線性⽅程組介紹

Introduction to
Systems of Linear Equations
李龍豪 (Lung-Hao Lee)
助教信箱：ncuee.course.la@gmail.com
 Linear Equations
• De nition: Linear Equations (線性⽅程式)
A linear equation in the n variables x1, x2, … , xn to be
one that can be expressed in the form
a1 x1 + a2 x2 +!+ an xn = b
where a1, a2, … , an and b are constants and the a’s are
not all zero (a1, a2, … , an, b 皆為常數，且所有a不全為0)

• In the special case, where n=2 or n=3

a1 x + a2 y = b (a1, a2 not both 0)

a1 x + a2 y + a3z = b (a1, a2, a3 not both 0)

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Homogeneous Linear Equations

• In the special case where b=0

a1 x1 + a2 x2 +!+ an xn = 0

which is called a homogeneous linear equation (⿑次線

性⽅程式) in the variables x1, x2, … , xn

• Examples
x1 − 2x2 − 3x3 + x4 = 0

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−x + 5y − z = 0
3

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Examples for Linear Equations
• A linear equation does not involve any products (乘積) or
roots (開⽅) of variables. All variables occur to the rst
power and do not appear, for example, as arguments of
trigonometric (三⾓函數), logarithmic (對數函數) or
exponential functions (指數函數).
x1 − 2x2 − 3x3 + x4 = 0
1
x + 3y = 7 x − y + 3z = −1 x1 + x2 + ...+ xn = 1
2

• The following are not linear equations

x + 3y = 4
2
3x + 2y − xy = 5

sin x + y = 0 x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 1

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 System of Linear Equations
• A nite set of linear equations is called system of linear
equations (線性⽅程組), or a linear system (線性系統).
The variables are called unknowns (未知數).

5x + y = 3
Unknowns: x and y
2x − y = 4

4x1 − x2 + 3x3 = −1
Unknowns: x1, x2, x3
3x1 + x2 + 9x3 = −4

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 Solutions
• A general linear system of m equations in the n unknowns
x1, x2, …, xn can be written as
a11 x1 + a12 x2 +!+ a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 +!+ a2n xn = b2
!
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 +!+ amn xn = bm

• A solution (解) of a linear system in n unknowns x1, x2,

…, xn is a sequence of n numbers s1, s2, …, sn for which
the substitution
x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , !, xn = sn

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 Ordered n-tuple
• Examples Solutions

5x + y = 3 x = 1, y = −2 (1, -2)
2x − y = 4
4x1 − x2 + 3x3 = −1
x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = −1 (1, 2, -1)
3x1 + x2 + 9x3 = −4

• A solution of a linear system in n unknowns can be written as

(s1, s2, …, sn), which is called ordered n-tuple (有序n元序對)

• If n=2, then n-tuple is called an ordered pair (有序數對)

• If n=3, then it’s called an ordered triple (有序三元序對)

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Linear Systems in Two Unknowns

• Linear systems in two unknowns arise in connection with

interactions of lines

a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2

in which the graphs of the equations are lines in the xy-plane.

Each solution (x, y) of this system corresponds to a point of the

intersection of the lines.

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 Three Possibilities
• The lines may be parallel and distinct (平⾏且相異)

• The lines may intersect at only one point (相交於⼀點)

• The lines may coincide (重合)

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Linear Systems in Three Unknowns
a1 x + b1 y + c1z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3z = d3

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Consistent vs. Inconsistent
• A linear system is consistent (相容的) if it has at least one
solution. A consistent linear system of two equations in
two unknowns has either one or in nitely many
solutions. The same is true for a linear system of three
equations in three unknowns

• A linear system is inconsistent (⽭盾的) if it has no

solutions.

Every system of linear equations has zero, one, or in nitely

many solutions. There are no other possibilities
（無解、⼀組解、無限多組解）

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 A Linear System with One Solution

• Solve the system x− y =1

• Solution 2x + y = 6
eliminate x from the second equation by adding -2 times
the rst equation to the second equation x − y = 1 4
y=
3y = 4 3

from the second equation, 7

x = 1+ y =
on substituting the value in the rst equation, 3
7 4
Thus, the system has one solution x = ,y = (7/3, 4/3)
3 3

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 A Linear System with No Solutions

• Solve the linear system x+y= 4

• Solution 3x + 3y = 6

Eliminate x from the second equation by adding -3 times

the rst equation to the second equation
x+y= 4
0 = −6

The second equation is contradictory (⽭盾),

so the given system has no solution

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 A Linear System with
In nitely Many Solutions (1)
• Solve the linear system 4x − 2y = 1
16x − 8y = 4
• Solution
Eliminate x from the second equation by adding -4 times the
rst equation to the second
0=0
The second equation doesn’t impose any restrictions on x and
y and hence can be omitted.
4x − 2y = 1
One way to describe the solution set is to solve this equation
for x in terms of y to obtain 1 1 1 1
x= + y x = + t, y = t
4 2 4 2
Assign an arbitrary value t (called a parameter 參數) to y
This allows to express the solutions by the pair of equations
(called parametric equations 參數⽅程式)
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 A Linear System with
In nitely Many Solutions (2)
x − y + 2z = 5
• Solve the linear system 2x − 2y + 4z = 10
3x − 3y + 6z = 15
• Solution
This system can be solved by inspection, since the
second the third equations are multiples of the rst.

