+ y yp+z (1997C, 2M)
1 + {(I) 1 + {(2) 1 + {(3) (a) x, y, z are in AP
1 + {(2) 1 + {(3) 1 + {(4) (b) x, y, z are in GP
(c)x, y, z are in HP
= K(1 - a)2(1_j3)2 (a _j3)2,then K is equal to (d) xy, yz, zx are in AP
(a) aj3 (b) ~ (2014 Main) 8. Consider the set A of all determinants of order 3 with
all
entries 0 or 1 only. Let B be the subset of A consisting of
(c) 1 (d)-l
all determinants with value 1. Let C be the subset of A
2. Let P be a 3 x 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where
=Jaij] consisting of all determinants with value -1. Then,
for 1 S; i, j S; 3. If the determinant of P is 2,
bij = 2' + J aij (a) C is empty (1981, 2M)
then the determinant of the matrix Q is "{2012) (b) B has as many elements as C
(a) to (b) t 1
(c) 212 (d) 213 (c) A = B uC
3. If A = [~ 2] and I A 1 3
= 125, then the value of a is (d) B has twice as many elements as C
a (2004,IM)
(a) :t 1 (b) :t 2 (c) :t 3 (d) :t 5 Objective Question II (One or more than one correct
4. The number of distinct real roots of (2001,IM)
option)
sin x
cos x
cos x cos x I 1t 1t
sin x cos x = 0 in the interval - - S; x S; - is 9. The determinant I ~ ~ aa + b
ba + c
I cos x cos x sin x 4 4 I
aa + b ba +c o
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3 is equal to zero, then (1986,2M)

5. If {(x) = I 2 x
1
x (xx_1) x+ 1
(x+ l)x
I,
(a) a, b, c are in AP
(b) a, b, c are in GP
3x (x - 1) x (x - 1) (x - 2) (x+ 1) x (x-I) (c)a, b, c are in HP
then { (100) is equal to (d) (x - a) is a factor ofax2 + 2bx + c
(1999,2M)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) -100
Fill in the Blanks
6. The parameter on which the value of the determinant
10. For positive numbers x, y and z, the numerical value of
1 a a2 1 logx y logx z
cos (p - d) x cos px cos (p + d) x
sin (p - d) x sin px sin (p + d) x the determinant logy x 1 logy z is .
logz x logz y 1 (1993, 2M)
does not depend upon, is (1997,2M)
(a) a (b)p (c) d (d) x
118 Matrices and Determinants

a2 - bc bc ca ab
1 a
11. The value of the determinant 1 b b2-ca is .... 19. Find the value of the determinant p q r , where
1 c c2-ab 1 1 1
(1988,2M) a, band c are respectively the pth, qth and rth terms of a
x 3 7 harmonic progression. (1997C, 2M)
12. Given that x = - 9 is a root of 2 x 2 = 0, the other 20. Let a > 0, d > O.Find the value of the determinant
7 6 x
two roots are ... and .... (1983,2M) 1 1 1
a a(a + d) (a + d)(a + 2d)
1 4 20
1 1 1
13. The solution set of the equation 1 - 2 5 =Ois ....
1 2x (a + d) (a + d) (a + 2d) (a + 2d) (a + 3d)
5~
1 1 1
(1981,2M) ---
(a + 2d) (a + 2d) (a + 3d) (a + 3d)(a + 4d)
1..2+ 31.. A-I 1..+3
14. Let 4 3
PA + qA + rA + SA+
2 t = A+ 1 -21.. 1..-4 21. For all values of A, B, C and P, Q, R, show that
A-3 1..+4 31.. (1994,4M)
cos (A - P) cos (A -Q) cos (A -R)
be an identity in A, where p,q,r,s and t are constants.
Then, the value of tis.... . (1981,2M)
cos (B- P) cos (B-Q) cos (B-R) =0
cos (C -P) cos (C -Q) cos (C -R)
True/False 22. For a fixed positive integer n, if
2 n! (n + I)! (n + 2)!
1 a 1 a a
bc 1

D = (n + I)! (n + 2)! (n + 3)! ,

15. The determinants 1 b ca and 1 b b21 are not
(n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)!
1 c ab 1 c c2
identically equal. (1983,lM) then show that [~ - 4] is divisible by n. (1992,4M)
(n!)

Analytical and Descriptive Questions p b c

16. Let a,b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 23. Ifa*p"b*q,c*rand a q c =0
Show that the equation a b r
ax - by - c bx + ay cx + a
Then, find the value of ~ + -q- + _r_. (1991, 4M)
bx + ay -ax + by - c cy + b =0 p-a q-b r-c
cx + a cy + b -ax - by + c
represents a straight line. (2001, 6M)
24. Let the three digit numbers A28, 3B9 and 62C, where A, B
and C are integers between 0 and 9, be divisible by a fixed
17. Prove that for all values of 0 integer k. Show that the determinant
A 3 6
sin 0 cos 0 sin 20 8 9 C is divisible by k. (1990,4M)
2 B 2 '
sin (0 + 2
3
1t) cos (0 + 2
3
1t) sin (20 + ~1t) =0
a-I n 6
25. Let l1a =: (a _1)2 2n2 4n-2
sin (0 - 2
3
1t) cos (0 - 2;) sin (20 - ~)
(a _1)3 3n3 3n2 -3n
(2000, 3M) n
.Show that L l1a =: c e constant.
(1989,5M)
18. Suppose, f (x) is a function satisfying the following a=l
conditions
XCr XCr+l xCr+2
(a) f (0) = 2, f(l) =1
(b) f has a minimum value at x = 5/2, and 26. Show that YCr YCr+l YCr+2

(c) for all x,

zCr zCr+l zCr+2
2ax 2ax - 1 2ax + b + 1 I xC x+ lCr+ 1 x+ 2Cr+ 2
f' (x) = b b+1 -1 r
YC Y+lC + y+2Cr+
2(ax+b) 2ax+2b+l 2ax+b r r l 2
zCr Z+lC + z+2C +
where a, b are some constants. Determine the r l r 2 (1985,3M)
constants a, b and the function f (x). (1998, 3M)
 Matrices and Determinants 119

27. If a be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f (x) = 0 ,i!+x x+1 x-2

and A (x), B (x) and C (x) be polynomials of degree 3, 4 2,i! + 3x-1 3x 3x-3 =xA+B
and 5 respectively, then show that ,i! + 2x+ 3 2x-1 2x-1
A (x) B (x) C (x)
A (a) B (a) C (a) where A and B are determinants of order 3 not
A' (a) B' (a) C' (a) involving x.
(1982,SM)
is divisible by f (x), where prime denotes the
derivatives. (1984, 3M) 29. Let a, b, c be positive and not all equal. Show that the
abc
28. Without expanding a determinant at any stage, show value of the determinant b c a is negative.
that cab (1981,4M)

Topic 4 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) Objective Questions II
1. If A is a 3 x 3 non-singular matrix such that AAT = AT A (One or more than one correct option)
and B = A-I AT, then BBT is equal to (2014 Main)
6. Let M be a 2 x 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.
(a) I + B (b) I
Then, M is invertible, if (2014 Adv)
(c) B-1 (d) (Wl)T
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row
ofM
2. If P = [~ ; :] is the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix A and (b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column
244 ofM
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the
I A I = 4, then a is equal to (2013 Main)
main digonal
(a) 4 (b) 11 (c) 5 (d) a (d) the product of entries in the main diagonal ofM is not
3. If P is a 3 x 3 matrix such that pT + I, where pT is
= 2P the square of an integer
the transpose of P and I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, then
7. If the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix P is [~ ~ ~], then the
there exists a column matrix, X = [;] *- [~] such that 1 1 3
z 0 (2012) possible value(s) of the determinant of Pis/are
(a) - 2
(a) PX =m (h) PX =X
(b) -1
(c) 1
(d) 2
= 2X
(c) PX (d) PX = - X
4. Let 0) *- 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all Integer Answer Type Question
8. Let k be a positive real number and let
. non-singular matrices of the form [~ ~ ~], where
0)2

each of a,b and c is either 0) or 0)2. Then, the number of

0) 1
A =[ ~k~l 2~ :~] and

distinct matrices in the set S is (2011)

