Matrices & Determinant: Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Matrices & Determinant
Most Important Questions & Mindmap
https://t.me/vedantumath1/3938
Click on the above Link

Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row
Definition - Matrices matrix or a row vector.
2. Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a
A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of column matrix or a column vector.
an ordered set of m rs and n columns is called a 3. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal
matrix of order m × n. to the number of columns, say (n × n) is called a square matrix of
order n.
4. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if
all the elements, except those in the leading diagonal, are zero.
A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i ≠ j
5. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal
elements are equal is called the scalar matrix.
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
(i) aij = 0 for all i ≠ j and
(ii) aii = C for all i ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}
6. Identity or Unit Matrix: A square matrix each of whose
diagonal element is unity and each of whose non diagonal
Equality of Matrices element is equal to zero is called an identity or unit matrix.
7. Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a
Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]r×s are equal if null matrix or a zero matrix, represented by O.
(i) m = r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals the number of 8. Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called an
rows in B. upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 ∀ i > j.
(ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the number 9. Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called
of columns in B. lower triangular if aij = 0 ∀ i < j.
(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n. 10. Singular Matrix: A square matrix with zero determinant is
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B,
called a singular matrix.
otherwise we write A ≠ B.
Matrices & Determinant Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or
Sum of Matrices Complex.
Then matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the
Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n.
elements of kA are k times of the corresponding elements of A
Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n.
Where, [cij] = [aij + bij] Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar
Properties of Matrix Addition If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same order and a and
(i) Matrix addition is commutative b are any scalars, then
A+B=B+A (i) ⍺ (A + B) = ⍺A + ⍺B
(ii) Matrix addition is associative (ii) (⍺ + β)A = ⍺A + βA
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C. (iii) ⍺(βA) = (⍺β) A.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’
Then |kA| = kn |A|
Transpose of a Matrix
If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix Multiplication of Matrices
obtained by changing the rows of A into columns and
columns of A into rows is called Transpose of matrix A and is If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n
denoted by A' or AT. Hence the matrix A' is of order n × m.
Properties of Transpose
(i) (A')' = A. Then Am×p × Bp×n = (AB)m×n
(ii) (kA)' = kA'. k being a scalar.
(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.
(iv) (AB)' = B'A'.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'.
Matrices & Determinant Properties of Matrix Multiplication
(i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to a
addition of matrices.
Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrix A (B + C) = AB + AC and (A + B) C = AC + BC
(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability is assured.
(i) A square matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric if AT = A. i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.
i.e. every ijth element = jith element. (iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always commutative. i.e.
(ii) A square matrix A = [aij] will be called skew symmetric AB is not always equal to BA.
if AT = –A. i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element). (iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix conformable with A
Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. for multiplication is a null matrix i.e. AO = O.
Then the following hold: In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square null matrix of
1. Aₙ is symmetric for all positive integers n. the same order, then OA = AO = O.
2. AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA. (v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that A = O or B = O.
3. AB + BA is symmetric.
4. AB – BA is skew - symmetric
Adjoint of Matrix None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas their
products is a null matrix.
If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made from (vi) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I :
cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of A. It’s Let A be a m × n matrix. Then AIn = A and Im A = A..
denoted by adj A. (vii) If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’. Then |AB| = |A| |B|
Properties of Adjoint Matrix
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(iv) (adj A)T = adj (AT)
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A)
(iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
(vii) |(adj (adj (A)) | =
Determinants
Definition
Inverse of Matrix
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible or
nonsingular if there exists a square matrix B of order n such
that
AB = In= BA
where In is the identity matrix of order n, B is called inverse of
A and is denoted by A–1.
Properties of Inverse Matrices

(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1
(iii) (A–1)–1 = A (iv)
(v)
Matrices & Determinant Properties of Determinants
(iii) if a determinant has any two rows (or columns)
identical or proportional, then its values is zero.
Properties of Determinants
If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row (or
column) then its values is zero.
(iv) If all the elements of any row (or column) are

multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the
rows and columns are interchanged.
Then D’ = KD
(iv) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd
(ii) If any two rows (or column) of a determinant be order is zero.
interchanged, the value of determinant changes in sign
(v) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even
only.
order is always a perfect square.
(vi) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row
(or column) then its values is zero.
(vii) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns)
identical or proportional, then its values is zero.
Matrices & Determinant System of Equation
Minors and Cofactors

