MAJORSHIP MENTORSHIP

- MATHEMATICS –
Prepared by: tcsantos

Linear Algebra
Topics:

A. Matrix
B. Matrix Operations
C. Determinants

MATRIX

Matrix is a rectangular array of real numbers, complex numbers, and functions.The

order/dimension of the matrix is the size of the array that describes the number of
rows and columns. It can be written as m x n, where m is the number of rows and n is
the number of columns. Each individual item in the matrix is called entry or element.

MATRIX OPERATIONS

Addition and Subtraction

Two matrices can be added or subtracted if they have the same dimension.
Add or subtract the matrices by adding or subtracting corresponding entries.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13

𝐴 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] 𝐵 = [𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑏31 𝑏32 𝑏33

𝑎11 ± 𝑏11 𝑎12 ± 𝑏12 𝑎13 ± 𝑏13

𝐴 ± 𝐵 = [𝑎21 ± 𝑏21 𝑎22 ± 𝑏22 𝑎23 ± 𝑏23 ]
𝑎31 ± 𝑏31 𝑎32 ± 𝑏32 𝑎33 ± 𝑏23

Example:

4 8 1 0 5 8
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
3 7 5 2 8 9
Scalar Multiplication

To multiply a matrix by a scalar (number), we multiply every element of the matrix by

that number. This is called the scalar product.
𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑐𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑐𝑎1𝑛
𝑐[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]=[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ]
𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑚1 ⋯ 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑛

Example:
10 6 2 ∙ 10 2 ∙ 6 20 12
2[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
4 3 2∙4 2∙3 8 6

Multiplication

A matrix can be multiplied by any other matrix if the number of columns of the first matrix
must equal to the number of rows of the second one. The resulting matrix has the same
number of rows as the first one has and the same number of columns as the second one.
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑎22 ] 𝐵 = [𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13
𝐴 = [𝑎21 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑏11 + 𝑎12 𝑏21 𝑎11 𝑏12 + 𝑎12 𝑏22 𝑎11 𝑏13 + 𝑎12 𝑏23
𝑎22 ] ∙ [𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13
𝐴𝐵 = [𝑎21 ]=[𝑎21 𝑏11 + 𝑎22 𝑏21 𝑎21 𝑏12 + 𝑎22 𝑏22 𝑎21 𝑏13 + 𝑎22 𝑏23]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23
𝑎31 𝑏11 + 𝑎32 𝑏21 𝑎31 𝑏12 + 𝑎32 𝑏22 𝑎31 𝑏13 + 𝑎32 𝑏23

Example:
1 2 4 8 −5
2 0 1
[−3 1 ]∙[ ] = [−5 4 −6]
1 4 −3
0 −2 −2 −8 6

Transpose of a matrix

The transpose of a matrix formed by interchanging its rows into columns and columns
into rows. If A is a matrix, then its transpose is denoted by 𝐴𝑇 .

Example:
1 4
1 2 3
𝐴=[ ] , 𝐴𝑇 = [2 5]
4 5 6
3 6
Trace of a matrix

The trace of a square matrix is the sum of all the entries on its diagonal.

Example:
1 2 3
A=[4 5 6]
7 8 9

tr(A) = 1+ 5 + 9 =15

Determinant

• 2 x 2 Matrix

det (A)= ad – bc

Example:

• 3 x 3 Matrix
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 ]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖

det (A)= (𝑎𝑒𝑖 + 𝑏𝑓𝑔 + 𝑐𝑑𝑔) − (𝑔𝑒𝑐 + ℎ𝑓𝑎 + 𝑖𝑑𝑏)

Example:
−7 −10 4
𝐴=[ 3 −9 2]
7 1 2
−7 −10 4 −7 10
det (A)= 3 −9 2 3 −9
7 1 2 7 1

det (A)= 126 + (-140) + 12 – (-252 + -14 + -60 )

det (A)= 324
Inverse of a Square Matrix
If A is a matrix, its inverse is denoted as A-1 , such that AA-1 = I , where I is an identity
matrix.

Inverse of 2 x 2 Matrix

Example:

“God built the universe on numbers”

- Pythagoras