Matrices

Equal Matrices and Operation on Matrices

 Equal Matrices
Definition Two matrices are called equal matrices if they have the same dimension
(order) and their corresponding entries are all equal.
We write 𝑨 = 𝑩 to mean that two matrices A and B are equal.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
Let 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = , 𝐴 = 𝐵 and dimension is 2 × 3
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢

Then 𝑎 = 𝑝, 𝑏 = 𝑞, 𝑐 = 𝑟, 𝑑 = 𝑠, 𝑒 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 = 𝑢.

Note
1
1 2 3 ≠ 2 because dimension 1 × 3 ≠ 3 × 1
3
 EQUAL MATRICES
4
1 2 9 3 − 1 32
A= 𝐵= 4
4 5 6
2×2 25 6

A2 x 3 B2 x 3
A=B
 Operation on Matrices

1. Matrix Addition and Subtraction

Two matrices can be added or subtracted only if they have same dimension (order)
To add or subtract matrices, just add or subtract the corresponding elements.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
Let 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = , then
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 𝑡 𝑢
𝑎+𝑝 𝑏+𝑞 𝑐+𝑟
𝐴+𝐵 = ,
𝑑+𝑠 𝑒+𝑡 𝑓+𝑢
And
𝑎−𝑝 𝑏−𝑞 𝑐−𝑟
𝐴−𝐵 = ,
𝑑−𝑠 𝑒−𝑡 𝑓−𝑢
ADDITION ON MATRICES

1 3 2 −1
A= B=
5 4 −5 3
1 3 2 −1
A+B= +
5 4 −5 3
1+2 3 + (−1)
=
5 + (−5) 4+3
3 2
=
0 7
SUBSTRACTION ON MATRICES

1 3 2 −1
A= B=
5 4 −5 3
1 3 2 −1
A-B= −
5 4 −5 3
1−2 3 − (−1)
=
5 − (−5) 4−3
−1 4
=
10 1
 Properties of Addition Matrices
For any three real 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶, the following
properties hold.

Closure property 𝐴 + 𝐵 is also 𝑚 × 𝑛 matris

Commutative property 𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴

Associative property 𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 = 𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶

Additive identity 𝐴+0=𝐴

Additive inverse 𝐴 + −𝐴 = −𝐴 + 𝐴 = 0
 Operation Matrices

2. Multiplying a Matrix and a Scalar (Multiplying by Scalar)

In matrix algebra, a real number is often called scalar. To multiply a matric by a scalar ,
we multiply each entry in the matrix by the scalar.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Let 𝐴 = and k ∈ 𝑅, then
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑘∙𝑎 𝑘∙𝑏 𝑘∙𝑐
k∙ 𝐴 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑘 = 𝑘 ∙ =
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑘∙𝑑 𝑘∙𝑒 𝑘∙𝑓
MULTIPLIYING A MATRIX & A SCALAR
𝑎 𝑏 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏
A= kA =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑑

1 2 3
𝐵=
4 5 6
1 2 3 2 4 6
2𝐵 = 2 =
4 5 6 8 10 12
 Operation Matrices

3. Multiplying of Matrices
If matrix 𝐴 has dimension 𝑚 × 𝑛 and 𝐵 has dimension 𝑝 × 𝑞, then 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 only exists if
𝑛 = 𝑝 and the dimension of 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 is 𝑚 × 𝑞.

If 𝑐𝑚𝑛 is element of 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵, then

𝑐𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚1 ∙ 𝑏1𝑛 + 𝑎𝑚2 ∙ 𝑏2𝑛 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛𝑛
Multiplication of Matrices

A m x n . Bn x q = C m x q
PRODUCT

cij = ai1b1j + a12b2j + … + aimbnj

with i = 1 , 2, 3, …, m
and j = 1, 2, 3, … , q
 Operation Matrices

For 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵, we use rows of 𝐴 and columns of 𝐵 is as follows :

Multiplication of Matrices
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞
A.B= .
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠
𝑎. 𝑝 + 𝑏. 𝑟 𝑎. 𝑞 + 𝑏. 𝑠
=
𝑐. 𝑝 + 𝑑. 𝑟 𝑐. 𝑞 + 𝑑. 𝑠
Multiplication of Matrices
1 3 2 −1
A= B=
2 −1 3 4
A2 x 2 x B2 x 2 = C2 x 2
1.2 + 3. 3 1. −1 + 3.4
C =
2.2 + −1 . 3 2 −1 + −1 4
2 + 9 −1 + 12 11 11
= =
4 − 3 −2 − 4 1 −6
Multiplication of Matrices
4
B= 1 2 3 A= −2
1
B 1 x 3 x A 3 x 1 = D1 x 1

D = 1.4 + 2. −2 + 3.1
= 4−4+3
= 3
 Multiplication of Matrices
4
A= −2 B= 1 2 3
1
A 3 x 1 x B 1 x 3 = C3 x 3

4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4 8 12
C = −2. 1 −2. 2 −2. 3 = −2 −4 −6
1.1 1.2 1.3 1 2 3
 Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are any three matrices whose products are defined and
𝑐 ∈ ℝ, the following properties hold.

1) 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝐶 Associative
2) 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶 Distributive
3) 𝑐 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐𝐴 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑐𝐵
4) In general , 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴
5) If 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐶, then in general 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶
6) If 𝐴𝐵 = 0, we cannot conclude
7) If 𝐴 is a square matrix and 𝑛 ∈ ℕ then 𝐴0 = 𝐼, 𝐴1 = 𝐴, 𝐴2 = 𝐴𝐴, … , 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛−1
8) 𝐴 ∙ 𝐼 = 𝐼 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐴
9) 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼
Thanks !