Definition
Consistency of a System of Equations

(i) If D ≠ 0 then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique solution.
(ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then the
equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
(iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of equations are
consistent and have infinite solution except the case of parallel
planes when there is no solution.
(iv) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 then system of equation is called
Homogeneous system of equations.
(v) Solution of Homogeneous Equations is always consistent, as x =
0 = y = z is always a solution. This is known as TRIVIAL solution.
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D ≠ 0. Then x = 0 = y = z is the
only solution.
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists
non zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTiONS] also
Types of Problems
Type 1
Transpose of Matrix
Question JEE Main 2024 (Online) January
A 243
B 729
C 27
D 891
A 243
B 729
C 27
D 891
Solution
Solution
Let A be a square matrix such that AAT = I. Then

is equal to
A A2 + A T
B A3 + I
C A3 + A T
D A2 + I
Let A be a square matrix such that AAT = I. Then

is equal to
A A2 + A T
B A3 + I
C A3 + A T
D A2 + I
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Adjoint of Matrix and inverse of
matrix
Correct Answer : 7
Solution
A 66
B 27
C 23
D 26
A 66
B 27
C 23
D 26
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 3
Equation in Matrices
Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and I be the identity matrix of order 2. If

the roots of the equation | A-xI | = 0 be -1 and 3, then the sum of the
diagonal elements of the matrix A2 is-
Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and I be the identity matrix of order 2. If

the roots of the equation | A-xI | = 0 be -1 and 3, then the sum of the
diagonal elements of the matrix A2 is-
Correct Answer : 10
Solution
Question JEE Main 2023 (Online) 29th January Morning Shift
Let ⍺ and β be real numbers. Consider a 3 × 3 matrix A such that A²

= 3A + ⍺I. If A4 = 21A + βI, then
A ⍺=1
B ⍺=4
C β=8
D β = -8
Let ⍺ and β be real numbers. Consider a 3 × 3 matrix A such that A²

= 3A + ⍺I. If A4 = 21A + βI, then
A ⍺=1
B ⍺=4
C β=8
D β = -8
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 4
System of Equations
Let the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 5, 2x + 3y + z = 9,

4x + 3y + λz = µ have infinite number of solutions. Then λ + 2µ is
equal to :
A 22
B 17
C 15
D 28
Let the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 5, 2x + 3y + z = 9,

4x + 3y + λz = µ have infinite number of solutions. Then λ + 2µ is
equal to :
A 22
B 17
C 15
D 28
Solution
A 60
B 54
C 64
D 58
A 60
B 54
C 64
D 58
Solution
3D - Geometry

1. Direction Cosines of a Line (DC’s)
3D - Geometry
The direction cosines are generally denoted by l, m, n.
Hence, l = cos ⍺, m = cos β,

n = cos γ
Note that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
3. Equation of a Line
2. Direction Ratios of a Line (DR’s)
1. Equation of a line through a given point with
Any three numbers a, b and c proportional to the position vector and parallel to a given vector :
direction cosines l, m and n, respectively are called In vector form,
direction ratios of the line. In cartesian form,
● The direction ratios of a line passing through
two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are
(x2 - x1), (y2 - y1), (z2 - z1) where,
Here, a, b, c are also the direction ratios of the line
● 2. Equation of a line passing through two given
points with position vectors
● In vector form,
In cartesian form,
4. Angle between Two Lines 3D - Geometry 5. Shortest Distance between Two Lines
In vector form, 1. Distance between Parallel Lines
The angle between two lines The shortest distance parallel lines
2. Distance between Two Skew Lines

In cartesian form, In vector form,
The angle between two lines: The distance between two skew lines
In cartesian form,
The distance between two skew lines
cos θ = |l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2|

● If two lines are perpendicular, then
● If two lines are parallel, then

Types of Problems
Type 1
Distance between lines
D
D
Solution
A 10
B 5
C 7
D 8
A 10
B 5
C 7
D 8
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Intersection of lines
A 69
D 9
A 69
D 9
Solution
Let a line passing through the point (-1, 2, 3) intersect the lines L1
______.
Let a line passing through the point (-1, 2, 3) intersect the lines L1
______.
Correct Answer is 196

Solution
Types of Problems
Type 3
Image of Point
A 102
B 138
C 132
D 108
A 102
B 138
C 132
D 108
Solution
A 32
B 31
C 33
D 34
A 32
B 31
C 33
D 34
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 4
Foot of the perpendicular from a
point
A 99
B 102
C 101
D 100
A 99
B 102
C 101
D 100
Solution
The foot of perpendicular of the point (2, 0,5) on the line

is (α, β, γ). Then, which of the following is NOT correct?
D
The foot of perpendicular of the point (2, 0,5) on the line

is (α, β, γ). Then, which of the following is NOT correct?
D
Solution
Vector Algebra

1. Vector Quantity
Vector Algebra
A quantity which has magnitude & also a direction in space is called a vector
quantity.
2. Position Vector
Let O be the origin & P be a point in space having coordinates (x, y, z) with
respect to the origin O. Then the vector is called the position vector of
the point P with respect to O.
The angles made by with positive direction of x, y & z-axes (say ⍺, β & γ
respectively) are called its direction angles, and the cosine value of these
angles
i.e., cos ⍺, cos β & cos γ are called direction cosines of , denoted by l, m
& n respectively.
3. Types of Vectors
Vector Algebra
1. Zero Vector: A vector whose initial and terminal
4. Addition of Vector
points coincide, is called a zero vector (or null
vector) denoted as It has zero magnitude
2. Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity

(i.e., 1 unit) is called unit vector. The unit vector in
the direction of is denoted as.
3. Coinitial Vectors: Two or more vectors having the

same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
4. Collinear Vectors: Two or more vectors are called

collinear, if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitude.
5. Equal Vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal, if

they have same magnitude & direction regardless
of the position of their initial points.
6. Negative of a vector: A vector whose magnitude is

the same as that of the given vector, but the
direction is opposite to that of t, is called negative
of the given vector.
5. Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Vector Algebra
6. Component of Vector
7. Vector Joining two Points
Vector Algebra
8. Section Formulae 9. Scalar (or dot) Product of two Vectors

11. Vector (or Cross) Product of two Vectors
Vector Algebra
10. Projection of Vector Along a Directed Line
12. Properties Regarding Scalar and Vector Product

Types of Problems
Type 1
Product of Vectors
A 32
B 36
C 24
D 20
A 32
B 36
C 24
D 20
Solution
D
D
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Projection of Vector
Consider a △ABC where A(1, 3, 2), B(-2, 8, 0) and C(3, 6, 7). If the angle
bisector of ∠BAC meets the line BC at D, then the length of the projection of
the vector AD on the vector AC is:
D
Consider a △ABC where A(1, 3, 2), B(-2, 8, 0) and C(3, 6, 7). If the angle
bisector of ∠BAC meets the line BC at D, then the length of the projection of
the vector AD on the vector AC is:
D
Solution
D
D
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 3
Collinearity of Vectors
A 30
B -30
C -25
D 35
A 30
B -30
C -25
D 35
Solution
Question JEE Main 2023 (Online) April
A 16
B 49
C 36
D 25
A 16
B 49
C 36
D 25
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 4
Application of Vector on different
figures
A 7
B 6
C 8
D 10
A 7
B 6
C 8
D 10
Solution
Let for a triangle ABC,

If δ > 0 and the area of the triangle ABC is 5√6,
then CB.CA is equal to
A 60
B 54
C 120
D 108
Let for a triangle ABC,

If δ > 0 and the area of the triangle ABC is 5√6,
then CB.CA is equal to
A 60
B 54
C 120
D 108
Solution
Sets, Relation & Functions

A set is a well-defined
A set which doesn’t collection of objects Two sets A and B are said
contain any element is to be equal if they have
called an empty or null exactly the same elements
or void set and we write A = B
Definition
Null Set Equal Sets
A set which is empty or If a set A has only one

consists of a definite Finite Set Algebra element, we call it a
number of elements is & Singleton Set singleton set. Set of all
called finite otherwise, Infinite Set of sets even prime numbers-(2) is
the set is called infinite a singleton set
Subset Power Sets
The set of all subsets of a

A set which is said to be
set A is called the power
a subset of a set B if
set of A. It is denoted by
every element of A is
P(A). In P(A), every
also an element of B
element is a set
The difference of the sets A and B in this Let U be the universal set
order is the set of elements which belong to and A a subset of U. Then
A but not to B. Symbolically, we write A-B the complement of A is the
De-Morgan’s Laws: and read as “A animus B”
(i) (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’ set of all elements of U
(ii) (A ∩ B”’ = A’ ∪ B’ which are noth the
elements of A.
Difference symbolically, we write A’ to
De-Morgan’s of Sets Complemen denote the complement of
Law A with respect to U. Thus,
t of a Set
A’ = {x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
So A’ = U - A
Operations
on Sets
Let A and B any two sets. The

The intersection of two sets Intersection Union of union of A and B is the set
A and B is the set of all of Sets Sets which consists of all the
those elements which elements of A and all the
belong to both A and B. elements of B, the common
Symbolically, we write elements being taken only
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ once. The symbol ‘U’ is used
B} to denote the union.
Symbolically, we write A to B
and usually read as ‘A and B’
Function Relation
Many to Types of Into Antisymmetric Types of Transitive

one functions Function Relation Relations Relation
Bijective Universal Empty Equivalence Reflexive

Onto One-one Relation Relation Relation Relation
Function
Inverse Equivalence
Function Relations Classes
and
Composition Functions
of Function
Domain Relation Codomain
Binary
commutative Identity
Operation
Cartesian
Range
Left Right Product
Associative
Distributive Distributive
Types of Relations ANTI SYMMETRIC RELATION
If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A, then

