INTRODUCTION

TO MATRICES
ENGR. FRAMCES THEA DE MESA, PECE
 INTRODUCTION
However the simultaneous equations arise, we need to study two things:
a. how we can conveniently represent large systems of linear
equations
b. how we might find the solution of such equations.

Representing simultaneous linear equations

Suppose that we wish to solve the following three equations in three
unknowns 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 and 𝑥3 :
3𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 3 We can isolate three facets of this system:
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 4 - the unknowns: 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 and 𝑥3
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 5
- the coefficients of the unknowns
𝑥1 3 2 −1 3 - the constants
𝑥2 1 −1 1 4
𝑥3 2 3 4 5
 INTRODUCTION
A matrix is a set or group of numbers arranged in a square or
rectangular array enclosed by two brackets

 4 2 a b 
1  1  3 0 c d 
   
Matrices have a specified number of rows and a specified number of
columns
Two numbers (rows x columns) describe the dimensions or size of
the matrix.
 a11 a12 ... aij ain 
1 2 4  1 1 3  3 3 a a22 ... aij a2 n 
4  1 5 0 0 3 2  4  21
         
3 3 3 5  
2𝑥4 3𝑥1 am1 am 2 aij amn 
3𝑥3
𝑚𝑥𝑛
 INTRODUCTION
The entries in the matrix A are called the elements of A.

In matrix A the element in row 𝒊 and column 𝒋 is denoted by 𝒂𝒊𝒋 .

𝑥1
3
A matrix with only one column is called a 𝑥2
4 𝑥3
column vector (or column matrix).
5 𝑥4

A matrix with only one row is called a row 2 −3 8 9

vector (or row matrix) 5 −1 0 8 6

When the number of rows is the same as the 0 −1 −3

number of columns, i.e. 𝑚 = 𝑛, the matrix is said 0 6 −12
to be square and of order n (or m). 5 7 12
 INTRODUCTION
In an n×n square matrix A, the leading (main) diagonal (or
principal diagonal) is the ‘north-west to south-east’ collection of
elements 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , … , 𝑎𝑛𝑛 .

The sum of the elements in the leading diagonal of 𝐴 is called the

trace of the matrix, denoted by 𝑡𝑟(𝐴).

3 0 0 0
0 3 0 0
A square matrix where all the elements are 
zero except those on the main diagonal 0 0 5 0
 
0 0 0 9
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
 Identity matrix is a diagonal matrix with ones on
0 0 1 0 the main diagonal.
 
0 0 0 1
 INTRODUCTION
A square matrix in which all the elements below 1 8 7 
the leading diagonal are zero is called an upper 0 1 8 
 
triangular matrix. 0 0 3

1 0 0 A square matrix in which all the elements above the

2 1 0 leading diagonal are zero is called a lower triangular
 
5 2 3 matrix.

Rectangular matrix is a matrix which 1 1 

3 7  1 1 1 0 0
contains more than one element and    
number of rows is not equal to the 7  7 2 0 3 3 0
number of columns  
 7 6 
MATRIX OPERATIONS
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding elements
are equal.

Therefore their size or dimensions are equal as well.

−2 3 1 −2 3 1
𝐴 = −1 3 5 𝐵 = −1 3 5
2 0 4 2 0 4

𝑨=𝑩
 ADDITION
The sum or difference of two matrices, A and B of the same size
yields a matrix C of the same size.

cij  aij  bij

Matrices of different sizes cannot be added or subtracted.

Commutative Law: Associative Law:

A+B=B+A A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C

7 3 −1 1 5 6 = 88 888 5555
+
2 −5 6 −4 −2 3 −2 −7 9
 SUBTRACTION
6 4 2 1 2 0 = 5 2 2
−
3 2 7 1 0 8 2 2 −1

1 2 3 4 1 0 −3 −2 3
−3 5 6 − −3 2 −4 = 0 3 −10
2 0 −1 3 −11 5 −1 11 −6
Commutative Law: Associative Law:
A+B=B+A A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C = A + B + C

4 1 0 1 2 3 3 −1 −3
−3 2 −4 − −3 5 6 = 0 −3 10
3 −11 5 2 0 −1 1 −11 6
 MULTIPLICATION
The method of multiplication of matrices is not as intuitive and
may seem strange, although this method is extremely useful in
many mathematical applications.

Matrix multiplication was

introduced by an English
mathematician named Arthur
Cayley (1821-1895)
 MULTIPLICATION
In order to understand the general procedure of matrix multiplication,
we will introduce the concept of the product of a row matrix by a
column matrix.

If the number of columns of a row matrix equals the number of rows

of a column matrix, the product of a row matrix and column matrix is
defined. Otherwise, the product is not defined.