-2.Jk 2k -1
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4

matrices such that MN = NM. If pT denotes the

(d) 8
5. Let M and N be two 3 x 3 non-singular skew-symmetric

transpose of P,then M2N2(MT Ntl (MN-ll is equal to

B=[ 1~2k
-.Jk
2ko-1
-2.Jk
2~] 0
2
(a) M (b) _N2 (c) _M2 (d) MN (2011) If det (adj A) + det (adjB) = 106, then [k] is equal to .
(2010)
Topic 5 Solving System of Equations
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 8. Consider the system of equations x-2y+ 3z = -1,
1. The set of all values of A for which the system of linear x-3y+ 4z = 1 and -x+ y-2z = k
equations 211 - 2X:2+ .l3 = Al1, 211 - 3X:2+ 2.l3 = ~ and Statement I The system of equations has no
-11 + 2X:2 = ~ has a non-trivial solution (2015 Main) *
solution for k 3 and
1 3 -1
(a) is an empty set
(b) is a singleton set Statement II The determinant -1 -2 k *0,
(c) contains two elements 1 4 1
(d) contains more than two elements for k*O. (2008,3M)
2. The number of value of k, for which the system of equation
(k+l)x+8y=4y => kx+(k+3)y=3k-l (2013 Main) Fill in the Blank
has no solution, is 9. The system of equations I.X + Y + z = °
(a) infinite (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 - x + AY + z = °
and - x - y + AZ = will have a °
3. The number of 3 x3 matrices A. whose entries are either ° non-zero solution, if real values of A are given by ...
(1982,2M)

0' 1 and fo, wh"h tha aystam Am" m haa exactly two Anal)rtical and Descriptive Questions

distinct solutions, is (2010) 10. il=[r

1
~
d
~],B=[g f ~ ~],
b g h
(a) 0 (b) 29-1
(c) 168 (d) 2
4. Given, 2x - y + 2z = 2, x - 2y + Z = -4, x + y + AZ = 4, then
the value of A such that the given system of equations has
U"[H V"[r]
no solution, is (2004, 1M) If there is a vector matrix X, such that AX = U has
(a) 3 (b) 1 infinitely many solutions, then prove that BX = V
(c) 0 (d)-3 cannot have a unique solution. If a f d 0. Then, *
prove that BX = V has no solution. (2004, 4M)
5. The number of values of k for which the system of
equations (k + 1) x + 8y = 4k and kx + (k + 3) y = 3k -1 11. Let A and a be real. Find the set of all values of A for
which the system of linear equations
has infinitely many solutions, is/are (2002, 1M)
AX + (sin a)y + (cos a)z = 0,

°°
(a) 0 (b) 1
x + (cos a)y + (sin a)z =
(c) 2 (d) OC>
6. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = and ° a.nd -x + (sin a)y - (cos a)z =
has a non-trivial solution.
ax + Z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is For A = 1~find all values of a. (1993,5M)
(a) -1
(c) 0
(b)1
(d) no real values 12. Let a1, a2' ~1' ~2 be the roots of ~ + bx+ c = and °
p~ + qx+ r = 0, respectively. If the system of
7. If the system of equations x-ky-z=O,
°
kx-y-z=O,
x + y - Z = has a non-zero solution, then possible values of
equations a1y + a ~ = ° and ~lY + ~~ =
2
°
has a
k are (2000, 2M) . 'a1 soI'utlOn, t h en prove
non-tnVl t h at 2
b = -.ac
(a) -1,2 (b) 1, 2 q pr(1987,3M)
(c) 0,1 (d)-1, 1
13. Consider the system oflinear equations in x, y, z
Assertion and Reason
(sin 39) x- y + z =0, (cos 29) x+ 4y + 3z =0 and
For the following questions, choose the correct answer from the
2x+ 7y+ 7z=0
codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows.
Find the values of e for which this system has
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II non-trivial solution. (1986, 5M)
is the correct explanation of Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II 14. Show that the system of equations, 3x - y + 4z = 3,
is not the correct explanation of Statement I x+2y-3z=-2 and 6x+5Y+AZ=-3 has atleast
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false. one solution for any real number A * - 5. Find the set
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true. of solutions, if A = - 5. (1983, 5M)
 Matrices and Determinants 121

15. For what values of m, does the system of equations Integer Answer Type Question
3x+ my=m and 2x-5y=20 has a solution satisfying
the conditions x> 0, y>O?
16. For what value of h, does the following system of
(1979, 3M )
18. Let M be a 3 x 3 mat";, ••ti,fying M m =[ : J
equations possess a non-trivial solution over the set of
rationals
x+ y-2z =0, 2x- 3y + z ",,0, and x- 5y + 4z = h
Find all the solutions. (1979, 3M )
M[ ~,] i,
=[ J andM[:] =[,~],
17. Given, x = cy + bz, y = az + ex, z = bx+ ay, where x, y, z Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of Mis ... (2011)

are not all zero, prove that a2 + b2 + e2 + 2ab = 1.

(1978, 2M)

An 5 we rs--------- ..
------------------------------
---------
Topic 1
23. (2)
1. (a) 2. (c, d) 3. (d) 4. (b)
5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d)
10. (4) Topic 4
1. (h) 2. (h) 3. (b) 4. (a)
Topic 2 5. (c) 6. (c, d) 7. (a,d) 8. (4)
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d)
5. (a, b) 6. (h, c, d) Topic 5
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (h)
Topic 3 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c)
9. /..=0 11. -.J2 ~ A ~.J2,a = mt, n1t +~
5. (a) 6. (h) 7. (h) 8. (h) 4
9. (h, d) 10. (0) 11. (0) 13. e = mt, n1t + (-1)"~, n E Z
12. (2 and 7) 13. {-1,2} 14. (0) 15. False 6
4 - 5k 13k - 9 15
18. (a = ~, b = - ~ and f( x) = ~ x
4 4 4
2 - ~ X
4
+ 2) 19. (0)
14. x=--,y=--,z=k
772
15. m<--orm>30

16. (k = 0, the given system has infInitely many solutions)

18. (9)
 Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Types of Matrices, Addition, 7. Trace of A = 2a, will be divisible by p, iff a = o.
Subtraction and Transpose of a I AI = a2 - be, for (a2 - be) to be divisible by p. There are
Matrix exactly (p -1) ordered pairs (b, c) for any value of a.
:. Required number is (p _1)2.
Objective Question I
1. If A and B are square matrices of equal degree, then 8. GiVen,A=[~ :].a,b,ee{0,1,2,"',P-l}
A+B=B+A
If .A is skew-symmetric matrix, then a = 0, b =- e
Objective Question II .. I AI= - b2
, 2. (a) (NT MN)T = NT MT (NTl = NT MT N, is symmetric if Thus, P divides I A I, only when b = O. ...(i)
Again, if A is symmetric matrix, then b = e and
M is symmetric and skew-symmetric, if M is
1 AI= a2_ b2
skew-symmetric.
. (b) (MN - NMl = (MNl - (NMl
Thus, p divides I A I, if either p divides (a - b) or p
divides (a + b).
=NM -MN=-(MN -NM)
p divides (a - b), only when a = b,
:. Skew-symmetric, when M and N are symmetric.
(c) (MNl =NTMT=NM*MN i.e. a=be{O, 1,2, ... , (P-l)}
:. Not correct. i.e. p choices ...(ii)
(d) (adj MN) = (adj N). (adj M) p divides (a + b).
:. Not correct. ~ p choices, including a = b = 0 included in Eq. (i).