a=b
EMPTY RELATION
TRANSITIVE RELATION
Relation R in Set A is Empty if no element of A is
related to any element of A ; R = ϕ ⊂ A × A (a, b) ∈ R & (b, c) ∈ R, then (a, c) ∈ R, for all
a, b, c ∈ A
UNIVERSAL RELATION
EQUIVALENCE RELATION
When each element of A is related to every
element of A in a relation R ; R = A × A
A relation R in A when R is reflexive,
Symmetric & Transitive
SYMMETRIC RELATION
EQUIVALENCE CLASS
If (a, b) ∈ R, then (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A
All subsets of equivalent relation
● All elements of Ai are related to each
REFLEXIVE RELATION other, for all i
● No element of Ai is related to any element
(a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A of Aj, for all i ≠ J ϕ
● U Ai = A and Ai ∩ Aj = ϕ ; i ≠ j
Composition of Functions
Let f : A → B & g : B → C be two functions. Then the
composition of f & g, denoted by gof, is defined as the Types of Functions
function gof : A → C given by
gof (x) = g(f(x)), ∀ x ∈ A
Relation & One-one (injective)
Theorem: If f : X → Y,
g:Y→Z&h:Z→S Functions f : x 🠆 y is one-one if f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒
x1, = x2 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ x. Otherwise, f
are functions, then ho(gof) = (hog)of
If gof is one-one ⇒ f is one-one is many-one, f1 is one-one.
If gof is onto ⇒ g is onto
If f : X → Y is a function such that there exists a
function g : Y → X such that
gof = Ix & fog = Iy, then f must be one-one and onto. Onto (surjective)
f : x 🠆 y is onto it for energy y
∈ Y, ∃ x ∈ X S.t. f(x) = y, f2
Functional Equation is onto.
(a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = K ln x
(b) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn Bijective
(c) f(x + y) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax f : x 🠆 y is both one-one and
(d) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = Kx onto, then f is bijective. F3 is
bijective.
(e) and f(x) is a
polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

Types of Problems
Type 1
Basics of Sets & Relation
Solution
Solution
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Types of Relation
A 15
B 10
C 12
D 8
A 15
B 10
C 12
D 8
Solution
A 15
B 10
C 12
D 8
A 15
B 10
C 12
D 8
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 3
Domain and Range of Functions
A 140
B 175
C 125
D 150
A 140
B 175
C 125
D 150
Solution
Solution
A 9
B 12
C 11
D 10
A 9
B 12
C 11
D 10
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 4
Types of Mapping
D
D
Solution
D
D
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 5
Composition of function
A [0 , 1)
B [0, 3)
C (0, 1]
D [0, 1]
A [0 , 1)
B [0, 3)
C (0, 1]
D [0, 1]
Solution
D
D
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 6
Functional Equation
A 9
B 7
C 6
D 8
A 9
B 7
C 6
D 8
Solution
A 2011
B 2010
C 1010
D 1011
A 2011
B 2010
C 1010
D 1011
Solution
Indefinite Integrals

Indefinite Integration Integration by Parts
Properties of Indefinite
Integration ⇕
ILATE Rule
Integrals
Note: Priority is from to to bottom

● ●
Integrals ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
Integration
● by using ●
standard
●
● formulae
● ●
● Integration by Substitution
Integrals
●
●
Integration
● by using
standard
● formulae
Some Important Substitution

● Function Substitutions
Integrals
Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction
1. Partial
Integration
2
5
Types of Problems
Type 1
Indefinite Integration
D
D
Solution
D
D
Solution
D
D
Solution
Definite Integration

Definite
Integration Definite Integral
The definite integral of f(x) between the limits a to b i.e., in the
interval [a, b] is denoted by
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and is defined as follows:
Theorem 1: Let f be a continuous function

n the closed interval [a, b] and let A(x) be
area function. Then A’(x) = f(x), ∀ x ∈ [a,
b]
Theorem 2: Let f be a continuous function where,
defined on the closed interval [a, b] & F be
The definite integral is also defined as the area
the anti-derivative of f. bounded
by the curve y = f(x), the ordinates x = a, x = b and the x-axis
Then
This is called the definite integral of f over
the range [a, b], where a & b are called the
limits of integration, a being the lower limit
& b the upper limit.
Definite Properties of Definite Integrals
Integration
Evaluations of Definite Integrals by

Substitution
Consider a definite integral of the following form
To evaluate this integral we proceed as following
Step 1: Substitute
Step 2: Find the limits of integration in new system of
variable, i.e. the lower limit is g(a) and the upper limit
is g(b), and the integral is now
Step 3: Evaluate the integral so obtained by usual

method.
Types of Problems
Type 1
Properties of Definite Integration
D
D
Solution
Solution
Correct Answer : 6
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Evaluation of Definite Integration
Question JEE Main 2024 (Online) 1st February Evening Shift
A -1
B 2
C 0
D 1
A -1
B 2
C 0
D 1
Solution
Question JEE Main 2023 (Online) 29th January Evening Shift
D
D
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 4
Leibniz Rule
Question JEE Main 2023 (Online) 10th April Evening Shift
D
D
Solution
D
D
Solution
Application of Integrals

