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QUICK RECAP
MATRIX
8 A matrix is any rectangular array of numbers X Identity or Unit Matrix : A square matrix is
or functions in m rows and n columns within said to be identity matrix if all its diagonal
brackets. entries are equal to 1 and rest are zero.
A matrix of m rows and n columns is usually X Zero or Null Matrix : A matrix whose all the
written as elements are zero.
a11 a12 ......... a1n EQUALITY OF MATRICES
a a ......... a2n
A = 21 22
8 Two matrices are said to be equal, if their
am1 am2 ......... amn order is same and their corresponding
m×n
elements are also equal.
The above matrix is also represented by
A = [aij]m×n or, A = [aij]
Order of a Matrix
X A matrix having m rows and n columns has
order m×n.
Types of Matrices
X Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row.
X Column Matrix : A matrix having only one
column.
X Square Matrix : A matrix in which number
of rows is equal to the number of columns.
X Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix whose all
the non-diagonal elements are zero.
1 0 0
Ex. A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix and
0 0 3
it can also be written as A = diag (1 2 3)
X Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which
all the diagonal elements are equal.
OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
Operations Definition Properties
Addition of two Let A and B be two (i) Commutative Law : For any two matrices A &
Matrices matrices each of order B, A + B = B + A
m × n. (ii) Associative Law : For any three matrices A, B and
Then, A + B = [aij + bij] C, A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
for i = 1, 2, ..., m and (iii) Existence of Additive Identity : For any matrix
j = 1, 2, ..., n A, if there exists a zero matrix O such that A + O
= A = O + A. Then O is called additive identity.
(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse : For any matrix A,
if there exists a matrix (–A) such that A + (–A) = O
= (–A) + A. Then (–A) is called additive inverse of A.
Mu l t i p l i c at i o n Let A be a matrix of order Let A and B be two matrices each of order m×n.
of a Matrix by a m × n. Then, for any scalar Then, for any scalars k and l, we have
Scalar k, kA = [k ⋅ aij]m × n (i) k(A + B) = kA + kB
(ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA
Multiplication of Let A and B be any two (i) Multiplication of two matrices is not commutative
two Matrices matrices of orders m × n i.e., AB ≠ BA.
and n × p respectively. (ii) Associative Law : For any three matrices A, B, and C
Then AB = C = [cik]m×p • (AB)C = A(BC)
n (iii) Distributive Law : For any three matrices A, B and C,
where cik = ∑ air brk • A(B + C) = AB + AC
r =1
• (A + B)C = AC + BC
(iv) Existence of Multiplicative Identity : For any
square matrix, there exists a matrix I such that
AI = A = IA, where I is called the identity matrix.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX (ii) Multiplying the elements of a row
(or column) by a non-zero scalar : If
8 The matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of matrix A is called the the elements of ith row (or column) are
transpose of matrix A. It is represented by multiplied by a non-zero scalar k, we
A′ or AT. In other words, if A=[aij]m×n , then write Ri → kRi (or Ci → kCi).
A′ = [aji]n×m (iii) Adding the elements of a row
Properties of Transpose (or column), to the constant times
X For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, the corresponding elements of
(i) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′ another row (or column) : If k times
(ii) (A′)′ = A
the elements of jth row (or column) are
(iii) (kA)′ = kA′, where k is any constant.
(iv) (AB)′ = B′A′ added to the corresponding elements
of the ith row (or column), we write
8 Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij]
Ri → Ri + kRj (or Ci → Ci + kCj).
is called a symmetric matrix, if aij = aji for all
i, j or we say, if A = A′.
INVERTIBLE MATRICES
8 Skew-Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix
A = [aij] is called a skew symmetric matrix, if 8 If A is a square matrix of order m and if there
aji = – aij for all i,j or we say, if A′ = –A. exists another square matrix B of the same
Note : order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is
(i) For any square matrix A with real entries, called the inverse matrix of A and is denoted
A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and A – A′ by A–1. Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists,
is a skew symmetric matrix. is unique.
(ii) A matrix which is both symmetric and
skew symmetric, is zero matrix. Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations
ELEMENTARY OPERATION X Let A is a square matrix of order n. To find
(TRANSFORMATION) OF A MATRIX A–1 using elementary row (or column)
(i) Interchange of any two rows (or operations, write A = IA (or A = AI)and apply
columns) : If ith row (or column) is a sequence of row (or column) operations on
interchanged with jth row (or column), A = IA (or A = AI) till we get, I = BA(or AB).
we write Ri ↔ Rj (or Ci ↔ Cj). The matrix B will be the inverse of A.