Passage Based .Problems :. Total number of choices are (p + p -1) = 2p-l

3. As (a, b, c) lies on 2x + y + z = 1~ 2a + b + e = 1 Analytical & Descriptive Questions

~2a+6a-7a=1 ~ a=l,b=6,e=-7 9. Since, MT M = I and I M I = 1
:.7a+b+e=7+6-7=6 .. 1M - I I = I 1M - MT M I [.: 1M = M]
4. If b = 6~ a = 1 and e = - 7 ~ 1M-11=1(1 -MT)MI=I(I -MlIIMI=II -MI
:. we + bx+ e=O~:x? + 6x-7 =0 = (-llIM- II [.:1- M is a3 x3 matrix]
~(x+7)(x-l)=0 =-IM -II
:. x=I,-7 ~ 2IM-II=0 ~ IM-II=O

~~G-~r =l+~+(~r +"'+00= 1~~

7
10. Given. A=[ ~ ~ nab'~landATA=1 ... (i)

Now, AT A=I

[~ ~][~~ ~]=[~~ ~]
=_1_=7
1/7
~ ~
5•. If a = 2, b = 12, e = -14 cab e abO 0 1
313
:. -+-+- ab + be+ ea ab + be+ eaJ
(j)a (j)b (j)c a2+ b2+ e2 ab+ be+ ea
3 1 3 3 2 2
ab + be + ea a2 + b2 + e2
~ 2 + 12 + -=14= 2 + 1 + 3(j) = 3(j)+ 1+ 3(j)
(j) (j) (j) (j)
= 1 + 3 «(j) + (j)2) = 1- 3= - 2 =[g ~ ~]
6. The number of matrices for which p does not divide
~ a2 + b2 + e2 = 1 and ab + be + ea = 0 ... (ii)
Tr (A) = (p -1) p2 of these (p _1)2 are such that p divides
I A I. The numher of matrices for which p divides Tr (A) We know, a3 + b3 + c! - 3abe
and p does not divides I A I are (p _1)2. = (a + b + e)(a2 + b2 + e2 - ab - be - ea)
.. Required number == (p -1) p2 _ (p _1)2 + (p _1)2
= p3 _ p2

l
 Matrices and Determinants 123

~ a3 + b3 + e = (a + b + e) (1 - 0) + 3 pTp=[.J3f2 -1f2][.J3f2 If2]

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] 3. Now, If2 .J3f2 -1f2 .J3f2
:. a3 + b3 + e = (a + b + e) + 3 ... (iii)
Now, (a + b + e)2 = a2 + b2 + e2 + 2(ab + be + ea) ~ pTp=[~ ~] ~ pTp=I ~ pT =p-1
=1 ...(iv)
Since, Q = PAP
From Eq. (iii), a + b +3 3
e = 1 + 3~ a3 + b3 + e =4 .. pTQ2005p=pT[(PAPT)(PAPT) 2005 times]P
= (pTp) A (pTp) A (pTp) (pTp) A (pTp)
Topic 2 Product of Matrices , I

Objective Questions I = IA 2005 = A 2005

200S"times

1. Given,
.. A=[~ ~]
A~[~ ~ ~JAT ~[~ ~2
A2=[~ ~][~ ~]=[~ ~]
AA=[~ ~ -~].[~~ ;]
T

a 2 b 2 -2 b
A
3
=[~ ~][~ ~]=[~ ~]
-[ ~
a + 4 + 2b
~
2a + 2 - 2b
a+4+2b]
2a + 2-2b
a2+4+ b2 A2005=[~ 20 05]
1
It is given that, AAT = 91

9 0 a+4+2b] [1 o 0] pTQ2005P = [~ 20 05]

1
~
[ a+4+2b
0
2a+2-2b
9 2a+2-2b
a2+4+b2
=9 0 1 0
0 o 1 4. Given, A=[ ~ 01 J. B=[~ ~]
9
~ 0 o9 a+4+2b]
2a+2-2b =
[9 0 090]
0 9 ~ A
2
= [~ 01][ ~ 01] = [ ~ 2+ 1 01]
[a+4+2b 2a+2-2b a2+4+ b2 0 0
Also, given, A 2 = B
On comparing, we get
a+4+2b=0 ~ a+2b=-4 ... (i) ~ [ ~ 2+ 1 ~] = [ i ~]
2a+2-2b=0 ~ a-b=-l ... (ii) ~ a 2 = 1 and a + 1=5
and a2 + 4 + b2 =9 ... (iii) Which is not possible at the same time.
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get :. No real values of a exists.
a=-2,b=-1
This satisfies Eq. (iii)
Objective Questions II
Hence, (a, b) == (-2,-1) 5. PlAN (i) If A and B are two non-zero matrices and AB = BA, then
(A - B)(A + B) = A 2 - B2.
2. Every square matrix satisfied its characteristic (ii) The determinant of the product of the matrices is equal to
equation, product of their individual determinants, i.e.j A Bj = I A II B I.
I-A 0 0 Given, M2=N4 ~ 'M2_N4 =0
i.e. IA-AII=O ~ 0 I-A 1 =0 ~ (M _N2) 2
(M + N ) =0 [as MN = NM]
0 -2 4-1.. Also, M*N2
~ (1 - A) {(I - A.) (4 - A.)+ 2} = 0 ~ M+N2=0
~ 1..3-
61.. + 1 U - 6 = 0 2
~ det (M+N2)=0
~ A3-6A2+11A-6I=O ... (i) Also, det (M2 + MN2) = (det M) (det M + N2)
Given, 6A -1 = A 2 + cA + dI, multiplying both sides by = (detM) (0)=0
A, we get
As, det (M2 + MN2) =0
6I=A3 + cA2+ dA ~ A3 + cA2+ dA-6I=O ... (ii)
Thus, there exists a non-zero matrix U such that
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (M2+MN2)U =0
e = - 6 and d = 11
124 Matrices and Determinants

6. Here, P = [Pij]nxn with Pij = ui+ j On expanding, we get Il = (1 - a)2(1 - p)2(a _ p)2
:. When n = 1 But given, Il = K(l- a)2(1-p)2(a _p)2
P = [Pijhx1 = [002]~ p2 = [004]*0 Hence, K(l- a)2(1- p)2(a _ p)2 = (1- a)2(1- p)2(a _ p)2
:. When n=2 .. K=l
3 2 2. PlAN It is a simple question on scalar multiplication, i.e.
P=[Pij]2X2=[PU P12]=[00: 004]=[00 1]
P21 P22 00 00 1 00
c1. C2
~~6
'lk~lkg~kg~l=kl~~
C3 C1 C2 C3
31

where, bij =2i+ j aij

4au 8a12 16a13 I
.. IQI= 8a21 16a2232a23
p2 = 0, when n is a multiple of 3.
1 16 a31 32 a32 64 a33
p2 * 0, when n is not a multiple of 3.
au a12 a13
n = 57 is not possible.
=4x8x162a21 2a22 2a23
n = 55, 58, 56 is possible.
4a31 4a32 4a33

