Week 1 – Lecture 1-3

Linear Algebra

1
Aims/Objectives
❑ Identify linear equations
❑ Demonstrate an understanding of the systems of linear
equations;
❑ Identify different techniques for solving systems of linear
equations.
❑ Apply different techniques for solving systems of linear
equations

2
Outline
• Slope of a Line
• Types of Lines
• Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations
• Number of Solutions
• Other Systems
• Methods for Solving Systems of Linear Equations
• Reference: FM101 Unit 1 26-04.pdf

3
I. Slope of a Line

4
Example 1
• Determine the slope of the line
containing the points (3, -1) and (1,5)

5
Equation of straight line

6
Types of lines

•Parallel lines
m1 = m2

•Perpendicular lines
m1 x m2 = -1

7
Example 2
• Find the equation of a line parallel to
the line 2x - y + 3 = 0, and passing
through (3,-2).

8
Example 3

9
Example 4

10
Example 5
Identifying Linear Equations
• Look at the equations below:
x + 2y − 7 = 0
sin 2 + x + y = 12
• The equations above are examples of a
linear equation.

12
We can have linear equations having more than
two variables:

For example:

8x + 3 y − 4 z = 4
5 x1 + 3x2 − 4 x3 − x4 = 9

13
Definition 1

• where x1, x2,…,xn are n distinct

variables
• a1, a2,…,an and b are constants, and
at least one of ai’s is not 0.

14
 Note
Linear equations have:
1. No products or roots of variables;
2. No variables involved in trigonometric,
exponential, or logarithmic functions;
3. The highest power of the variables is one.

15
Example 6

16
Definition 2
• A solution of a linear equation in n variables is a
sequence of n real numbers s1, s2,…, sn arranged so
that the equation is satisfied when the values

x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , ..., xn = sn

are substituted into the equation.

17
Example 7

x+ y =8
Is satisfied when, say ………
Or when, say ………

The set of ALL solutions of a linear equation

is called its SOLUTION SET.

18
 Parametric Representation
To describe the entire solution set of a linear
equation, a parametric representation is often
utilized.

Example 8: Solve x+ y =8
We rewrite this equation by expressing
one variable in terms of the other
variable.
19
II. Systems of Linear Equations

20
 Arbitrary System
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ... + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ... + a2 n xn = b2

am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + ... + amn xn = bm

where aij is the coefficient of x j in the ith equation

21
 Definition 3
• A system of linear equations is a collection of two
or more linear equations, each having one or
more variables.
x − y + 3z = 5
2x + 2 y − z = −1
• Any solution of the system must satisfy
each and every equation of the system.
22
Solutions of a system of linear
equations
• Possibilities
• The system can have no solution
• The system can have exactly one solution
• The system can have an infinite number of solutions

23
Solutions of a system of linear
equations

• Possibilities
• The system can have no solution
• The system can have exactly one solution
• The system can have an infinite number of
solutions

24
Example 9
x1 + 2 x2 = 4 (1)
3 x1 − 2 x2 = −5 ( 2)
If x1 = 2, x2= 1, then although equation
(1) is satisfied, equation (2) is not.
☺ Look for a solution set that satisfies all
equations of a system.

25
1. No solution
• Parallel lines
• Inconsistent system

• Example 10: Solve

2x + 2 y = 2
x+ y =2

26
2. Exactly ONE Solution
• Intersecting lines
• Consistent system
• Equations are independent

• Example 11: Solve

x − 2y =1
−2 x + 3 y = −1
27
 3. Infinite or MANY Solutions
• Coincident lines
• Consistent system
• Equations are dependent

• Example 12: Solve

x + y =3
2x + 2 y = 6

28
III. Solving systems of Linear
equations
• Graphical method
• Algebraic method
• Elementary row operations

29
 2. Algebraic method
• We can use algebraic operations on the linear
equations to yield an equation with only one variable.
• Hence, we solve the new equation for the solution.
Methods:
A. Substitution
B. Elimination

30
 A. Substitution Method
1. Make one variable the subject, for one of the
equations.
2. Substitute the resultant equation of (1) in the
remaining equations.
3. If an equation with only one variable is
obtained, solve it. Otherwise, repeat steps 1
and 2 until such an equation is obtained.
4. Find the values of the remaining variables by
back-substitution.
5. Check the solution – should be consistent.
31
1. Graphical method
• We can use the graph as a means of approximating
the solution of a system of linear equations.

• More accurate the graphs, the better the

approximation.

32
Example 14

• Solve: 3x − 2 y = −9 (1)


 x + 3y = 8 ( 2)

33
B. Elimination Method
1. Select two equations from the system and
eliminate a variable from them.
2. If there are additional equations in the
system, pair off equations and eliminate the
same variable.
3. Continue steps 1 & 2 on successive systems
until one equation containing one variable
remains.
4. Solve for this variable and back-substitute in
previous equations until all the variables have
been found.
34
Example 15

• Solve: 3x − 2 y = −3 (1)


 x − 3y = 6 ( 2)

35
Example 16 (Application)
On Monday, Peter bought three apples and four
bananas for a total of one dollar and ninety cents.
On Thursday, he bought two apples and six bananas
and which costed him a total of two dollars and ten
cents. How much did the apples and the bananas
cost?

36
 Example 17 (Application)
A Cinema sells tickets for $6.50 each, with children
receiving a discount of $1.50. On one fine evening the
theatre sold 475 tickets for the movie “Iron Man 3” and
took in $2825.00 revenue. How many of each type of
ticket were sold? (Children and “non-children”)

37
 Example 18 (Application)
• A company has fixed cost of $4, and the cost of
producing one unit of their product is $2. The unit
sells for $6 each.
• Write an equation for C(x).
• Write an equation for R(x).
• Solve the system of linear equations graphically to
find the break-even point [where cost = revenue]

38
Using matrix
• Elementary row operation
• Identity matrix
• Inverse of a matrix
• Example of a 𝟑 × 𝟑 identity matrix

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
• 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

• Identity matrix: If A is a matrix of dimension 𝑚 × 𝑛, and

if 𝐼𝑛 denotes the identity matrix of dimension 𝑚 × 𝑚,
then 𝐼𝑚 𝑨 = 𝑨 and 𝐀𝐼𝑛 = 𝑨
39
Solving systems of linear equation
using: Elementary row operations
Example 19: Solve for x, y and z for the
following system:

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −7
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =6

To be demonstrated in lecture
40
Inverse of a matrix
• Steps for fining the inverse of a matrix
1. Write the augmented matrix 𝑨|𝐼𝑛 , where A is
the original matrix and 𝑰𝒏 is the identity matrix
2. Using row operations, write 𝑨|𝐼𝑛 in reduced
row-echelon form
3. If the resulting matrix is of the form 𝐼𝑛 |𝑩 , i.e. if
the identity matrix appears on the left side of the
bar, then B is the inverse of A, otherwise A has
no inverse.

41
Solving systems of linear equation
using: Inverse Matrix method
Example 19: Solve for x, y and z for the
following system:

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −7
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 =6

To be demonstrated in lecture
42
For Next Class

Review FM101 Unit 1 26-04.pdf on

Linear Programming

43