Application of
Integrals
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES AREA UNDER SIMPLE CURVES
Using
Integration to
find areas under
simple curves,
lines, arcs of
circles,
parabolas and
ellipse
Application of
Integrals 1. Area bounded by ellipse: is = πab sq. units
2. Area bounded by two standard parabolas: (y2 = 4ax) & (x2 = 4by) is
Shortcut Tricks sq. units
3. Area bounded by y2 = 4ax & y = mx + c is:
A= sq. units.
4. Area bounded by y2 = 4ax & y = mx is: A = sq. units.
5. Area bounded by x2 = 4by & y = mx + c is: A = 72 b2m3 sq. units.
6. Area bounded by x2 = 4by & y = mx is: A = b2m3 sq. units.
7. Area bounded by parabola y2 = 4ax and its latus rectum x = a is: A = sq.
units.
8. Area of circle: x2 + y2 = a2 is: A πa2 sq. units
Types of Problems
Type 1
Area bounded by Parabola and Line
Correct Answer : 5
Solution
Question JEE Main 2023 (Online) 10th April Morning Shift
A 7
B 8
C 9
D 6
A 7
B 8
C 9
D 6
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Area enclosed by two parabolas
Question JEE Main 2024 (Online) 31st January Evening Shift
A 32/9
B 14/3
C 4
D 6
A 32/9
B 14/3
C 4
D 6
Solution
Correct Answer : 600

Types of Problems
Type 3
Area b/w any curves

Solution
Question JEE Main 2024 (Online) 31st January Morning Shift
A 32/3
B 16/3
C 8/3
D 64/3
A 32/3
B 16/3
C 8/3
D 64/3
Solution
Solution
Differential Equation

Definition Differential Equation
An equation involving the dependent variable and
independent variable and also the derivatives of the
dependable variable is known as differential equation. Order and Degree of a Differential
For example:
Equation
Order
The order of a differential equation is the order of the
highest derivative involved in the differential equation
For example:
Order is 1
Degree
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the
highest differential coefficient when the equation has
been made rational and integral as far as the differential
coefficients are concerned.
For example:
Degree is 2
Solution of a Differential Equation Differential Equation
The solution of the differential equation is

a relation between the independent and
dependent variable free from derivatives
satisfying the given differential equation.
(a) General solution (or complete primitive)

The general solution of a differential
equation is the relation between the
variables (not involving the derivatives)
which contain the same number of the
Types of arbitrary constants as the order of the
differential equation.
solution
(b) Particular solution or Integral
A solution which is obtained by giving
particular values to the arbitrary
constants in the general solution is
called a particular solution
Differential Equations with Variables Separable Differential Equation
If a first order-first degree equation can be expressed in

such a manner that coefficient of dx is f(x) & coefficient
of dy is g(y), then we say that variable are separable. A
first order-first degree differential equation is of the form
DE Reducible to variable separable
Above equation can also be written as:

[if F(x, y) can be expressed as (If b = 0 this is directly variable Separable)
product of g(x) & h(y)] To solve this, Substitute : t = ax + by + c
Separating the variables, we have Then the eq. Reduces to separable type in
the variable t and x which can be solved.
∴ Integrate both sides
Which is the required solution
Homogeneous Differential Equations Differential Equation
An equation in x & y is said to be homogeneous
if it can be put in the form where f(x, y)
& g(x, y) are homogeneous functions of the same Equations Reducible to the
degree in x & y. Homogenous Form
Here, is
an example of homogeneous differential equation.
To solve the homogeneous differential equation
Substitute y = vx & so
Thus
Therefore, solution is
Differential Equation Linear Differential Equations
A differential equation of the form where P & Q are constants
or functions of x only, is known as a First Order Linear Differential Equation.

Example:
Steps to Solve First Order Linear Differential Equation:
(i) Write the given differential equation in the form →
(ii) Find the Integrating factor →
(iii) Write the solution of the given differential equation as
Note that if the first order differential equation is in the form

where P’ & Q’ are constants or function of y only.
Then & the solution of the differential equation is given by
Differential Equation
Differential equation reducible to the linear form:
Sometimes equations which are not linear can be reduced

to the linear form by suitable transformation.
Exact Differential Equation
Here, …(i)
A differential equation is said to be exact if it
Let, f(y) = u ⇒ f’(y)dy = du can be derived from its solution (primitive)
directly by differentiation, without any
Then (i) reduces to elimination, multiplication etc.
For example, the differential equation xdy + ydx
Which is of the linear = 0 is an exact differential equation as it is
derived by direct differentiation for its solution,
differential equation form.
the function xy = c.
Types of Problems
Type 1
Find y(a) or equation involving y(a)
Question JEE Main 2024 (Online) 1st February Morning Shift
D
D
Solution
D
D
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Finding unknown parameters
A 12
B 9
C 4
D 3
A 12
B 9
C 4
D 3
Solution
Correct Answer : 3
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 3
Miscellaneous
A 90o F
B 85o F
C 80o F
D 95o F
A 90o F
B 85o F
C 80o F
D 95o F
Solution
D
D
Solution
Sequence & Series