This means that three planes coincide and that those

values of x, y, and z that satisfy the equation x − y + 2z = 5

Assigning arbitrary values r and s (parameters) to y and z

Expressing the solution by the three parametric
equations x = 5 + r − 2s, y = r, z = s

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 Argumented Matrix
• The required computations can be made more
manageable by simplifying notation and standardizing
procedures
Augmented Matrix
a11 x1 + a12 x2 +!+ a1n xn = b1 ⎡ a11 a12 ! a1n b1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
a21 x1 + a22 x2 +!+ a2n xn = b2 ⎢ a21 a22 ! a2n b2 ⎥
⎢ ! ⎥
! ⎢
!
⎥
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 +!+ amn xn = bm ⎢⎣ am1 am 2 ! amn bm ⎥
⎦

• We can abbreviate the system by writing only the

rectangular array of numbers. This is called the
augmented matrix (增廣矩陣)

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 Algebraic Operations
• The basic method for solving a linear system is to perform
algebraic operations (代數運算)

• Typically, the algebraic operations are:

• Multiple an equation through by a nonzero constant

(以⼀個非零常數乘遍⽅程式)

• Interchange two equations (兩⽅程式互換)

• Add a constant times one equation to another

(某⽅程式乘以某個倍數後，再加到另⼀個⽅程式)

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Elementary Row Operations
• Since the rows (horizontal lines) of an augmented matrix
correspond to the equations in the associated system, these
three operations correspond to the operations called
elementary row operations (基本列運算)
⎡ a11 a12 ! a1n b1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ a21 a22 ! a2n b2 ⎥
⎢ ! ! ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ am1 am 2 ! amn bm ⎥
⎦

• Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant

• Interchange two rows

• Add a constant times one row to another

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Using Elementary Row Operations (1)

x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
2x + 4y − 3z = 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 4 −3 1 ⎥
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 ⎢⎣ 3 6 −5 0 ⎥⎦

• Add -2 times the rst equation (row) to the second to obtain

x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
2y − 7z = −17 ⎢ 0 2 −7 −17 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 6 −5 0 ⎥⎦
3x + 6y − 5z = 0

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Using Elementary Row Operations (2)

x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
2y − 7z = −17 ⎢ 0 2 −7 −17 ⎥
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 ⎢⎣ 3 6 −5 0 ⎥⎦

• Add -3 times the rst equation (row) to the third to obtain

x + y + 2z = 9
⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
2y − 7z = −17 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 2 −7 −17 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 3 −11 −27 ⎥⎦
3y − 11z = −27

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Using Elementary Row Operations (3)

x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
2y − 7z = −17 ⎢ 0 2 −7 −17 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 3 −11 −27 ⎥⎦
3y − 11z = −27
• Multiply the second equation (row) by 1/2 to obtain

x + y + 2z = 9
⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
7 17 ⎢ ⎥
y− z = − ⎢ 0 1 − 7 − 17 ⎥
2 2 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
3y − 11z = −27 ⎢ 0 3 −11 −27 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

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Using Elementary Row Operations (4)
x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
7 17 ⎢ 0 1 − 7 17 ⎥
y− z = − −
2 2 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
⎢ 0 3 −11 −27 ⎥
3y − 11z = −27 ⎣ ⎦

• Add -3 times the second equation (row) to the third to obtain

x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
7 17 ⎢ 1 1 2 9 ⎥
y− z = − ⎢ 7 17 ⎥
2 2
⎢ 0 1 −2 −
2 ⎥
1 3 ⎢ ⎥
− z=− ⎢ 0 0 −1 3 ⎥
2 2 −
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦

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Using Elementary Row Operations (5)
⎡ ⎤
x + y + 2z = 9 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1 2 9 ⎥
7 17 ⎢ 7 17 ⎥
y− z = − ⎢ 0 1 −2 −
2 ⎥
2 2 ⎢ ⎥
1 3 ⎢ 0 0 −1 −
3 ⎥
− z=− ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
2 2
• Multiply the third equation (row) by -2 to obtain

x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ 1 1 2 ⎤
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7 17 ⎢ ⎥
y− z = − ⎢ 0 1 −7 −
17 ⎥
2 2 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 3 ⎥
z=3 ⎣ ⎦

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Using Elementary Row Operations (6)
x + y + 2z = 9 ⎡ 1 1 2 9 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
7 17 ⎢ 0 1 −7 −
17 ⎥
y− z = − ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
2 2
⎢ 0 0 1 3 ⎥
z=3 ⎣ ⎦

• Add -1 times the second equation (row) to the rst to obtain

11 35 ⎡ ⎤
x + z= ⎢ 1 0
11 35
⎥
2 2 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
7 17 ⎢ 7 17 ⎥
y− z = − ⎢ 0 1 −2 −
2 ⎥
2 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
z=3 ⎣ ⎦

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Using Elementary Row Operations (7)
11 35 ⎡ ⎤
x + z= ⎢ 1 0
11 35
⎥
2 2 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
7 17 ⎢ 7 17 ⎥
⎢ 0 1 − − ⎥
y− z = − ⎢
2 2
⎥
2 2 ⎢ 0 0 1 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
z=3 ⎣ ⎦

• Add -11/2 times the third equation (row) to the rst and the
7/2 times the third equation (row) to the second to obtain
x =1
⎡ 1 0 0 1 ⎤
y =2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1 0 2 ⎥
z=3 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3 ⎥⎦

• The solution is x=1, y=2, z=3

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 Chapter 1.1
Concept Review
• Linear equation

• Homogeneous linear systems

• System of linear equations

• Solution of a linear system / Ordered n-tuple

• Consistent linear system / Inconsistent linear system

• Parameter / Parametric equations

• Augmented matrix / Elementary row operations

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