CHAPTER 1: MATRICES

Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry

(EDUC311) 1
Topic 3

Inverse of a Matrix
Finding the Inverse of a Matrix

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Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
Recall that the multiplicative inverse of a nonzero real
number c is , the number whose product with c is 1.

For example, the multiplicative inverse of is because

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Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
For some square matrices, we can define a multiplicative
inverse.

Definition of the Multiplicative Inverse of a Matrix

If A is a square matrix of order n, then the inverse of matrix
A, denoted by A–1, has the property that

A  A–1 = A–1  A = In

where In is the identity matrix of order n.

As we will see shortly, not every square matrix has a

multiplicative inverse.
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Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
A procedure for finding the inverse of a matrix (we will
simply say inverse for multiplicative inverse) uses
elementary row operations. The procedure will be
illustrated by finding the inverse of a 2  2 matrix.

Let A = To the matrix A we will merge the identity

matrix I2 to the right of A and denote this new matrix by

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Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
Now we use elementary row operations in a manner similar
to the Gaussian elimination method. The goal is to produce

In this form, the inverse matrix is the matrix that is to the

right of the identity matrix. That is,

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Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
To find A–1, we use a series of elementary row operations,
beginning with one that will result in a 1 in the first row and
the first column.

Each elementary row operation is chosen to advance the

process of transforming the original matrix into the identity
matrix.

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Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
The inverse matrix is the matrix to the right of the identity
matrix. Therefore,

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Example 1 – Find the Inverse of a 3  3 Matrix

Find the inverse of the matrix

Solution:

Merge the given matrix with

the identity matrix I3.

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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

Because a11 is already 1,

we next produce zeros in
a21 and a31.

Produce a 1 in a22.

Produce a 0 in a32.

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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

Produce a 1 in a33.

Now work upward.

Produce a 0 in a23
and a13.

Produce a 0 in a12.

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Example 1 – Solution cont’d

The inverse matrix is

You should verify that this matrix satisfies the condition of

an inverse matrix. That is, show that

A–1  A = A  A–1 = I3.

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Finding the Inverse of a Matrix
A singular matrix is a matrix that does not have a
multiplicative inverse.

A matrix that has a multiplicative inverse is a nonsingular

matrix.

As you apply elementary row operations to a singular

matrix, there will come a point at which there are all zeros
in a row of the original matrix.

When that condition exists, the original matrix does not

have an inverse.
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Solving Systems of Equations
Using Inverse Matrices

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Solving Systems of Equations Using Inverse Matrices

Some systems of linear equations can be solved by finding

the inverse of the coefficient matrix. Consider the following
system of equations.

3x1 + 4x2 = –1
(1)
3x1 + 5x2 = 1

Using matrix multiplication and the concept of equality of

matrices, we can write this system as a matrix equation.

(2)

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Solving Systems of Equations Using Inverse Matrices

If we let

then Equation (2) can be written as AX = B.

The inverse of the coefficient matrix A is

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Solving Systems of Equations Using Inverse Matrices

To solve the system of equations (1), multiply each side of

the matrix equation AX = B by the inverse A–1.

Multiply each side of

AX = B by A–1.

A–1  A = I

IX=X

Thus x1 = –3 and x2 = 2. The solution to System (1) is

(–3, 2).
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Example 3 – Solve a System of Equations by Using the Inverse of the Coefficient Matrix

Find the solution of the system of equations by using the

inverse of the coefficient matrix.

x1 + 7x3 = 20
2x1 + x2 – x3 = –3 (1)
7x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 2

Solution:
Write System (1) as a matrix equation.

(2)

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Example 3 – Solution cont’d

The inverse of the coefficient matrix is

Multiply each side of Equation (2) by the inverse.

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Example 3 – Solution cont’d

Thus x1 = –1, x2 = 2, and x3 = 3.

The solution to System (1) is (–1, 2, 3).

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Input–Output Analysis

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Input–Output Analysis
The advantage of using the inverse matrix to solve a
system of equations is not apparent unless it is necessary
to solve repeatedly a system of equations with the same
coefficient matrix but different constant matrices.