Sequence & Series
Arithmetic Progression (AP)
Sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of natural numbers. AP is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a
Series: If a1, a2, a3, a4, …………….., an, …………….. Is a sequence, then the fixed number. This fixed number is called the common
expression a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + ……….. + …………. + an + ………… is a Difference.
series. If a is the first term & d the common difference, then AP can
A series is finite or infinite according as the number of terms in the be written as a nth term of this AP
corresponding sequence is finite or infinite. tn = a + (n - 1)d, where d = an - an-1
Progressions: It is not necessarily that the terms of a sequence always The sum of the first n terms the AP is given by
follow a certain pattern or they are described by some explicit formula for
the nth term. Those sequences whose terms follow certain patterns are
called progressions.
Where l is the last term.
Properties of Arithmetic Progression

1. 3 numbers in AP are a - d, a, a + d;
4 numbers in AP are a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d;
5 numbers in AP are a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d, a + 2d;
2. The sum of the two terms of an AP equidistant from the
beginning & end is constant and equal to the sum of first &
last terms.
3. Any term of an AP (except the first) is equal to half the sum of
terms which are equidistant from it. an=½(an-k + an+k), k < n.
4. tr = Sr - Sr-1
Sequence & Series Geometric Progression (GP)
In the sequence of non-zero terms, if each terms bears the same
constant ratio with its immediately preceding term, then that
sequence is called as Geometric progression and this constant
Arithmetic Mean ratio is called as Common Ratio (r).
General Form of a G.P.
If three terms are in AP then the middle term is called the AM
between the other two, so if a, b, c, are in AP, b is AM of a & c.
AM for any n positive number a1, a2, …………., an is; Where, first term = ‘a’ & common ratio = ‘r’
General Term of a G.P.
nth term = a rn-1
Sum of the 1st n terms i.e.

n-Arithmetic Means between Two Numbers
If a, b are any two given numbers & a, A1, A2, …….., A2, b are in
AP then A1, A2, ………., An are in AM’s between a & bv.
Properties of Geometric Progression
1. If a, b, c are in G.P., then
2. If a, b, c, ………… are in G.P., then

ka, kb, kc, ……. (where k ≠ 0) … are in G.P.
3. If a, b, c, ………… are in G.P., then
(where k ≠ 0 ) … are in G.P.
4. If a, b, c, ……….. Are in G.P., then

Ak, bk, ck, ………… are also in G.P.
Sequence & Series
Relation between AM & GM
Let A and G be arithmetic and geometric means of two positive
Geometric Mean numbers a and b. Then,
If a, b, c are in GP, b is the GM between a & c. b2 = ac, therefore
These two means possess the following properties

1. A≥G
n-Geometric Means between Two Numbers 2. If the Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean of two
If a, b, are two given numbers & a, G1, G2, ……., Gn, b positive numbers a and b are A and G respectively, then
are in GP. Then G1, G2, G3, ………….., Gn are in GMs A>G
between a & b. As A – G > 0
3. If A be the Arithmetic Mean and G be the Geometric Mean
G1 = a(b/a)1.n+1 = ar,
between two positive numbers a and b, then the
G2 = a(b/a)2/n+1 = ar2, ……………, quadratic equation whose roots are a, b is
Gna(b/a)n/n+1 = arn x2 - 2Ax + G2 = 0.
where r = (b/a)1/n+1 4. If A is the Arithmetic Means and G be the Geometric
Means between two positive numbers, and then the
numbers are
Types of Problems
Type 1
Based on General term of AP and GP
A 990
B 980
C 960
D 970
A 990
B 980
C 960
D 970
Solution
The 20th term from the end of the progression
A -115
B -100
C -110
D -118
The 20th term from the end of the progression
A -115
B -100
C -110
D -118
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Based on Sum of AP and GP
A 405
B 390
C 410
D 395
A 405
B 390
C 410
D 395
Solution
A 7
B 6
C 5
D 4
A 7
B 6
C 5
D 4
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 3
Miscellaneous
A 6:3:2
B 9:6:4
C 25:10:4
D 16:4:1
A 6:3:2
B 9:6:4
C 25:10:4
D 16:4:1
Solution
A -215
B 215
C -218
D 218
A -215
B 215
C -218
D 218
Solution
Binomial Theorem

Definition
If a, b ∈ R and n ∈ N, then
(a + b)n = nC0anb0 + nC1an-1b1 + nC2an-2b2+.......+ nCn a0bn
• Remarks: If the index of the binomial is n then the
expansion contains n + 1 terms. Binomial Theorem
• in each term, the sum of indices of a and b is always n.
• Coefficients of the terms in binomial expansion equidistant
from both the ends are equal.
(a - b)n = nC0anb0 - nC1an-1b1 + nC2an-2b2+.......+ (-1)n nCn
a0bn
General and middle terms in the expansion of