Topic 3 Properties of Determinants au a12 a13

=29 x2 x4 a21 a22 a23 = 212.1 p I= 212.2 = 213
a3l a32 a33
Objective Questions I
1. PlAN Use the property that, two determinants can be multiplied 3. We know, IAnl =IAln
column-to-row or row-to-column, to write the given
determinant as the product of two determinants and then
Since, IA31 = 125 ~ IAr =125
expand.
Given, {(n) = an + ~n, {(1) = ex + ~, {(2) = ex 2 + ~2,
{(3) = a3 + ~3, {(4) = a 4 + ~4
~
I~ ~1=5 ::::> a2 -4 =5~ a=:!:3

sin x cos x cos x

3 1 + {(1) 1 + {(2) I 4. Given, cos x smx cos x =0
cos x cos x smx
Let Il = 1 + {(1) 1 + {(2) 1 + ((3)
1 + f(2) 1 + {(3) 1 + {(4) Applying C1 ~ C1 + C2 + C3
sin x+ 2cos x cos x cos x
3 l+a+~ 1+a2+~2
= sinx+2cosx sin x cos x
~ Il= l+a+~ 1+a2+~2 1+a3+~3 sin x+ 2 cos x cos x smx
1+a2+~2 1+a3+~3 1+a4+~4 cos x cos x
1.1 + 1.1 + 1.1 1.1+1.a+1.~ = (2 cos x + sin x) I~ SIn x cos x =0
cos x sin x
1.1 + 1.a + 1.p 1.1 + a.a, + p.p
Applying R2 ~ R2 - Rt, Ra ~ Ra - Rt
1.1+1.a2+1.p2 1.1 + a2.a + p2.p
1 cos x cos x I
1.1 + 1:a2 + 1.p2 ~ (2 cos x + sin x) 0 sin x - cos x 0 =0
1.1+a.a2+~.~2 1 o 0 sin x - cos x
1.1+a2.a2+p2.p2 ~ (2 cos x + sin x) (sin x - cos X)2 = 0
~ 2 cos x + sin x = 0 or sin x - cos x = 0
1 1 1 2
~ 2 cos x = - sin x or sin x = cos x
= 1 a ~ = 1 a p . I . . 1t 1t
I
~ cot x = -1 2 glves no so utlOn m - - :S x :S -
1 a2 p2 1 a2 p2 4 4
and sin x = cos x ~ tan x = 1 ~ x = 1t 14
 Matrices and Determinants 125

5. Given, Objective Question II

1 x x+l a b aa + b
f(x) = 2x x(x-l) (x+ 1) x 9. Given, b c ba + c =0
3x(x-l) x (x-I) (x-2) (x+ l)x(x-l) aa + b ba + c o
Applying C3 ~C3 - (C1 + C2) Applying C3 ~ C3 - (a C1 + C2)
1 x 0 a b a
2x x(x-l) 0 =0 b c 0 =0
3x (x-I) x (x-l)(x-2) 0
aa + b ba + c -(aa 2 + 2ba + c)
f (x) = 0 ~ f (100)= 0
~ -(aa2 + 2ba + c) (ac- b2) =0
1 a a2 ~ aa 2 + 2ba + c = 0 or b2 = ac
6. Let d = cos (p - d) x cos px cos (p + d) x
sin (p - d) x sin px sin (p + d) x ~ x-aisafactorof~+2bx+ cor a,b,careinGP.

Applying C1 ~ C1 + C3 Fill in the Blanks

2
1+ a a a2 1 logx y logx z
~ d = cos (p - d) x + cos (p + d) x cos px cos (p + d)x 10. Let d= logy x 1 logy z
sin(p - d) x + sin(p + d) x sin px sin (p + d)x logz x logz y 1
2 2
1+ a a a log y logz
~ d = 2 cospx cos dx cospx cos (p + d) x 1
2 sinpx cosdx sinpx sin (p + d) x log x log x
log x logz
1
Applying C1 ~ C1 - 2 cosdx C2 log y log y
1 + a2 - 2a cos dx a a2 log x logy
1
~ d= 0 cos px cos (p + d) x log z log z
o sin px sin (p + d) x
On dividing and multiplying ~, R2, &, by log x,
~ d = (1 + a2 - 2a cos dx) [sin (p + d) x cos px log y, log z, respectively.
-sin px cos (p + d)x) log x log y logz
1
~ d = (1 + a 2
- 2a cos dx) sin dx ,logx log y log z =0
log x log y log z
which is independent of p. log x logy log z
xp+y x y 2
1 a a -bc
7. Given, yp + z y' Z =0 11. 1 b b2-ca
o xp+ y yp+ z 1 c c2-ab
Applying Cl~ C1 - (p C2 + C3) 1 a be abe
o x y
Now, 1 b ca
1
abc
o y z =0
1 c ab
abe
abc
- (Xp2 + yp + yp + z) xp + y yp + z
Applying ~ ~ a~, R2 ~ bR2, &, ~ c&,
- (Xp2 + 2yp + z) (xz - i) =0
a a2 1
Either Xp2 + 2yp + z =0 or i = xz
=_I_.abc b b2 1
~ x, y, z are in GP. abc
c c2 1
8. Since, A is the determinant of order 3 with entries 0 or
1 only.
Also, B is the subset of A consisting of all
determinants with value 1.
[since, if we interchange any two rows or columns,
1 a a2_ be
then among themself sign changes]
.. 1 b b2-ca =0
Given, C is the subset having determinant with value
-1. 1 e c2-ab
:. B has as many elements as C.
 126' Matrices and Determinants

x 3 7 1 a be
12. Given, 2 x 2 =0 1 b ea
7 6 x 1 e ab
Applying ~ ~ ~ + ~ + Bs Hence, statement is false.
x+9 x+9 x+9
~ 2 x 2 =0 Aitalytiical and Descriptive Questions
7 6 x ax- by- e bx+ ay ex+ a
16. Given, bx+ ay -ax + by-e ey+ b =0
1 1 1 ex+ a ey+ b -ax- by+e
~ (x+ 9) 2 x 2 =0
a2x- aby - ae bx+ ay ex+ a
7 6 x :L
~-- abx+ a2y -ax + by- e ey+ b =0
a
Applying C2 ~ C2 - Cl and Ca ~ Ca - Cl aex+ a2 ey+ b -ax- by+ e
100
Applying Cl ~ Cl + bC2 + eCa
~(x+9) 2 x-2 0 =0 ~ (x+9)(x-2)(x-7)=0
(a2 + b2 + e2) x ay+ bx ex+ a
7 -1 x-7 1
~ (a2 + b2 + e2)y by- e- ax b + ey =0
a
~ x = -9,2,7 are the roots . a2 + b2 + e2 b + cy c- ax- by
. :, Other two roots are 2 and 7. ex+ a
1 x ay+ bx
1 4 20 y by - e- ax b + ey =0
13. Given, 1 -2 5 =0
a 1 b+ey e- ax- by
1 2x 5x2 [.,.a2 + b2 + ~ = 1]

Applying C2 ~ C2 - bCl and Ca ~ Ca - eCl

~ 1 (-10 x2 -lOx) -4 (5x2 -5)+ 20 (2x+ 2) =0
1 x ay a
~ -3ox2 + 30x+ 60 =0 - y -c- ax b =0
~ (x-2) (x+ 1) =0 ~ x=2,-1 a 1 ey -ax- by
Hence, the solution set is {-I,2}. x 2
axy ax
1
A.2 + 3A. A.-1 A.+ 3 ~ y -e -ax b =0
ax
14. Given, A.+ 1 -2A. A.- 4 1 ey -ax-by
A.- 3 A.+ 4 3A.
Applying ~ ~ ~+ yR2 + Bs
= PA.
4
+ qA.a + rA. 2 + sA. + t 2
1 x +i+1 o 0
Thus, the value of t is obtained by putting A. = O. ~ y -e-ax b =0
ax 1 ey -ax- by
o -1 3
~ 1 0 -4 =t ~ t =0 ~ ~ [(x2+ i + 1) {(-e - ax)(-ax - by) - b(ey)}] = 0
-3 4 0 ax
1
[.,. determinants of odd order skew-symmetric matrix ~ -- [(x2+ i + 1) (aex + bey + a2x2 + abxy - bey)] = 0
is zero] ax

