Rotation

Geometric Transformation
CAN YOU MENTION SOME ROTATIONS IN OUR
DAILY LIFE?
REMEMBER

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF SPECIAL

ANGLE

00 300 450 600 900

1 1 1
Sin 0 √2 √3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
Cos 1 √3 √2 0
2 2 2
1
Tan 0
3
√3 1 √3 ~
Consider Figure 5.3. A rotation about a point O
through an angle θ, denoted by R(O, θ) is defined as
the transformation which maps a point P to another
point P' such that:
• OP ≅ OP′
• ∠POP' = θ
The point P' is known as the image of a rotation of P
about a point O through an angle θ denoted by
R(O, θ). Point O is known as the centre of the
rotation.
• Notice that, if P = O, then R(O, θ) (P) = R(O, θ) (O) = O, then the image of that point coincides with
itself. That point is known as an invariant point. This occurs only if the point is the same point as
the centre of the rotation.
• Note that, the sign of θ is positive, if θ is in the counterclockwise orientation; and negative if it is in
clockwise orientation.
 1. Types of Rotation

A. Rotation about O(0, 0) B. Rotation about A(h,k)

through an Angle θ through an Angle θ
 1. Rotation About O(0, 0) Through an Angle θ
If P(x, y) is rotated by θ around the origin O(0,0) in a
counterclockwise (+) direction, then the image is
P’(x ’, y ’).

𝑦′
sin ( 𝛼 +𝜃 )=
𝑟
r ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛼 + 𝜃 )= 𝑦 ′

𝑥′
cos ( 𝛼 + 𝜃 ) =
𝑟
r ∙ cos ( 𝛼 +𝜃 )= 𝑥 ′
 There is a matrice form of rotation formula,

Remember: 𝑥
()
𝑃 𝑅(0 ,𝜃) 𝑃 ′
𝑦 → ()
𝑥′
𝑦′
𝑃 ′= (
𝑥 ∙ cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 ∙(− sin 𝜃 )
𝑥 ∙ sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 ∙ cos 𝜃 )

[ ] [
𝑥 ′ = cos 𝜃
𝑦′ sin 𝜃
− sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 ][ 𝑥
𝑦
 𝑃 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦) 𝑅 (0 , 𝜃 ) 𝑃 ′ ¿
→

𝑃
( 𝑥
𝑦 )¿ ¿

Example 1: Find the image of Q(1,5)

when rotated through about origin!
Q(1,5)
𝑥=1 𝑦 =5

So, the image of Q(1,5) is Q’

2. Rotation About A(a, b) Through an
Angle θ
If P(x, y) is rotated by θ around the point A(a, b) in a
counterclockwise (+) direction, then the image is P’(x’,
y’) .

′
′
𝑥 − 𝑎= 𝑟 ¿
𝑥 −𝑎=𝒓 ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛼 ∙ cos𝜃 − 𝐫 ∙ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛼 ∙sin 𝜃
 There is a matrice form of rotation formula,

( ) ( )
′
𝑥 −𝑎
Remember: 𝑃
𝑥−𝑎
𝑅(0 , 𝜃) 𝑃 ′ ′
𝑦−𝑏 → 𝑦 −𝑏

𝑃 ′=
( ( 𝑥 − 𝑎) ∙ cos 𝜃+( 𝑦 −𝑏) ∙(−sin 𝜃)
( 𝑥 − 𝑎) ∙sin 𝜃+( 𝑦 − 𝑏) ∙ cos 𝜃 )
( 𝑥 ′ −𝑎
𝑦′ − 𝑏
= )(
cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃
−sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 )( 𝑥−𝑎
𝑦 −𝑏 )
( ) ( )( )( )
′
𝑥 ¿ 𝑎 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 𝑥−𝑎
′ −
𝑦 ¿𝑏 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑦−𝑏

[ ][
𝑥 ′ = cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 𝑥 −𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑦′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑦 −𝑏 𝑏 ][ ] [ ]
𝑃 ( 𝑥 − a , 𝑦 − b )¿ ¿

[ ][
¿ 𝑥 ′ = cos 𝜃
¿𝑦′ sin 𝜃 ][
− sin 𝜃 ¿ 𝑥 − 𝑎
+ ¿𝑎
cos 𝜃 ¿ 𝑦 − 𝑏 ¿ 𝑏 ][ ]
Example 1:
Find the image of point U(-3,5) when rotated about
A(2, –1) through 90°.
Answer:
U(-3,5) = (x, y) A(2, –1) = (a, b)

[ ][ ][ ] [ ]
𝑥 ′ = cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 𝑥 −𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑦′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑦 −𝑏 𝑏

[ ][ ][ ] [ ]
𝑥 ′ = cos 90 ° − sin 90 ° −3 − 2 + 2
𝑦′ sin 90 ° cos90 ° 5−(− 1) − 1

So, the image of U (-3,5) is U’ (-4,-

6)
Example
2. Find the image of x + 2y = –1 when rotated about P(2, –1)
through 90°.
Solution:
The image of a point (x, y) of a rotation about P(2, –1) through 90° is (x', y')

[ ][ ][ ] [ ]
𝑥 ′ = cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 𝑥 −𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑦′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑦 −𝑏 𝑏 [ ][
𝑦′ ][ ] [ ]
𝑥 ′ = 0 −1 𝑥 −2 + 2
1 0 𝑦+1 − 1

[ ][
𝑥 ′ = cos 90 ° − sin 90 °
𝑦′ ][ ] [ ]
𝑥 −2 + 2
sin 90 ° cos90 ° 𝑦 −(−1) −1 [ ][
𝑦′ 𝑥 −2 ] [ ][ ]
𝑥 ′ = − 𝑦 −1 + 2 ¿ − 𝑦 + 1
−1 𝑥 −3
x’ = -y + 1
y’ = x – 3
y = -x + 1
Substituting the values of x' and y' into x + 2y = –1, we have (y' + 3) + 2(1 – x') = –1
x = y’ + 3
⇔ y' + 3 + 2 – 2x' = –1
⇔ y' – 2x' = –6
Hence, the image of x + 2y = –1 of the rotation is y – 2x = –6.
Composition of Rotation
Consider the figure above. Point P(x, y) is rotated about O through to P '(x ', y ') , then
P '(x ', y ') is rotated about O through to P ”(x", y ") .

( )
𝑥
𝑦
𝑅 (0 , 𝛼 )
→
𝑥′
𝑦′ ( )
𝑅( 0 , 𝛽) ( 𝑥 ## 𝑦 )
→

(
( 𝑥 ## 𝑦 )= c os ⁡( 𝛼+ 𝛽) −sin ⁡(𝛼 + 𝛽)
sin ⁡(𝛼+ 𝛽) cos ⁡(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) )( )
𝑥
𝑦
Example
1. Find the image of Q(4, 8) rotated through 30°, then
through 60° about O(0, 0).
Solution:
A single transformation that represents the composition of
these rotations is a rotation through 30° + 60° = 90° about
O(0, 0). So the image of Q is

Hence, the image of Q(4, 8) of those rotations is Q'(–8, 4).

Example
2. Find the image of Q(9, –2) rotated about O(0, 0) through
π, and then translated through
Solution:
THANK YOU!