(a+b)ⁿ
The general term of an expansion (a+b)n is Binomial Theorem for any index
Tr+1 = nCr a n-rbr, 0 ≤ r ≤ n, r ∈ N If n is negative integer, then n! Is not defined. We state
Middle Terms: binomial theorem in another form
1. In(a + b)n, if n is even, then the no. of terms in the
expansion is odd.
Therefore, there is only one middle term and it is
(n+2/2)th term.
2. In (a + b)n, if n is odd then the no. of terms in the
expansion is even. Therefore, there are two middle
terms and those are (n+1/2)th and (n+3/2)th terms.
Binomial Coefficients
The coefficient nC0, nC1, nC2, ……… nCn, in the expansion of
(a + b)n are called binomial coefficients and denoted by C0,
C1, C2 ……………. Cx, respectively.
Properties of binomial coefficients: Binomial Theorem
Some special cases of (a+b)ⁿ

In the expansion of (a + b)n,
(i) Taking a = x and b = -y, we obtain
(x - y)n = nC0xn - nC1xn-1 y + nC2 xn-2 y2 + …… + (-1)n nCn
n
y
(ii) Taking a = 1, b = x, we obtain
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + nC3x3 + ……… + nCnxn
(iii) Taking a = 1, b = -x, we obtain
(1 - x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 + ……… + (-1)n nCnxn
Types of Problems
Type 1
Remainder based problem
Correct Answer : 1
Solution
A 13
B 10
C 20
D 5
A 13
B 10
C 20
D 5
Solution
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Based on General Term/Coefficient
A 1/9
B 1/4
C 4/9
D 9/4
A 1/9
B 1/4
C 4/9
D 9/4
Solution

Solution
Straight Line

DISTANCE FORMULA CENTROID, INCENTRE, EXCENTRE &
SECTION FORMULA
ORTHOCENTRE
The P(x, y) divides the line joining A(x1, y1) The distance between the
points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C (x3, y3) are the vertices
and B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n, then;
of triangle ABC, whose sides BC, CA, AB are
of lengths a, b, c respectively, then the
co-ordinates of the special points of triangle
If P is mid point of AB then coordinates of ABC are as follows:
P will be
AREA OF TRIANGLE Straight Line

If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C (x3, y3) are the vertices
of triangle ABC, then its area is equal to
ΔАВС =
SLOPE FORMULA DISTANCE FORMULA
If A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2), x1 ≠ x2, are points on a The distance between the points A(x1, y1)
straight line, then the slope (m) of the line is and B(x2, y2) is
given by:
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE IN VARIOUS FORMS
Straight Line
(i) Point-Slope form: y - y1 = m (x - x1)
(ii) Slope-Intercept form: y = mx + c
CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS (iii) Two point form: y - y1 =
Points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if:
(iv) Determinant form:

(i) mAB = mBC = mCA i.e.
(v) Form:
(ii) Area of ΔABC = 0 i.e. (vi) Perpendicular/Normal form: xcos ⍺ + y sin ⍺ = p
(vii) Parametric form: P(r)= (x,y) = (x1 + r cosθ, y1 + r sinθ) or

(iii) AC = AB + BC or any one side equals to the
sum of other two sides. (viii) General Form: ax + by + c = 0, slope of line =
(iv) A divides the line segment BC in some ratio.
LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A PERPENDICULAR LINES
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES IN
POINT ON A LINE When two lines of slopes m1 & m2
TERMS OF THEIR SLOPES
The length of perpendicular from P(x1, y1) are at right angles, the product of
If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two intersecting their slope is –1 i.e., m1 m2 = –1.
straight lines (m1m2 ≠ -1) and θ is the acute angle on ax + by + c = 0 is
between them, Two lines ax + by + c = 0 and
a’x + b’y + c’ = 0 are perpendicular
then tan θ = if aa’ + bb’ = 0.
Straight Line
REFLECTION OF A POINT ABOUT A LINE
The image of a point (x1, y1) about the line CONDITION OF CONCURRENCY
ax + by + c = 0 is: PARALLEL LINES Three lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0,
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 and
When two straight lines are parallel their
slopes are equal. a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 are concurrent if
Similarly foot of the perpendicular from a Two lines ax + by + c = 0 and a ' x + b ' y +
point on the line is: c ' = 0 are parallel if :
The distance between two parallel lines

with equations ax + by + c1 = 0 and
ax + by + c2 = 0 is
Types of Problems
Type 1
Coordinate System
A 18
B 24
C 36
D 12
A 18
B 24
C 36
D 12
Solution
A 30
B 40
C 25
D 35
A 30
B 40
C 25
D 35
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 2
Different Forms of Line
A 18
B 24
C 36
D 12
A 18
B 24
C 36
D 12
Solution
A 13/2
B 8
C 5/2
D 6
A 13/2
B 8
C 5/2
D 6
Solution
Types of Problems
Type 3
Miscellaneous Problems
Correct Answer : 32
Solution
Solution
A 30/41
B 8/5
C 2/5
D 25/41
A 30/41
B 8/5
C 2/5
D 25/41
Solution
Quadratic Equation

