Ahmad Kueh

2
• E. Kreyszig (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 10th Edition. Wiley &
Sons.

• H. Anton (2013). Elementary Linear Algebra. 11th Edition. Wiley & Sons.

• P. V. O’Neil (2016). Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 8th Edition. Thomsons.

• R. Larson, D.C. Falvo (2012). Elementary Linear Algebra. 7th Edition. Cengage
Learning.

3
• Basic concepts
• addition
• multiplication
• Matrix
• properties
• row operation
• Gauss elimination
• Matrix determinant
• Equation consistency & uniqueness
• Matrix inverse
• Eigenvalues & eigenvectors
• Applications 4
• Basic concepts
• Type of matrix
• Matrix addition
• Scalar multiplication
• Matrix multiplication

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• Linear system consists of a series of simultaneous equations in the following general format.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑏𝑏

• In an expanded form, we have

𝑎𝑎11 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑎12 𝑥𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎1𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 = 𝑏𝑏1

𝑎𝑎21 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑎22 𝑥𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎2𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 = 𝑏𝑏2
⋮
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 = 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚

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 Example 1
Write the linear equation for this situation?

20%
30%

50%

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 Variables (Unknown)

Constant (Real Number)

Linear Equations Characteristics:

 have no products or roots of variables
 no variables involved in trigonometric/ exponential/ logarithmic functions
 Variables appear only to the first power
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 Exercise 1
Linear (/) and Nonlinear (X) Equations

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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 Example 2
20𝑥𝑥1
40𝑥𝑥2

100𝑥𝑥3

250𝑥𝑥4 How much?

20𝑥𝑥1 +40𝑥𝑥2 +100𝑥𝑥3 +250𝑥𝑥4 = 15000

Linear Equation 10
 Exercise 2
An engineer needs 4800, 5810, and 5690 m3 of sand, fine gravel, and coarse gravel,
respectively, at a construction site. There are three sources where these materials can
be obtained and the composition of the material from these sources is presented in
Table 1.
Write linear equations for this situation.

Table 1

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12
 Linear Algebraic Equation Applications
• In scientific and engineering problems, examples include:
 chemical concentration variation in a closed system of reactors
 bars internal forces in a truss system
 velocity distribution in river branches
 pressure distribution in a piping network
 Structural stability
 Environmental & water engineering (Balance equation/ conservation of mass, energy,
momentum, etc)
 Traffic & highway Engineering (Traffic flow)
 dynamic responses of components in a mass-spring system, to name but a few.
• The solution {x} in [A]{b} = {x} contains the to-be-determined responses (reaction) and
{b} is the vector that acts (action) on the system.
• [A] has parameters (geometrical and material) displaying the behavior of the system
providing the interaction between {b} and {x}.
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 Solution and Solution Sets
Every system of linear equations has zero, one, or
infinitely many solutions.
There are no other possibilities.

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Solution and Solution Sets

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 Linear Equation & Matrix
Linear equations can be written in a matrix form

BUT, what
is matrix?

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The solution of the system can be obtained by

performing appropriate operations on this
matrix. 16
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 Matrix – Definition
 A matrix is a set of real or complex numbers arranged in rows and
columns to form a rectangular array.
 A matrix having m rows and n columns is called an m × n matrix and is
referred to as having order m × n.
 A matrix is indicated by writing an array within large square brackets.
Column Column Column
1 2 3

e.g.
Row 1 1 9 6
Row 2 2 5 0  2 by 3 matrix
 
where 1, 9, 6, 2, 5, 0 are the elements of the matrix
 In describing the matrix, the number of rows is stated first and the
number of columns second. 17
 For every action, there
is an equal and
opposite reaction 1643–1727

• Equations in the matrix form,

Reaction vector, x

𝑎𝑎11 𝑎𝑎12 … 𝑎𝑎1𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥1 𝑏𝑏1

Coefficient … 𝑎𝑎2𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥2
𝑎𝑎21 𝑎𝑎22 𝑏𝑏2 Action vector, b
⋮ =
matrix, A
⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚 … 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚
• [A] is defined as a matrix with m rows and n columns