TrueIFalse ~ [(x2+ i + 1) (aex + a2x2 + abxy)] =0

ax
1 a be abc
1 ~ [ax(x2 + i + l)(e+ ax+ by)] =0
15. Let 11 = 1 b ea abc ax
abc
1 e ab abc (x2 + y2 + l)(ax+ by+ c) =0
~ ax+ by+ e=O
Applying ~ ~ a~, R2 ~ bR2, Bs ~ cBs
which represents a straight line.
a a2 1 1 a a2
=_l_.abe b b 12 1 b b2
abc
e~l 1ee2

l
 Matrices and Determinants 127

2ax 2ax-1 2ax+ b + 1

18. Given, f ' (x) = b b+ 1 -1
2 (ax + b) 2ax+ 2b + 1 2ax+ b

Applying Rs ~ Rs - Rr - 2R2, we get

sin (8- 2 1t) cos (8- 2 1t) sin (28 _ ~1t)
3 3
f ' (x) =
2ax
b
2ax - 1 2ax + b + 1
b+1 -1
I
Applying R2 ~ R2 + Rs o 0 1

sin 8 cos 8 =12~ 2t:-/1=12~ -~I [C2~C2-Cl]

sin (8 + 2 1t) cos (8 + 2 1t)
3 3 ~ f ' (x) = 2ax + b
On integrating, we get f (x) = ax2 + bx + C,
+ sin ( 8 - 2 1t) + cos (8 _ ~1t)
3 where c is an arbitrary constant.
2 1t 2 1t
sin (8- ) cos (8- ) Since, f has maximum atx=5/2.
3 3
~ f'(5/2)=0 ~ 5a+b=0 ... (i)
Now, sin (8+ 2 1t)+ sin (8- 2 1t) Also, f (0) = 2 ~ c = 2 and f (1) = 1
3 3
~ a+b+c=l ... (ii)
8+-+8--
21t 21t] 8+--8+-
[21t 21t] On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) for a, b, we get
= 2 sin 3 3 cos 3 3 1 5
[ 2 2 a=- b=--
4' 4
1 5
= 2 sin 8 cos 2 1t= 2 sin 8cos (1t-~)
Thus, f (x) = - ~ - - x + 2
3
4 4
19. Since, a, b, care pth, qth and rth terms of HP.
= - 2 sin 8 cos ~ = - sin 8
3
!=A+ (P-1)D
a
and cos (8 + 2 1t) + cos (8 - 2 1t) 1
3 3 ~ 1 1 1
-,-,-arelnan . AP.
~ b=A+ (q-1)D ... (i)
abc
8+-+8--
21t 21t] 8+--8+-
[21t 21t]
1
A + (r -1) D
- =
= 2 cos 3 3 cos 3 3 c
[ 2 2
1 1 1
be ca ab
a b c
= 2 cos 8 cos (23 1t) = 2 cos 8 ( - ~) = - cos 8 Let /), = P q r = abc p q r [from Eq. (i)]
1 1 1 1 1 1
and sin (28+ ~1t)+sin(28- ~1t) A + (P - 1) D A + (q - 1) D A + (r - 1) D
= abc p q r
28 + 41t + 28 _ 41t] [28 + 41t_ 28+ 41t]
= 2 sin 3 3 cos 3 3 111
[ 2 2
Applying Rr ~ Rr - (A - D) Rs - DR2
o 0 0 be ca ab
= 2 sin 28cos ~1t = 2 sin 28cos (1t + ~) = abc p q r =0 ~ p q r =0
1 1 1 1 1 1
= -2 sin 28 cos ~ = -sin 28
3 20. Given, a > 0, d > 0 and let
sin 8 cos 8 sin 28 1 1 1
.. /),= -sin 8 -cos 8 -sin28 =0 a a(a + d) (a + d)(a + 2d)
1 1 1
sin (8- 2;) cos (8 - 2 1t) sin (28 _ ~1t) /),=--
3 (a + d) (a + d) (a + 2d) (a + 2d) (a + 3d)
1 1 1
[since, Rr and R2 are proportional]
(a + 2d) (a + 2d).(a + 3d) (a +3d) (a +4d)
128 Matrices and Determinants

.1 cos A cos (A - Q) cos (A - R)

Taking .. common from ~ , => L'. = cos P cos B cos (B - Q) cos (B - R)
a(a + d) (a + 2d)
cos C cos (C - Q) cos (C - R)
1 .
--------from R2, sin A cos (A - Q) cos (A - R)
(a + d)(a + 2d)(a + 3d)
+ sin P sin B cos (B - Q) cos (B - R)
1 sin C cos (C - Q) cos (C - R)
--------- from Ro
(a + 2d) (a + 3d)(a + 4d)
Applying C2 ~ C2 - C1 cos Q, C3 ~ C3 -C1 cos Rin
1 first determinant and C2 ~ C2 - C1 sin Q and in
=> L'. = ------------
a(a + d)2(a +2di (a + 3d)2(a + 4d) second determinant
(a + d)(a + 2d) (a + 2d) a cos A sin A sin Q sin A sin R
(a + 2d)(a +3d) (a + 3d) (a + ~) => L'. = cos P cos B sin B sin Q sin B sin R
(a + 3d)(a + 4d) (a + 4d) (a + 2d)
cosC sinCsinQ sinCsinR
=> L'.- 1 L'.' sin A cos A cos Q cos A cos R
- a(a + d)2(a + 2d)3 (a + 3d)2(a + 4d) + sin P sin B cos B cos Q cos B cos R
(a + d)(a + 2d) (a + 2d) a sin C cos C cos Q cos C cos R
where, L'.' = (a + 2d)(a + 3d) (a + 3d) (a . d) cos A sin A sin A
(a + 3d)(a + 4d) (a + 4d) (a + 2d) L'. = cos P sin Q sin R cos B sin B sin B
cos C sin C sin C
Applying R2~ R2 - ~,Ro ~ RJ - R2
sin A cos A cos A
(a + d)(a + 2d) (a + 2d) a
+ sin P cos Q cos R sin B cos B cos B
L'.' = (a + 2d)(2d) d d sin C cos C cos C
(a + 3d) (2d) d d
L'.=O+O=O
Applying Ro ~ Ro - R2 n! (n + I)! (n + 2)!
(a + d)(a + 2d) (a + 2d) a 22. Given, D = (n + I)! (n + 2)! (n + 3)!
(n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)!
L'.' = (a + 2d)2d d d
2d2 o 0 Taking n!, (n + I)! and (n + 2)! common from ~, R2
and Rs ' respectively.
Expanding along' Ro , we get
1 (n + 1) (n + l)(n+2)
L'.' =2d21 a +i
d
~ I :. D = n! (n + I)! (n + 2)! 11 (n + 2) (n + 2)(n + 3)
1
(n + 3) (n + 3)(n+4)
L'.' = (2d2)(d)(a + 2d - a) = 4d4 Applying R2 ~ R2 - ~ and Ro ~ Ro - R2, we get
4
4d 1 (n + 1) (n + l)(n+2)
L'. = ---'------------
a(a + d)2(a + 2d)3 (a + 3d)2(a + 4d) D = n !(n + 1)!(n + 2)! 0 1 2n + 4
o 1 2n+6
cos (A - P) cOfl(A - Q) cos (A - R)
21. Let L'. = cos (B~P) cos (B-Q) cos (B - R) Expanding along C1, we get
cos (C - P) cos (C --Q) cos (C - R) D = (n !)(n + 1) !(n + 2) ![(2n + 6) - (2n + 4)]
cos A cosP + sin A sin P cos (A - Q) D = (n !)(n + I)! (n + 2)! [2]
L'. = cos B cos P + sin B sin Peas (B - Q)
cos C cos P + sin C sin P cos (C - Q) On dividing both side by (n !)3
D _ (n !)(n !)(n + 1)(n !)(n + 1)(n + 2)2
cos (A -R) I => (n !)3 - (n !)3
cos (B - R)
cos (C -R) D
=> --3 = 2(n + 1)(n + 1)(n + 2)
cos A cos P cos (A - Q) cos (A - R) I (n !)
L'. = cos B cos P cos (B - Q) cos (B - R) .
+4n2+5n+2)=2n(n2+4n+5)+4
I cos C cos P cos (C - Q) cos (C - R) => ~=2(n3
(n !)3
sin A sin P cos (A - Q) cos (A - R) D
+ sin B sin Peas (B - Q) cos (B - R) => -3 -4 =2n (n2 + 4n + 5)
sin C sin Peas (C - Q) cos (C - R) (n!) .

which shows that [~ - 4] is divisible by n.