Previous Years’ CBSE
PREVIOUS Board
YEARS MCQS Questions
Detailed Solutions
1. Here, a11 = |(1)2 – 1| = 0, a12 = |(1)2 – 2| = 1, 1
a21 = |(2)2 – 1| = 3 and a22 = |(2)2 – 2| = 2 4. Here, aij = | −3i + j |
2
0 1 1
\ Required matrix = . ∴ a32 = | −3 ⋅ 3 + 2 | [For i = 3, j = 2]
2
3 2
1 1 7
2. As matrix is of order 2 × 2, so there are 4 = | −9 + 2 |= |− 7 | =
entries possible. 2 2 2
Each entry has 3 choices i.e. 1, 2 or 3. So, (i + 2 j)2
the number of ways to make such matrices is 5. Here, aij =
4
3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81. (2 + 2 ⋅ 1)2
|i − j | ∴ a21 = =4 [For i = 2, j = 1]
3. Here, aij = 4
2 i 1
|2−3| 1 6. Here, aij = ⇒ a12 = [For i = 1, j = 2]
\ a23 = = [For i = 2, j = 3] j 2
2 2
7. The possible orders are 1 × 5 or 5 × 1. 16. (a) : We have, A2 = A
Now, (I – A)3 + A = (I – A)(I – A)(I – A) + A
x − y z −1 4
8. Here, = = (I ⋅ I – I ⋅ A – A ⋅ I + A ⋅ A)(I – A) + A
2 x − y w 0 5 = (I – A – A + A)(I – A) + A
⇒ x – y = – 1, z = 4, 2x – y = 0, w = 5 [Q I ⋅ A = A ⋅ I = A and A2 = A]
Solving these equations for x and y, we get = (I – A)(I – A) + A
x = 1, y = 2 \ x + y = 1 + 2 = 3. = (I ⋅ I – I ⋅ A – A ⋅ I + A ⋅ A) + A
a + 4 3b 2a + 2 b + 2 = (I – A – A + A) + A = (I – A) + A = I
9. Given, = 17. Given, A2 = I
8 −6 8 a − 8b
By equality of matrices, we get Consider, (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A
a + 4 = 2a +2, 3b = b +2, – 6 = a – 8b = A3 – I3 – 3A2I + 3AI2 + A3 + I3 + 3A2I + 3AI2 – 7A
= 2A3 + 6AI2 – 7A = 2AA2 + 6AI – 7A
On solving these equations, we get a = 2, b = 1.
= 2AI + 6A – 7A = 2A + 6A – 7A = A
So a – 2b = 0.
−1 0 −1 1
x⋅y 4 8 w
10. Here, = 18. Given, A = [2 1 3] −1 1 0 0
z + 6 x + y 0 6 0
⇒ x ⋅ y = 8, w = 4 1 1 −1
z + 6 = 0, x + y = 6 1 1
⇒ z = – 6, x + y = 6 = [−2 − 1 1 + 3 −2 + 3] 0
= [−3 4 1] 0
⇒ x + y + z = 6 – 6 = 0.
−1 −1
a − b 2a + c −1 5
11. Given, = = [– 3 + 0 – 1] = [– 4]
2a − b 3c + d 0 13 \ The order of matrix A = 1 × 1
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get
1 0
a – b = – 1, 2a – b = 0 19. Given, [x 1] = O ⇒ [x − 2 0]=[0 0]
On subtraction, we get a = 1. −2 0
⇒x–2=0⇒x=2
12. Refer to answer 11.
Now, we get b = 2 3 4 1 y 7 0
20. We have, 2 + =
x−y 2 y 1 4 5 x 0 1 10 5
13. = 6 8 1 y 7 0
2 y + z x + y 9 5 ⇒ + =
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get 10 2 x 0 1 10 5
x – y = 1, 2y = 4, 2y + z = 9, x + y = 5 7 8 + y 7 0
⇒ y = 2, x = 3, z = 5 ⇒ =
\ x + y + z = 3 + 2 + 5 = 10. 10 2 x + 1 10 5
On comparing corresponding elements of the
2 x + 1 2 y x + 3 10 matrices, we get
14. Given, =
0 y 2 + 1 0 26 8 + y = 0 and 2x + 1 = 5 ⇒ y = –8 and x = 2
⇒ 2x + 1 = x + 3, 2y = 10, y2 + 1 = 26 \ x – y = 2 + 8 =10
From first two equations, we get x = 2, y = 5 21. Here A2 = A
which also satisfies y2 + 1 = 26 Now, 7A – (I + A)3
\ x+y=2+5=7 = 7A – (I + A) (I + A) (I + A)
= 7A – (I + A) (I⋅I + I⋅A + A⋅I + (A⋅A))
x x − y 3 1
15. Given, = = 7A – (I + A) (I + A + A + A)
2 x + y 7 8 7 (Q I⋅A = A⋅I = A and A2 = A)
⇒ x = 3, x – y = 1, 2x + y = 8 ⇒ x = 3, y = 2. = 7A – (I + A) (I + 3A)
Also, 2x + y = 8 is satisfied by x = 3 and y = 2 = 7A – (I⋅I + I⋅(3A) + A⋅I + A⋅(3A))
\ x = 3 and y = 2. = 7A – (I + 3A + A + 3A) = 7A – I – 7A = – I.