1. Quadratic Expression: The general form of a Quadratic Equation
quadratic expression in x is, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
where a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0 and general form of a
quadratic equation in x is, ax2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0. 2. Roots of Quadratic Equation:
(a) The solution of the quadratic equation,
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is given by
3. Nature of Roots:
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where The expression D = b2 - 4ac is called the
a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0 then; discriminant of the quadratic equation.
(i) D > 0 ⇔ roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(b) If ⍺ & β are the roots of the quadratic equation
(ii) D = 0 ⇔ roots are real & coincident (equal).
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then ;
(iii) D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary.
(i) ⍺ + β = -b/a (ii) ⍺ β = c/a
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the
other must be the conjugate p - i q & vice versa. (iii)
(p, q ∈ R & i = √-1).
(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where (c) A quadratic equation whose roots are ⍺ & β is (x - ⍺)
a, b, c ∈ Q & a ≠ 0 then; (x - β) = 0
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square, then roots are rational & i.e., x2 - (⍺ + β)x + ⍺β = 0
unequal.
(ii) If ⍺ = p + √q is one root in this case, (where p is i.e., x2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
rational & √q is a surd) then the other root must be the
conjugate of it i.e. β = p - √q & vice versa.
4. Location of Roots: Lwr f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, Quadratic Equation
where a > 0 & a, b, c ∈ R.
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be
greater than a specified number ‘k’ are:
D ≥ 0 & f(k) > 0 & (-b/2a) > k.
(ii) Conditions for both roots of f(x) = 0 to lie on
either side of the number ‘k’ (in other words the
number ‘k’ lies between the roots of f(x) = 0 is:
af(k) < 0.
(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f(x) = 0 to lie 5. Common Roots:
in the interval (k1, k2) i.e. k1 < x < k2 are: (a) Only One Common Root
D > 0 & f(k1) . f(k2) < 0. Let ⍺ be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0,
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f(x) = 0 to be such that a, a’ ≠ 0 and ab’ ≠ a’b.
confined between the numbers k1 & k2 are Then, the condition for one common root is:
(k1 < k2): (ca’ - c’a)2 = (ab’ - a’b) (bc’ - b’c).
D ≥ 0 & f(k1) > 0 & f(k2) > 0 & k1 < (-b/2a) < k2. (b) Two Common Roots
Let ⍺, β be the two common roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 &
a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0, such that a, a’ ≠ 0.
Then, the condition for two common root is:

Matrices & Determinant: Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matrices & Determinant: Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matrices & Determinant

Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Click on the above Link

Properties of Inverse Matrices

(iii) (A–1)–1 = A (iv)

(iv) If all the elements of any row (or column) are

Minors and Cofactors

Consistency of a System of Equations

Let A be a square matrix such that AAT = I. Then

Let A be a square matrix such that AAT = I. Then

Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and I be the identity matrix of order 2. If

Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and I be the identity matrix of order 2. If

Let ⍺ and β be real numbers. Consider a 3 × 3 matrix A such that A²

Let ⍺ and β be real numbers. Consider a 3 × 3 matrix A such that A²

Let the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 5, 2x + 3y + z = 9,

Let the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 5, 2x + 3y + z = 9,

Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Click on the above Link

Hence, l = cos ⍺, m = cos β,

2. Distance between Two Skew Lines

cos θ = |l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2|

● If two lines are parallel, then

Correct Answer is 196

The foot of perpendicular of the point (2, 0,5) on the line

The foot of perpendicular of the point (2, 0,5) on the line

Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Click on the above Link

2. Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity

3. Coinitial Vectors: Two or more vectors having the

4. Collinear Vectors: Two or more vectors are called

5. Equal Vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal, if

6. Negative of a vector: A vector whose magnitude is

8. Section Formulae 9. Scalar (or dot) Product of two Vectors

10. Projection of Vector Along a Directed Line

12. Properties Regarding Scalar and Vector Product

Let for a triangle ABC,

Let for a triangle ABC,

Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Click on the above Link

A set which is empty or If a set A has only one

Subset Power Sets

The set of all subsets of a

Let A and B any two sets. The

Many to Types of Into Antisymmetric Types of Transitive

Bijective Universal Empty Equivalence Reflexive

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A, then

polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Click on the above Link

Note: Priority is from to to bottom

Some Important Substitution

Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction

Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Click on the above Link

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and is defined as follows:

Theorem 1: Let f be a continuous function

Evaluations of Definite Integrals by

To evaluate this integral we proceed as following

is g(b), and the integral is now

Step 3: Evaluate the integral so obtained by usual

Most Important Questions & Mindmap

Click on the above Link

Shortcut Tricks sq. units