(n!)
 ,
Matrices and Determinants 129

p b c a-1 n 6

23. Let~= a q c. 25. Given, ~a = (a _1)2 2n2 4n - 2

(a - 1)3 3n3 3n2 - 3n
a b r

Applying Rr ~ R2 - Rr and Ra ~ Ra - Rr, we get :2: (a -1)

a=l
n 6
p b c
~= a-p q-b 0 :2:~a = :2: (a _1)2 2n2 4n-2
a=l a=l
a-p 0 r-c

= cl a - p I
q - b + (r _ c) I p b I :2: (a _1)3
a=l
3n3 3n2 -3n
a-p 0 a-p q-b
n (n -1)
n 6
= - c (a - p) (q - b) + (r - c) [P(q - b) - b(a - p)] 2
c (a - p) (q - b) + p(r - c) (q - b) - b(r - c)(a - p) n(n -1)(2n -1)
=- 2n2 4n-2
6
Since, ~ =0 n2(n _1)2
~ - c(a-p) (q - b) + p(r - c) (q - b) - b(r - c)(a - p) = 0 3n3 3n2 -3n
4
c p b
~ --+--+--=0
r-c p-a q-b
1 1 6
[on dividing both sides by (a - p)(q - b)(r - c)] n2(n -1) (2n -1)
2n 4n-2
2 3
~ _p_ + _b_ + 1 + _c_ + 1 = 2 n(n -1)
p-a q-b r-c 3n2 3n2 -3n
2
_p_ + _q_ + _r_ = 2 1 1 6
~
p-a q-b r-c n3 (n -1)
2n-1 6n 12n -6
12
24. We know, A28 = A x 100 + 2 x10 + 8 n-1 6n 6n -6
3119= 3 x 100 + B x 10 + 9
and 62 C = 6 x 100 + 2 x 10 + C 1 1 0
Since, A28,3119 and 62 C are divisible by k, therefore n3 (n -1)
-~--'- 2n -1 6n 0 =0
there exist positive integers ml' m2 and mg such that, 12
n -1 6n 0
100 xA + 10 x2 + 8=~k, 100 x3 + 10 xB+ 9=m~
and 100 x6 + 10 x2 + C =mgk ... (i) [c = 0, i.e. constant]
A 3 6
~= 8 9 C XCr xCr+ 1 xCr+ 2
2 B 2 26. Let ~ = YCr YCr+ 1 YCr+ 2
zCr zCr+1 zCr+2
Applying R2 100Rr + lORa + R2
~

A 3 Applying C3 ~ C3 + C2
~ ~= 100A+2 x10+8 100 x 3 + 10 x B + 9 xC xCr+1 X+ICr+2
r
2 B ~= YCr YCr+1 y+lCr+2
6 zCr zC +
r 1
Z+lCr+2

100 x6 + 10 x2 + C [.: nCr + nCr_1 = n+lCr]

2 Applying C2 ~ C2 + C1

A 3 6 xC x+lCr+1 x+lCr+2
r
A28 3119 62C [from Eq. (i)] ~= YCr y+lCr+1 y+lCr+2
2 B 2 zCr z+lC +
r 1
Z+lC +2
r
A
= m1k m~
2 B
3 6

2
A

2
3
mgk =k m1 m2
B
:JI
2
Applying C3 ~

xC
r
C3 + C2
X+lCr+1 x+2Cr+2
~ ~= YCr y+lCr+1 y+2Cr+2
.. ~=mk zCr Z+lC +
r 1
z+2Cr+2
Hence, determinant is divisible by k.
Hence proved.
 130 Matrices and Determinants

27. Since, a is repeated root of f(x) = O.

:. f(x)=a(x-a)2,aEconstant(;t0)
29. Let 8 = ~ ~ ~I
e a b
A (x) B(x) C(x)
Let $(x) = A(a) B(a) C(a) Applying CI ~ CI + C2 + Ca
A'(a) B'(a) C'(a) a+b+e b e 1 b e
To show $ (x) is divisible by (x - a)2, it is sufficient to
.~ = a +b+e e a = (a + b + e) 1 e a
a+b+e a b 1 a b
show that $(a) and $' (a) =0.
A(a) B(a) C(a) Applying R2 ~ R2
and ~ ~ ~ - ~, we get
- ~
$(a) = A(a) B(a) C(a) 1 b e
A'(a) B'(a) C'(a) = (a + b + e) 0 e - b a - e
o a-b b-e
=0 [.; ~ and ~ are identical]
A' (x) B'(x) C'(x) = (a + b+ e) [- (e- b)2_ (a - b) (a -e)]
Again, $' (x) = A(a) B(a) C (a) = - (a + b + e) (a2 + b2 + ~ - ab - be - ca)
A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
= _.! (a + b + e) (2a2 + 2b2 + 2e2 -2ab -2be-2ea)
2
$' (a) = A(a) B(a) C(a)
A'(a) B'(a) C'(a) = _.! (a + b + e)[(a - b)2 + (b - e)2+ (e - a)2]
2
=0 [.; ~ and ~ are identical] which is always negative.
Thus, a is a repeated root of $ (x) = O.
Hence, cjl (x) is divisible by f(x). Topic 4 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
2
x +x x+1 x-2 Objective Questions I
28. Let 8 = 2~ + 3x - 1 3x 3x - 3
~ + 2x + 3 2x - 1 2x - 1 1. PlAN Use the following properties of transpose(Aal = aTAT,
(ATl = A and A-'A = land simplify. If A is non-singular
matrix,then I A I "# O.
Applying ~ ~ ~ - (~ + ~), we get
Given, AAT=ATA and B=A-IAT
~+x x+1 x-2
8= -4 0 0 BBT = (KI AT)(KI ATl
~+2x+3 2x-1 2x-1 =KIATA(KIl [.; (ABl =BT AT]
. x2 =KIAAT(KIl [.; AAT = AT A]
Applying ~ ~ ~ +-~ =IAT(KIl [.;KIA = 1]
4
~.
= AT (KIl = (KIAjT [.; (ABl = BT AT]
and ~ ~.~ + -R2, we get
4 =IT =1
x x+ 1 x-2
8= -4 0 0 2. Given, P = [~ : :]
2x+ 3 2x-1 2x-1 244
x+O x+ 1 x-2 I P 1= 1(12 -12) - a (4 - 6) + 3 (4 - 6) = 2 a - 6
Applying ~ ~ ~ - 2~ = -4 0 0 P = adj (A) [given]
3 -3 3
2
.. IPI=ladjAI=IAI =16 [';ladjAI=IAln-I]
x x x 0 1 -2
-4 0
3 -3
0
3
+ -4
3
0
-3
0
3
..
~
2 a - 6 = 16 ~ 2 a = 22
a=l1
1 1 1 1 3. Given, pT =2P + I ... (i)
=x -4 0 0
3 -3 3 +I-i 0
-3
-~ I ..
~
(p )T=(2P+l)T=2pT+1
T
P=2pT+1
~ 8=Ax+B

where, A~ 1j ~
andB~1 ~ j -~I ~
~
or
P=2(2P+l)+1
P=4P+31
3P=-31 ~ PX=-IX=X

l
 Matrices and Determinants 131

4. I A I ;*0, as non-singular Integer Answer Type Question

1 a b 8. I A I = (2k + 1)3, I B 1= 0
00 1 c;*O
But det (adj A) + det (adj 1J) = 106
002 00 1
~ (2k + 1)6 = 106 ~ k=~ ~ [k] = 4
~ 1 (1 - coo) - a (00- c002)+ b (002- 002);*0 2
2
~ 1- Col - aoo + ac00 ;*0 ~ (1 - Col) (1 - aoo) ;*0
1 1 Topic 5 Solving System of Equations
~ a;*-,c;*-
00 00 Objective Questions I
~ a = 00,c = 00and b E {oo,002} ~ 2 solutions
1. Given system of linear equations
5. Given, MT =-M, NT =-N and MN = NM ...(i)
2 2 T 1
2~ - 2~ + oX.J
= "-4. ... (i)
:. M N (M Nr (MN-1l ... (ii)
~ (2 - A)~ -2~ + oX.J
=0
~ M2 N2N-1(MTr1(N-1)T.MT
2~ - + 2oX.J= A~ ... (iii)
~ M2 N(NN-1)(- Mr1 (NTr1 (- M)
3X2

~ M2 N I(-M-1)(-Nr1 (-M) ~ _M2 NM-1N-1 M ~ 2~ -(3+ A)~+2oX.J =0

~ -M.(MN)M-1N-1 M = -M(NM)M-1N-1 M -~ +2~=~
~ -MN(NM-1)N-1M=-M(NN-1)M ~ _M2 ~ -~ + 2X2 - ~ =0
NOTE Here, non-singular word should not be used, since there Since, the system has non-trivial solution.
is no non-singular 3 x 3 skew-symmetric matrix.