x 2 3 1 −3 −4 6
22. Here, (2 x 4) = O 29. Given, =
−8 5 7 −2 4 −9 x
⇒ 2x ⋅ x + 4 ⋅ (–8) = 0 2 − 6 −6 + 12 −4 6
⇒ 2x2 – 32 = 0 ⇒ =
⇒ x2 = 16 = 42 ⇒ x = 4 5 − 14 −15 + 28 −9 x
which is the required positive value of x. −4 6 −4 6
⇒ = ⇒ x = 13
9 −1 4 1 2 −1 −9 13 −9 x
23. A = −
−2 1 3 0 4 9 x 5 3 −4 7 6
30. Given, 2 + =
9 − 1 −1 − 2 4 − (−1) 8 −3 5 7 y − 3 1 2 15 14
⇒ A= =
−2 − 0 1 − 4 3 − 9 −2 −3 −6 2 x 10 3 −4 7 6
⇒ + =
14 2 y − 6 1 2 15 14
1 −1 2
24. Here, A = and A = kA 2 x + 3 6 7 6
−1 1 ⇒ =
15 2 y − 4 15 14
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
⇒ = k ⇒ 2x + 3 = 7, 2y – 4 = 14
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1 ⇒ 2x = 4, 2y = 18 ⇒ x = 2, y = 9
2 −2 1 −1 \ x + y = 2 + 9 = 11
⇒ = k
−2 2 −1 1 5 0 4 3
31. Here, 3 A − B = ,B=
1 −1 1 −1 1 1 2 5
⇒ 2 =k ⇒k =2
−1 1 −1 1 5 0 4 3
\ (3 A − B) + B = +
25. Refer to answer 24. 1 1 2 5
26. Refer to answer 24. 5 + 4 0 + 3 9 3
⇒ 3A = =
1 3 y 0 5 6
27. Given, 2 + = 1 + 2 1 + 5 3 6
0 x 1 2 1 8 3 1 3 1
⇒ 3A = 3 ⇒ A=
2 6 y 0 5 6
⇒ + = 1 2 1 2
0 2 x 1 2 1 8 x y z
32. Let A = [ B and C are 2 × 3
2 + y 6 5 6 p q r
⇒ = matrices]
1 2 x + 2 1 8
Given, 2A – 3B + 5C = O
⇒ 2 + y = 5, 2x + 2 = 8 ⇒ y = 3, x = 3 1
⇒ 2A = 3B – 5C ⇒ A = [3B − 5C] ...(i)
\ x+y=6 2
cos θ sin θ sin θ − cos θ −2 2 0 2 0 −2
28. cos θ + sin θ Now, 3B − 5C = 3 − 5
− sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ 3 1 4 7 1 6
cos2 θ cos θ sin θ sin2 θ − cos θ sin θ −6 6 0 10 0 −10
= +
− sin θ cos θ cos2 θ sin θ cos θ sin2 θ
= −
9 3 12 35 5 30
cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ −16 6 10
= =
− sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ −26 −2 −18
1 0 −8 3 5
= From (i), we get A = .