Input–output analysis is one such application of this

method.

In an economy, some of the output of an industry is used

by the industry to produce its own product.

For example, an electric company uses water and

electricity to produce electricity, and a water company uses
water and electricity to produce drinking water.
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Input–Output Analysis
Input–output analysis attempts to determine the
necessary output of industries to satisfy each other’s
demands plus the demands of consumers.

An input–output matrix is used to express the

interdependence among industries in an economy.

Each column of this matrix gives the dollar values of the

inputs an industry needs to produce $1 worth of output.

To illustrate these concepts, we will assume an economy

with only three industries: agriculture, transportation, and
oil.
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Input–Output Analysis
Suppose that the production of $1 worth of agricultural
products requires $0.05 worth of agriculture, $0.02 worth of
transportation, and $0.05 worth of oil.

The production of $1 worth of transportation requires $0.10

worth of agriculture, $0.08 worth of transportation, and
$0.10 worth of oil.

The production of $1 worth of oil requires $0.10 worth of

agriculture, $0.15 worth of transportation, and $0.13 worth
of oil.

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Input–Output Analysis
The input–output matrix A is

Consumers (other than the industries themselves) want to

purchase some of the output from these industries.

The amount of output that the consumer will want is called

the final demand on the economy. This is represented by
a column matrix.
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Input–Output Analysis
Suppose in our example that the final demand is $3 billion
worth of agriculture, $1 billion worth of transportation, and
$2 billion worth of oil. The final demand matrix is

We represent the total output of each industry (in billions of

dollars) as follows:
x = total output of agriculture
y = total output of transportation
z = total output of oil
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Input–Output Analysis
The object of input–output analysis is to determine the
values of x, y, and z that will satisfy the amount the
consumer demands.

To find these values, consider agriculture. The amount of

agriculture left for the consumer (demand d) is

d = x – (amount of agriculture used by industries) (1)

To find the amount of agriculture used by the three

industries in our economy, refer to the input–output matrix.

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Input–Output Analysis
Production of x billion dollars worth of agriculture takes
0.05x of agriculture, production of y billion dollars worth of
transportation takes 0.10y of agriculture, and production of
z billion dollars worth of oil takes 0.10z of agriculture.

Thus
Amount of agriculture used by industries
= 0.05x + 0.10y + 0.10z (2)
Combining Equation (1) and Equation (2), we have

d = x – (0.05x + 0.10y + 0.10z)

3 = 0.95x – 0.10y – 0.10z d is $3 billion for agriculture.
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Input–Output Analysis
We could continue this way for each of the other industries.
The result would be a system of equations. Instead,
however, we will use a matrix approach.

If X = total output of the three industries of the economy,

then

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Input–Output Analysis
The product of A, the input–output matrix, and X is

This matrix represents the dollar amounts of products used

in production for all three industries.

Thus the amount available for consumer demand is

X – AX.

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Input–Output Analysis
As a matrix equation, we can write

X – AX = D

Solving this equation for X, we determine the output

necessary to meet the needs of our industries and the
consumer.

IX – AX = D I is the identity matrix. Thus IX = X.

(I – A)X = D Right distributive property

X = (I – A)–1D Assuming the inverse of (I – A) exists

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Input–Output Analysis
The last equation states that the solution to an input–output
problem can be found by multiplying the demand matrix D
by the inverse of (I – A).

In our example, we have

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Input–Output Analysis

The consumer demand is

X = (I – A)–1D

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Input–Output Analysis
The matrix indicates that $3.61 billion worth of agriculture,
$1.61 billion worth of transportation, and $2.69 billion worth
of oil must be produced by the industries to satisfy
consumers’ demands and the industries’ internal
requirements.

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Input–Output Analysis
If we change the final demand matrix to

then the total output of the economy can be found as

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Input–Output Analysis
Thus agriculture must produce output worth $2.82 billion,
transportation must produce output worth $2.88 billion, and
oil must produce output worth $3.94 billion to satisfy the
given consumer demand and the industries’ internal
requirements.

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