5
1 2 6
3 4 7 = 1 (5)+(2)(6) +(3)(7)+(4)(8) = 70
8
1𝑥4 4𝑥1 1𝑥1
MULTIPLICATION
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
𝑥 4 5 6 70 80 90
5 6 7 8 7 8 9 = 158 184 210
10 11 12
2𝑥4 4𝑥3 2𝑥3
𝑎11 = 1 (1) +(2)(4)+(3)(7) +(4)(10) = 70
𝑎12 = 1 (2) +(2)(5) +(3)(8)+(4)(11) = 80
𝑎13 = 1 (3) +(2)(6) +(3)(9)+(4)(12) = 90
𝑎21 = 5 (1) +(6)(4) +(7)(7)+(8)(10) = 158
𝑎22 = 5 (2) +(6)(5) +(7)(8)+(8)(11) = 184
𝑎23 = 5 (3) +(6)(6) +(7)(9)+(8)(12) = 210
 MULTIPLICATION
Multiplication of matrices is not commutative.
1 2 3
4 5 6 𝑥 1 2 3 4
7 8 9 5 6 7 8
10 11 12
4𝑥3 2𝑥4 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

5 5 10 15 20
6 𝑥 1 = 6 12 18 24
2 3 4
7 7 14 21 28
8 8 16 24 32
4𝑥1 1𝑥4 4𝑥4
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Suppose you a business owner and sell clothing. The following

represents the number of items sold and the cost for each item: Use
matrix operations to determine the total revenue over the two days:
Monday:
3 T-shirts at $10 each, 4 hats at $15 each, and 1 pair of shorts at $20.
Tuesday:
4 T-shirts at $10 each, 2 hats at $15 each, and 3 pairs of shorts at $20
𝑇 𝐻 𝑆 $
𝑇 10 $
𝑀 3 4 1 𝑀 110
𝑥 𝐻 15 =
𝑇 4 2 3 𝑇 130
𝑆 20
2𝑥3 3𝑥1 2𝑥1
𝑎11 = (3)(10)+(4)(15)+(1)(20) = 110
𝑎21 = (4)(10) +(2)(15)+(3)(20) = 130
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Production Planning
Ace Novelty received an order from Magic World Amusement Park for
900 “Giant Pandas,”, 1200 “Saint Bernards,” and 2000 “Big Birds.”
Ace’s management decided that 500 Giant Pandas, 800 Saint Bernards,
and 1300 Big Birds could be manufactured in their Los Angeles plant,
and the balance of the order could be filled by their Seattle plant. Each
Panda requires 1.5 square yards of plush, 30 cubic feet of stuffing, and 5
pieces of trim; each Saint Bernard requires 2 square yards of plush, 35
cubic feet of stuffing, and 8 pieces of trim; and each Big Bird requires
2.5 square yards of plush, 25 cubic feet of stuffing, and 15 pieces of
trim. The plush costs $4.50 per square yard, the stuffing costs 10 cents
per cubic foot, and the trim costs 25 cents per unit.
• Find how much of each type of material must be purchased for each
plant.
• What is the total cost of materials incurred by each plant and the
total cost of materials incurred by Ace Novelty in filling the order?
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Total Orders: LA Plant: Seattle Plant:
900 𝐺𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑠 500 𝐺𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑠 400 𝐺𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑠
1200 𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 800 𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 400 𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠
2000 𝐵𝑖𝑔 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑠 1300 𝐵𝑖𝑔 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑠 700 𝐵𝑖𝑔 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑠
Materials:
𝐺𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑠: 𝐺𝑃 𝑆𝐵 𝐵𝐵 c
1.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝐿𝐴 500 800 1300
30 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 400 400 700
5 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚
𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠: 𝑝 𝑠 𝑡
2 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝐺𝑃 1.5 30 5
35 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝐵 2 35 8
8 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝐵𝐵 2.5 25 15
𝐵𝑖𝑔 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑑: $
2.5 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝑝 4.5
25 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠 0.1
15 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝑡 0.25
𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 $4.50 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 10 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 25 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION
• Find how much of each type of material must be purchased for each
plant.
𝐺𝑃 𝑆𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝑝 𝑠 𝑡
𝐿𝐴 500 800 1300 𝐺𝑃 1.5 30 5 5600 75500 28400
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 400 400 700 𝑆𝐵 2 35 8 =
3150 43500 15700

c
2𝑥3 𝐵𝐵 2.5 25 15
3𝑥3 2𝑥3
𝑎11 = (500)(1.5)+(800)(2) +(1300)(2.5) = 5600
𝑎12 = (500)(30)+(800)(35)+(1300)(25) = 75500
𝑎13 = (500)(5) +(800)(8) +(1300)(15) = 28400
𝑎21 =(400)(1.5)+(400)(2) +(700)(2.5) = 3150
𝑎22 =(400)(1.5)+(400)(2) +(700)(2.5) = 43500
𝑎23 =(400)(1.5)+(400)(2) +(700)(2.5) = 15700
𝑝 𝑠 𝑡
𝐿𝐴 = 5600 75500 28400
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 3150 43500 15700
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION
• What is the total cost of materials incurred by each plant and the
total cost of materials incurred by Ace Novelty in filling the order?
$
𝑝 𝑠 𝑡 𝑝 4.5
𝐿𝐴 = 5600 75500 28400 𝑠 0.10 = 39850
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 3150 43500 15700 𝑡 0.25 22450
2𝑥3 3𝑥1 2𝑥1

𝑎11 = (5600)(4.5)+(75500)(0.10) +(28400)(0.25) = 39850

𝑎21 = (3150)(4.5)+(43500)(0.10)+(15700)(0.25) = 22450

$
𝐿𝐴 39850
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = $62,300
22450
 Thank you!!
and
God Bless po!!!