Matrices and Linear Algebra

L-1

Matrix: A matrix is a rectangular array of elements arranged in horizontal rows and columns,
and usually enclosed in brackets.

Examples:

1 2 0.5 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 + 1
� �;� � ; [− 1.7, 2 + 𝑖𝑖6, −3𝑖𝑖, 0]( commas can be used) or [− 1.7 2 + 𝑖𝑖6 −
3 4 −6 0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
3𝑖𝑖 0](Standard matrix notification) are all matrices.

Matrices are designed as

a11 a12 … a1c
a21 a22 … a2c
A = �… … … … … … … … . .�
ar1 ar2 arc

A matrix A can also be denoted as �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �.

A vector is a matrix having either one row or one column. A matrix consisting of a single row is
called row vector and a matrix having a single column is called a column vector.

Matrix addition and subtraction:

Let, A (=�𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � ) and B ( =�𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �) are two matrices.

Then, sum of A+B = �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � + �𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � = �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �

Similarly, A – B = �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � - �𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � = �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �

NOTE: A and B must have the same order.

Example:

2 3 0 1
A = � 4 2 �, B = �2 3�
0−3 4 5
2+0 3+1 2 4
A+B=� 4+2 2 + 3 � = �6 5�
0+4 −3+5 4 2
 2−0 3−1 2 2
A-B = � 4 − 2 2−3 �=� 2 −1 �
0−4 −3−5 −4 − 8
NOTE: Matrix addition is both associative and commutative. That is;

A + (B+C) = (A+B) + C

And A+B = B+A

Scalar Multiplication :

For any scalar k, the matrix kA is obtained as,

kA = k�𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � = �𝒌𝒌𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �

Example:

2 3 4
A = �4 5 6�
6 7 9
2 3 4 3×2 3 ×3 3×4 6 9 12
So, 3A = 3 �4 5 6� = � 3 × 4 3 × 5 3×6 �= = � 12 15 18 �
6 7 9 3×6 3× 7 3×9 18 21 27
Matrix Multiplication:

The product of matrices A and B is only possible if the number of columns in A is equal to the
number of rows in B.

Let, A = �𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � be an 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛 matrix and B = �𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � be an 𝑛𝑛 × 𝑝𝑝 matrix. Then the product AB of

these matrices is an 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑝𝑝 matrix C = �𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 �;

Where, 𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖1 𝑏𝑏1𝑗𝑗 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖2 𝑏𝑏2𝑗𝑗 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖3 𝑏𝑏3𝑗𝑗 + … … … … + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Example:

0 1 2 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐
A = �1 2 3�’ B = � −𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 �
2 3 4 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏

0 1 2 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐
Then, AB = �1 2 3� � −𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 �
2 3 4 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
 0 × 1 + 1 × (−1) + 2 × 2 0 × (−2) + 1 × 0 + 2 × (−1)
= � 1 × 1 + 2 × (−1) + 3 × 2 1 × (−2) + 2 × 0 + 3 × (−1) �
2 × 1 + 3 × (−1) + 4 × 2 2 × (−2) + 3 × 0 + 4 × (−1)

3 −2
= �5 − 5 �
7 −8
Properties of matrix multiplication:

1. Not commutative. i.e; AB≠ 𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁. [ also, (𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀)𝑇𝑇 = 𝐁𝐁 𝑇𝑇 𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇 ]

2. Associative. i.e; A(BC) = (AB)C.
3. Distributive.i.e; A(B+C) = AB + AC. Or (B – C) = BA - CA
4. Multiplication of matrix A by unit matrix; AI = IA = A.
5. Multiplicative inverse of a matrix exists if |𝐀𝐀| ≠ 0. 𝐀𝐀. 𝑨𝑨−𝟏𝟏 = 𝐀𝐀−𝟏𝟏 . 𝐀𝐀 = 𝐈𝐈

Example:
 Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from the other by elementary
transformations. The symbol ~ is used for equivalence.