0 1 −13 −1 −9
33. We have, Substituting a = 1 in (i), we get c = 3
2 −1 5 2 2 5 and substituting b = –2 in (ii), we get d = 4
A= , B= , C= 1 −2
3 4 7 4 3 8 So, A =
a b 3 4
Let, D = 35. A2 – 5A + 4I
c d 2 0 1 2 0 1
Now, CD – AB = O
= 2 1 3 2 1 3
2 5 a b 2 −1 5 2 0 0
\ − 7 4 = 0 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0
3 8 c d 3 4
2 0 1 1 0 0
2a + 5c 2b + 5d 10 − 7 4 − 4 0 0
⇒ − = −5 2 1 3 + 4 0 1 0
3a + 8c 3b + 8d 15 + 28 6 + 16 0 0 1 −1 0 0 0 1
2a + 5c − 3 2b + 5d 0 0
⇒ = 5 −1 2 10 0 5 4 0 0
3a + 8c − 43 3b + 8d − 22 0 0
On comparing the corresponding elements of the
= 9 −2 5 − 10 5 15 + 0 4 0
matrices, we get 0 −1 −2 5 −5 0 0 0 4
2a + 5c – 3 = 0 ...(i) and 3a + 8c – 43 = 0 ...(ii) 9 −1 2 10 0 5 −1 −1 −3
Also, 2b + 5d = 0 ...(iii) and 3b + 8d – 22 = 0...(iv)
= 9 2 5 − 10 5 15 = −1 −3 −10
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = –191, c = 77
Solving (iii) and (iv), we get b = –110, d = 44 0 −1 2 5 −5 0 −5 4 2
2 2
−191 −110 Since, A – 5A + 4I + X = O ⇒ X = – (A – 5A + 4I)
\ D=
77 44 1 1 3
\ X = 1 3 10
2 −1 −1 −8
34. Given that, 1 0 A = 1 −2 5 −4 −2
−3 4 9 22 36. The number of articles sold by each school
can be written in the matrix form as
2 −1 −1 −8 40 25 35
Let X = 1 0 and Y = 1 −2
X = 50 40 50
−3 4 9 22 20 30 40
3×2 3×2
The cost of each article can be written in the
As order of X is 3 × 2, then A should be of order
matrix form as Y = [25 100 50]
2 × 2, so that we get Y matrix of order 3 × 2.
The fund collected by each school is given by
a b
Let A = 40 25 35
c d
YX = [25 100 50] 50 40 50
2 −1 −1 −8 20 30 40
a b
Now, 1 0
= 1 −2
c d = [7000 6125 7875]
−3 4 9 22 Therefore, the funds collected by schools A, B and
C are ` 7000, ` 6125 and ` 7875 respectively
2a − c 2b − d −1 −8
Thus, the total fund collected
⇒ a+0 b + 0 = 1 −2 = ` (7000 + 6125 + 7875) = ` 21000
−3a + 4c −3b + 4d 9 22 The situation highlights the helping nature of the
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get students.
2a – c = –1 ...(i), 2b – d = –8 ...(ii), 37. Let ` A, ` B and ` C be the cost incurred by the
a=1 ...(iii) and b = –2 ...(iv) organisation for villages X, Y and Z respectively.
Then we get the matrix eq. as a – 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1 and b = 4
400 300 100 50 A Also, (1 + a)2 = a2 + b – 1 and (2 + b) (a – 1)= ab – b
satisfied by a = 1 and b = 4
300 250 75 20 = B Therefore, a = 1 and b = 4.
500 400 150 40 C
39. The total amount spent by the party in
A 400 × 50 + 300 × 20 + 100 × 40
two cities X and Y is represented in the matrix
⇒ B = 300 × 50 + 250 × 20 + 75 × 40 equation by matrix C as,
C 500 × 500 + 400 × 20 + 150 × 40 C = BA
20, 000 + 6, 000 + 4, 000 30, 000 140
X 1000 500 5000
= 15, 000 + 5, 000 + 3, 000 = 23, 000 ⇒ =
Y 3000 1000 10000
200
150
25, 000 + 8, 000 + 6, 000 39, 000
\ A = ` 30,000; B = ` 23,000 and C = ` 39,000 X 1000 × 140 + 500 × 200 + 5000 × 150
⇒ =
These are respectively the costs incurred by the Y 3000 × 140 + 1000 × 200 + 10000 × 150
organisation on villages X, Y and Z respectively. 990000
The value generated by the organisation in the =
society is cleanliness. 2120000
⇒ X = 990000 paise, Y = 2120000 paise
1 −1 a 1
38. We have, A = and B = \ X = ` 9900 and Y = ` 21200
2 −1 b −1 i.e., Amount spent by the party in city X and Y is
1−1 a 1 1 + a 0 ` 9900 and ` 21200 respectively. One should
Consider, (A + B) = + =
2−1 b −1 2 + b −2 consider about the social activities of a political
party before casting his/her vote.
1 + a 0 1 + a 0
Now, (A + B)2 = 1 2 x
2 + b −2 2 + b −2 40. Here, 2 x 3 =O
−3 0 3
(1 + a)2 0 (1 + a)2
= = x + 6
(2 + b)(1 + a − 2) 4 (2 + b)(a − 1) 4 ⇒ [2 x 3] =O
−3x
1 −1 1 −1 ⇒ 2x (x + 6) + 3 (–3x) = 0 ⇒ 2x2 + 12x – 9x = 0
Now, consider A2 =
2 −1 2 −1 ⇒ 2x2 + 3x = 0 ⇒ x(2x + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, .