Objective Questions II .. [2;A _(;: A) ~] =0

6. PlAN A square matrix M is invertible, iffdem (M)orl MI;* O. -1 2 A

~ (2 - A)(3A + A2- 4) + 2(-2A + 2) + 1(4 - 3) - A) = 0

Let M=[~~] ~ (2 - A)(A2+ 3A - 4) + 4(1 - A) + (1- A) = 0
~ (2 - A)(A + 4)(A - 1) + 5(1- A) = 0
(a) Given, [ ~ ] = [ ~] ~ a = b = c = a [let]
~ ~-~~-~~+~-~=O

~ M=[::] ~ IMI=O ~Misnon-invertible.

~
~ (A -l)[(A -l)(A + 8)] = 0 ~
(A - 1)(A2 + 2A -3) = 0
(A -1)2(A + 3) = 0

(b) Given, [b c] = [a b] ~ A=1,1,-3

~ a=b=c=a [let] Hence, A contains two elements.

Again, IMI =0 2. Given equations can be written in matrix form

~ M is non-invertible. AX=B
k+ 1
(c) ASgivenM=[~ ~]~IMI=ac;*O where, A= [ k k8+ 3 J, X =[~]y and B=~
3k-1

[.:a and c are non-zero] For no solution, IAI =0 and (adj A) B ;* 0

~ M is invertible. Now, IAI=[k~l k~3J=O ~ (k2+1)(k+3)-8k=0

(d) M=[~~]~IMI=ac-b2;*0 k2+4k+ 3-8k=0

~ k2-4kx3 = 0
.: ac is not equal to square of an integer.
~ (k-1)(k-3) = 0 ~ k=l,k= 3,
M is invertible.
Now a d'A-[
J - k+3
-k -8 ]
7. PlAN IfIAnxnl=t.,thenladjAI=t.A-1 k+1

Now,
k+3 -8 ] [4k ]
(adj A)B=[
-k k+1 3k+1
2
Here, adj Pg x3 = [~ ~ ~] ~ I adj P I = I P 1
(k+3)(4k) -8(3k-1)]
1 1 3
=[ -4k2+ (k+ 1)(3k-1)
1 4 4
1 adj P I = 2 1 7 = 1 (3 - 7) - 4 (6 - 7) + 4 (2 - 1) =[ 4k2~12k+8 ]
-k +2k-1
1 1 3
=-4+4+4=4 ~ 1PI=I2
132 Matrices and Determinants

Put k=l 7. Since, the given system has non-zero solution.

(ad]. A) B = [ -14-12+8]
+ 2 -1 =, [0]
0 not true
1
k
-k
-1
-1
-1 =0
1 1-1
Putk=3
.
(ad] A) B = [36-9 +- 366 +-18] = [8]-4 *- 0 true
Applying C1 ~ C1 - C2, C2 ~ C2 + C3
1 + k -k -1 -1
=> l+k -2 -1 =0
Hence, required value of II is 3.
o 0 -1
Alternate Solution
=> 2(k+ l)-'(k+ 1)2=0
Condition for the system of equations has no solution is
=> (k + 1)(2 - k - 1) = 0 => k = :t 1
a1 b1 C:t
-=-*-- NOTE Thereis a golden rulein determinantthat none's:::)
a2 b2 C2
(n - 1) zero's or n (constant):::)(n - 1) zero's forall
k+ 1 8 4k constant should be in a single rowor a singlecolumn.
--=--*---
k k +3 3k-1
k+ 1 8 2
Assertion and Reason
Take --=-- => k +4k+3=8k
k k+3
8. [Th~ ~;en i]s[t=]m_ O[f_~q]uationscan be expressed as
k2-4k+3 => (k-1) (k-3) =0
1 -3 4 y - 1
k=1,3
-1 1 -2 Z k
If k -1, then _8_ *- 4.1 , false
1+3 2
AP[il~~g ~] ~[x]R2-[~'lRs] ~ Rs +~
And, if k = 3, then ~ *- 4.3, true
6 9-1 - 0 -1 1 y = 2

Therefore, k = 3
o -1 1 Z k-1

Hence, only one value of k exist. Applying Rs ~ Rs - ~

3. Sin", Am = m i, line", equation in three variAble,
[o1 -2 3][X]
- 0 -1 1
0 0
y
Z
=
[ -1]
2
k-3
and that could have only unique. no solution or infinitely When k *- 3 , the given system of equations has no
many solution. solution.
:. It is not possible to have two solutions.
=> Statement I is true. Clearly, Statement II is also
Hence, number of matrices A is zero.
tr~e a~2it i~ r]earrangement of rows and columns of
4. Since, given system has no solution.
:. d =0
and anyone amongst dx, dy, dz is non -zero. 1 -3 4 .
[
2 -1 2 2 -1 2 -1 1 -2
Let 1 -2 1 =0 anddz = 1 -2 -4 =6*-0
1 1 All 4 Fill in the Blank
9. Given system AX+ Y + z =0,- x+ AY + Z =0

5. For infinitely many solutions, we must have and ~X - Y+ AZ = 0

k+1 =_8_=~ => k=l will have non-zero solution, if
k k+3 3k-1 All
6. Given equations x+ ay = 0, az + y =0, ax+ Z =0 . has -1 A 1 =0
infinite solutions. -1 -1 A
1 a 0
=> A(A2 + 1) -1 (- A + 1) + 1(1 + A) = 0
.. 0 1 a =0
a 0 1 A3 + A + A -1 + 1 + A = 0

1 + a3 = 0 or a = - 1 A3 + 3A =0
=>
A(A2 + 3) = 0 =>A =0
 Matrices and Determinants 133

