Matrices

Transpose of Matrix
 Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a matrix 𝐴 is formed by writing its columns as rows
or rows as columns and denote by 𝐴𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝐴′
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎3𝑛 (dimension 𝑚 × 𝑛)
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑚×𝑛

Then its transpose, the dimension to be 𝑛 × 𝑚

𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑎31 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚1
𝑎12 𝑎22 𝑎32 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚2
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎13 𝑎23 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚3 (dimension 𝑛 × 𝑚)
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
𝑎1𝑛 𝑎2𝑛 𝑎3𝑛 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑛×𝑚
TRANSPOSE OF MATRIKS
Change the position

row column

𝑨𝑻 or 𝑨′
4
𝐴= 4 5 6 𝐴𝑇 = 5
A1 x 3 AT3 x 1
6
 1 4
1 2 3 𝐵𝑇 =
𝐵= 2 5
4 5 6
3 6
B2 x 3 BT 3 x 2

T
A nxm
Am x n
 Properties of Matrix Transposition

1) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices that can be added then

𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
2) For any matrix 𝐴
𝐴𝑇 𝑇 =𝐴

3) For any matrix 𝐴 and any real number 𝑐

𝑐𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑐𝐴𝑇
4) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices that can be multiplied then
𝐴𝐵 𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
𝑇
5) 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶 𝑇
6) 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
Matrices
Determinant of Matrix
 The Determinant of A Matrix
Every square matrix can be assigned a real number which is called the determinant
of matrix. Determinant of a square matrix 𝐴 is denoted by det 𝐴 or |𝐴| or ∆.

Determinant of 𝟏 × 𝟏 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
Definition The determinant of 1 × 1 matrix 𝑎 is 𝒂

Example : det 6 = 6 = 6, det −5 = −5 = −5

Determinant of 𝟐 × 𝟐 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
𝑎 𝑏
Definition The determinant of 2 × 2 matrix is 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
𝑐 𝑑

We can remember this rule visually like this:

 The Determinant of A Matrix
Determinant of 𝟑 × 𝟑 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
The Rule of Sarrus
The determinant of 3 × 3 matrix can be found by the following method.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Then
det 𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32
− (𝑎13 𝑎22 𝑎31 + 𝑎11 𝑎23 𝑎32 + 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 )
 DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
1 3
A=
5 4
1 3
|A| = = 1 . 4 − 3 . 5 = 4 − 15 = −11
5 4
1 0 2
B = 2 −1 3
4 5 2
1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0
|B| = 2 −1 3 = 2 −1 3 2 −1
4 5 2 4 5 2 4 5
|B|= 1 (-1) 2 + 0 . 3 . 4 + 2 . 2 . 5 – 2 (-1) 4 – 1 . 3 . 5 – 0 . 2 . 2
|B| = -2 + 0 + 20 + 8 – 15 – 0 = 11
 The Determinant of A Matrix
Determinant of 𝟑 × 𝟑 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱
Laplace Expansion Method
The determinant of 3 × 3 matrix can be found by the following method.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 Then, det 𝐴 = 𝐴
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑎32 𝑎33 − 𝑎12 𝑎31 𝑎33 + 𝑎13 𝑎31 𝑎32

Note 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝒂𝒅 − 𝒃𝒄
𝑐 𝑑
𝐴 = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 − 𝑎12 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎22 𝑎31
 DETERMINANT OF MATRICES
1 0 2
B = 2 −1 3
4 5 2
1 0 2
|B| = 2 −1 3 Expansion of 1st row
4 5 2
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
|𝐵| = 𝑎11 𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑎12 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎13 𝑎
32 33 31 33 31 𝑎32
−1 3 2 3 2 −1
|𝐵| = 1 −0 +2
5 2 4 2 4 5
𝐵 = 1 −2 − 15 − 0 4 − 12 + 2 (10 − −4 )
|𝐵| = 1 −17 − 0 −8 + 2 14 = −17 + 0 + 28 = 11
 Type of A Matrix Based on Determinant Value
Based on determinant value matrix divided by two,
singular matrix and nonsingular matrix.

1) If det 𝐴 = 0, matrix A is Singular Matrix

2) If det 𝐴 ≠ 0, matrix A is Nonsingular Matrix

 Properties of Determinants
Let 𝐴 be an 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix
1) If the elements in any row or column are all zero then 𝐴 = 0.
2) If 𝐴 has two identical rows or columns then 𝐴 = 0
3) If 𝐴 has two rows or columns which are multiples of each other then 𝐴 = 0
4) If two rows or two columns of 𝐴 are interchanged to get 𝐴′ , then det 𝐴′ = − det 𝐴
5) det 𝐴𝑇 = det 𝐴
6) det 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 2 det 𝐴, for 𝐴2×2
7) det 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 3 det 𝐴, for 𝐴3×3 Square Matrix
8) det 𝐴𝐵 = det 𝐴 ∙ det 𝐵
9) det 𝐴𝑛 = det 𝐴 𝑛
Thanks !