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19
 Matrix – Definition
 Line matrix: A line matrix consists of 1 row only.
e.g. [4 3 7 2] is a line matrix of order 1 × 4
 Column matrix: A column matrix consists of 1
column only.

e.g. 6 
 3
  is a column matrix of order 3 × 1
8

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 Matrix – Definition

 Each element in a matrix has its own particular location which

can be defined by a system of double suffices, the first indicating
the row, the second the column, thus
row
column
a11 a12 a13 a14 
A = a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 

a31 a32 a33 a34 
 a23 indicates the element in the second row and third
column.

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 Matrix – Definition
Example 3:

1 9  Order (A) = 3 x 2
A= 2 5 
 
 4 3  a12 = 9

1 9 6 3  Order (B) = 2 x 4
B= 2 5 7 1 
  b24 = 1

1 9 6 
2 5 7  Order (C) = 3 x 3
C=
 
 4 3 1  c33 = 1
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Type of Matrix

 Column matrix-one column and any number of rows

 Row matrix-one row and many columns
 Square Matrix-Rows and column are same
 Rectangular matrix-rows and column are not same
 Diagonal matrix-all elements are zero, except the diagonal element [it’s a sq.
matrix]
 Scalar matrix-A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same.
 Unit matrix: identity matrix
 Null matrix: all elements are zero (Zero Matrix)

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Type of Matrix

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Type of Matrix

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Type of Matrix

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Type of Matrix
Identity Matrix (Unit Matrix)

 A diagonal matrix in which the elements on

the leading diagonal are all unity, i.e.

1 0 0
0 1 0 
 
0 0 1

 This unit matrix is denoted as I.

 A.I = I.A = A 27
Type of Matrix
Identity Matrix (Unit Matrix)
 Example:

5 2 4 1 0 0
If A = 1 3 8  and I = 0 1 0 then A.I = A
7 9 6 0 0 1

 Similarly,

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Type of Matrix

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Type of Matrix
Zero Matrix (Null Matrix)
 A null matrix is one whose elements are all zero, i.e.,
denoted as [0]. 0 0 0
0 0 0
 
0 0 0

 If A.B = 0, we cannot say that A=0 or B=0.

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Type of Matrix

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Type of Matrix

10

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Type of Matrix

11

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 Matrix Addition

12

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 Matrix Addition

Example 13

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 Matrix Multiplication

(a) Scalar Multiplication

(b) Multiplication of two matrices (Matrix
multiplication)

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 Matrix Multiplication
Scalar Multiplication
 To multiply a matrix by a single number (i.e. a scalar),
each individual element of the matrix is multiplied by that
factor.

e.g. 3 2 5 12 8 20

4×   = 
 6 1 7   24 4 28 

 In general, k[aij] = [kaij]

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 Matrix Multiplication
 Two matrices can be multiplied together only when the
number of columns in the first is equal to the number of
rows in the second.

Example 14

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 Matrix Multiplication
Example 15

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Matrix Multiplication

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 Matrix Multiplication
 Remember that multiplication of matrices is
defined only when

!! the no. of columns in the first matrix

= the no. of rows in the second

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Matrix Multiplication

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 Matrix Multiplication

Example 16:

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 Matrix Transposition
 If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged, i.e. the
first row becomes the first column, the second row becomes the
second column, the third row becomes the third column, etc.,
the new matrix so formed is called the transpose of the original
matrix.

 If A is the original matrix, its transpose is denoted by AT.

 4 6
  T  4 7 2
If A = 7 9 , then A =  
 6 9 5 
2 5
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 Matrix Transposition

Example 17:

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Matrix Symmetry

Example 18:

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Trace of Matrix

Example 19:

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