Analytical and Descriptive Questions 1 2 1. 2 1

.J2 cos a + .J2 sm a = .J2
10. Since, AX = U has infinitely many solutions.
cos (2a -1t/4) ='cos1t/4
a 0 1
~IAI=O ~ 1 e b =0 2a -1t/4 =2n 1t:t 1t/4
1 d b 2a =2n1t -1t/4 + 1t/4 or2a =2n1t + 1t/4 + 1t/4
~ a (be - bd) + l(d - e) = 0 ~ (d - e)(ab - 1) = 0 a = n1t or n1t+ 1t/4
.. ab = 1 or d=e 12. Since, aI' a2 are the roots ofax2 +bx+ e = O.
0 b e
Again, A3 e ~ g=h ~ a1 + a2 = -- and aia2 = - ...(i)
I 1=lr
d ~I=o a a
Also, PI' P2are the roots of p~ + qx + r = O.
f 11
~ IA21=lr
g ~ g=h ~ PI + P2= _!J.. and PIP2=!.... ...(ii)
~I=o p P
h
0 Given system of equations
and 1~11=1~ e ~I=o ~ g=h aly+a~=O
d bl and PI y + P2 Z = 0, has non-trivial solution.
.. g = h, e = d and ab = 1 ... (i)
.. la1 a21=0 ~ ~=Pl
Now, BX=V PI P2 a2 P2
1
d [from Eq. (i)] Applying componendo.dividendo
I~=I~ g ~I=o
al + a2 = PI + P2
[since, C2 and C3 are equal] al - a2 PI - P2
BX = V has no solution. ~ (al + a2) $1 - P2)= (al - a2) $1 + P2)
a 2
1 1 ~(al +a2)2{$1 +P2)2_4P2P2}
I~I= 0 d e =0 [from Eq. (i)] = $1 + P2)2{(a1+ a2)2 -4 a1a2}
o g h
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[since, e = d and g = h] 2 2
b (q2 _
a2 p2 p
4rJ
= q2 (b _
p2 a2 a
4eJ
[.; e = d]
b2q2 4b2r b2q2 4q2e
~ -----=----
a2p2 a2p a2p2 ap2
Since, adf *0 ~ IB21*0
I~ =0 and IB21 *0 b2r q2e b2 ac
~ -=-~ -=-
a p q2 pr
BX = V has no solution.
11. Given, AX + (sin a) y + (cos a) z =0 13. The system of equations has non-trivial solution, if
~=O.
X + (cos a) y + (sin a) z = 0
sin30 -1 1
and - x + (sin a) y - (cos a) z = 0 has non.trivial solution.
cos28 4 3 =0
.. ~=O 277
A
sma cos a
Expanding along C1, we get
1
cosa sina =0
-1 sma -cosa sin30.(28-21) -cos20(-7-7)+2(-3-4)=0
~ 7sin30+14cos20-14=0
~ A (- cos2 a - sin2 a) - sin a(-cos a + sin a)
~ sin38+2cos28-2=0
+ cos a (sin a + cos a) = 0
~ 3sin8-4sin 8+ 2 (1-2sin28) -2 =0
3
~ - A + sin a cos a + sin a cos a - sin2 a + cos2 a = 0
~ sin8(4sin28+4sin8-3)=0
A = cos2a + sin2a
~ sin8(2sin8-1)(2sin8+3)=0
[.; _~a2+ b2 ::;asin8+ bcos8::;~a2+ b2J ~ sin8=0,sin8=.!.
2
-.J2 ::; A ::;.J2 ... (i)
[neglecting sin 8 = - 3/2]
Again, when A = 1, cos2a + sin2a = 1
~ 8=n1t,n1t+(-lt~,nEZ
6
134 Matrices and Determinants

14. The given system of equations

3x- y+ 4z=3 On Bolving the equations x = y = Z = A. [say]
x+ 2y-3z=-2 :, For k = 0, the system has infinite solutions of A. eR
6x + 5y + AZ = - 3 17. Given systems of equations can be rewritten as
has atleast one solution, if A O. * - x + cy + by = 0, cx - y + az =0 and
3 -1 4 bx+ ay-z=O
A = '1 2 -3 *0 Above system of equations are homogeneous equation.
6 5 A Since, x, y and z are not all zero, so it has non-trivial
solution.
=> 3 (2A+ 15) + 1 (A+ 18) + 4 (5 - 12) * 0
Therefore, the coefficient of determinant must be zero.
=> 7 (A + 5) 0 => * A. * -5 -1 c b
Let Z =- k, then equations become
c . -1 a =0
3x- y =3-4k and x+ 2y = 3k-2
b a -1
On solving, we get
=> -1 (1- a2) - c (- c - ab) + b (ca + b) = 0
4-5k 13k-9
x=-7-,y=--7-,z=k => a2+b2+c2+2abc-1=0
=> a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
15. Given system of equations are
3x+ my=m and 2x-5y=20

Here, A=13 m !=-15-2m

2 -5
18. Let
and A
x
=1 20-5
m m 1=-25m

3
A
y
= 1 m
2 20 I = 60 - 2m
If A = 0, then system is inconsistent, i.e. it has no .
solution.

If A * 0, i.e. m * 152 , the system has a unique solution

for any fixed value of m.

We have, x = -Ax = ---- -25m ---25m

A - 15 - 2 m 15 + 2m
Ay 60 -2m 2m-60
and
y=~= -15-2m 15+2m
25m 15
For x>O ,--->0 => m>Oor m <--
15+ 2m 2
... (i)
2m -60 15
andy>O,--->O => m>300rm<-- ... (ii)
2m + 15 2
a2 = -1, b2 = 2, c2 = 3, al - a2 = 1,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get m < - 15 or m > 30 bl - b2 = 1, Ct - c2 = - 1
, 2
=> al + a2 + a3 = 0, bl + b2 + b3 = 0
16. Since, the given system of equations posses non-trivial
Ct + C2 + Va = 12
solution, if
'0 1 -2 al = 0, b2 = 2, Va = 7
Sum of diagonal elements =0+2+ 7=9
o -3 1 =0 => k =0
k -5 4
I- 1. If [a] denotes the integral part of a and x = 83Y + 82Z,
Y = a,Z + 83X and Z = 82x + a,y where x, y, Z are not all
Passage for Q. Nos. 8 to 10

zero. If a, = m - [m], m being a non-integral constant,

Vl then a,8283 is
A = [~ ~ ~]. if UI• U2 and U3 are columns matrices
321
w (a) >1 (b) >-1

I-
(c) < 1 (d)<-1

2. A is the n x n matrix whose elements are all '1 ' and 8 is

<ati,fy,ng AU, = m n m AU, = [ AU, = and U " 3 "

the n x n matrix whose diagonal elements are all 'n'

matrix whose columns are UI• U2• U3• then
and other elements are 'n - r'. Then, A2 is a scalar
multiple of A and hence, (8 - r1) [8 - (n2 - nr + r) I] is 8. The value of I U I is
~
(a) 1 (b)-I (a) 3 (b) - 3

w (c) 0

3. The value (s) of m does the system of equations

(d) None of these
(c)
3
2' (d) 2

1-' 3x + my = m and 2x - 5y = 20 has a solution

satisfying the conditions x > 0, y > 0
9. The sum of the elements of U-1 is
(a) -1 (b) 0
(a) mE (0,00) (c) 1 (d) 3
C-
e::('
(b)

(c) m
m E ( -00, -

E ( _ ~5, 00)
~5)u (30, 00)

10. The value of[32 OJU [H'

:c! (d) None of the above

4. The system of equations

~5 ~~
2
~4 ~~
2
11. Match the statements of Column I with values of
LJ x + 2y + 3z = 4
Column II.
2x + 3y + 4z = 5 Column II
Column I
3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has A. LetIAI=laijI3x31'O.Each. p. o
(a) many solutions (b) no solution element aij is multiplied by k' - '. Let
(c) unique solution (d) None of these I B I the resulting determinant,
(2r) x N(N+ 1) where k1 I A I + k2 1 B I = O.Then,
2 2 k1 + k2 =
5. If tJ.r = (6r -1) Y N (2N + 3) ,
B. The maximum value of a third order q. 4
(4r3 - 2Nr) z N3(N + 1) determinant each of its entries are
N
where, N E natural numbers. Then L tJ.r is equal to :t 1equals

r=1 c. 1 cosa cos~ r.

(a)N (b) N2 cos a cos y
(c) zero (d) None of these cos ~ cosy 1

o
6. letA=[~
2 2]
1 2 ,then = COSa
COSa

0
cos ~
cos~

2 1 cos~ cosy 0

Now, cos2 a + cos2 ~ + cos2 A. =

(a) A
2
- 4A - 5/3 = 0 (b) A
-1
= 51 (A - 4/3)
D. x2 + X X + 1 x - 2 s. 2
(c) A3 is not invertible (d) A2 is invertible 2
2x - 3x - 1 3x 3x - 3
7. If 01 and O2 are two 3 x3 diagonal matrices, then x2 + 2x + 3 2x - 1 2x - 1
(a) 0102 is a diagonal matrix = Ax + B, where A and B
(b)OP2 = 0~1
(c) 012 + O~ is a diagonal matrix
(d) None of the above

Answers
1. (b)' 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (e) 6. (a,b,d) 7. (a,b,e) 8. (a)
9. (b) 10. (a) 11. A~p; B~q; C~r; D~p