−3
1 − 2 −1 + 1 −1 0 2
= 41. Trust fund = ` 35,000.
=
2 − 2 −2 + 1 0 −1 Let ` x be invested in the first bond and then
a 1 a 1 a2 + b a − 1 ` (35,000 – x) will be invested in the second bond.
and B 2 = = Interest paid on the first bond = 8% = 0.08
b −1 b −1 ab − b b + 1 Interest paid on the second bond = 10% = 0.10
−1 0 a2 + b a − 1 Total annual interest = ` 3,200.
2 2
\ A +B = + 0.08
0 −1 ab − b b + 1 \ In matrices,[x 35, 000 − x] = [3, 200]
0.10
a2 + b − 1 a − 1
= ⇒ x × 0.08 + (35,000 – x) × 0.10 = 3,200
ab − b b 8 10
⇒ x× + (35, 000 − x ) × = 3, 200
It is given that (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 100 100
(1 + a)2 ⇒ 8x + 3,50,000 – 10x = 3,20,000
0 a2 + b − 1 a − 1
\ = ⇒ 2x = 30,000 ⇒ x = 15,000
(2 + b)(a − 1) 4 ab − b b \ ` 15,000 should be invested in the first bond
By equality of matrices, comparing the and ` 35,000 – ` 15,000 = ` 20,000 should be
corresponding elements, we get invested in the second bond.
The values reflected in this question are : On comparing the corresponding elements of the
(i) Spirit of investment. −2 3
matrices, we get a = and b = .
(ii) Giving charity to cancer patients. 3 2
(iii) Helping the orphans living in the society. 3 5 3 7
42. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 2, then the order 47. Given, A = ⇒ A′ =
7 9 5 9
of the matrix A′ is 2 × 3.
1
Q P is symmetric matrix. So, P = ( A + A′ )
3 4 2
T −1 2 1
43. Given, A = −1 2 and B =
1 2 3 1 3 5 3 7
0 1 \ P = +
2 7 9 5 9
−1 1
1 3 + 3 5 + 7 1 6 12 3 6
⇒ B = 2 2
T
= = =
2 7 + 5 9 + 9 2 12 18 6 9
1 3
3 6
3 4 −1 1 4 3 Hence, the matrix P =
\ T T
A − B = −1 2 − 2 2 = −3 0
6 9
48. We know that a square matrix A can be written
0 1 1 3 −1 −2
as
44. A square matrix A is said to be skew- 1 1
symmetric, if A′ = –A. A = ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT )
2 2
45. A square matrix A is said to be skew 1
symmetric matrix if A = –A′...(i) Out of which ( A + AT ) is symmetric and
1 2
0 a −3 0 2 b ( A − AT ) is skew symmetric matrix.
2
Now, A = 2 0 −1 ∴ A′ = a 0 1 \ For the given matrix
b 1 0 −3 −1 0 2 4 −6 2 7 1
T
A = 7 3 5 , A = 4 3 −2
From (i), A + A′ = O
1 −2 4 −6 5 4
0 a −3 0 2 b
4 11 −5
⇒ 2 0 −1 + a 0 1 =
T
b 1 0 −3 −1 0 \ A + A = 11 6 3 and
−5 3 8
0 2 + a b − 3
0 −3 −7
⇒ a + 2 0 0 =O T
A − A = 3 0 7
b − 3 0 0 7 −7 0
⇒ a + 2 = 0 & b –3 = 0 1 1
\ a = –2 & b = 3 Hence, A = ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT )
2 2
0 2b −2 2 11 / 2 −5 / 2 0 −3 / 2 −7 / 2
46. Given, A = 3 1 3
= 11 / 2 3
3 / 2 + 3 / 2 0 7/2
3a 3 −1 −5 / 2 3 / 2 4 7 / 2 −7 / 2 0
... A is symmetric. First of which is symmetric and the second is
\ A′ = A skew symmetric matrix.
0 3 3a 0 2b −2
0 0
⇒ 49. is a 2 × 2 symmetric as well as skew
2b 1 3 = 3 1 3
0 0
−2 3 −1 3a 3 −1 symmetric matrix.
0 1 −2 1 1 4 0 1 0
50. The matrix A = −1 0 3 is skew- 2 1 3 1 0 0 A
symmetric. x −3 0 3 0 2 0 0 1