Module-1: System of Linear Equations

Suppose in my neighborhood there is an eccentric shopkeeper. He is convinced that

north Indians eat more wheat than rice whereas south Indians eat more rice than
wheat. So he offers two standard packets. The first packet, call it N, has containing 5kg of wheat
and 2kg of rice and the second packet, call it S, has containing 5kg of rice and 2kg of wheat.

Suppose, I need 19 kg of wheat and 16 kg of rice. What I do? I need to by x (say)

packets of N and y (say) packets of S, so that

x into + y into =

So, it will lead to the following system of linear equations

5 x  2 y  19
2 x  5 y  16
After, solving it we can get x  3 and y  2 . It means, I need to buy 3 packets of N
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and 2 packets of S.

Also, I can use other unknowns (variables) instead of x and y. For example
x  x1 & y  x1 . So, above equations can be written as

5 x1  2 x2  19
2 x1  5 x2  16
 What is ‘Linear Equation’?
The equation of a line in two-dimensional space has the form

This is a linear equation in two variables (unknowns) x and y.

Graph linear equation 3x+4y=12 in xy-plane

is a line.

Similarly, the equation of a plane in three-dimensional space has the form

Such an equation is called a linear equation in three variables (unknowns) x, y,

and z.

Graph linear equation x + y + z = 3 in

xyz-plane is a plane.

In general, a linear equation in ‘n’ variables is defined as follows.

A linear equation in ‘n’ variables (unknowns) x1 , x2 , x3 ,.... xn has the form

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------- (1)

The coefficients a1 , a2 , a3 , .... an are real numbers, and the constant term b is a real
number. The number a1 is the leading coefficient, and x1 is the leading variable.

We can form linear equation of 2 variables by taking n=2, can form linear equation of
3 variables by taking n=3, form linear equation of 4 variables by taking n=4, etc…
So, here n=1,2,3,4,5……
 Earlier, we had example of 2 linear equations for 2 unknowns (variables) x1 , x2 .
5 x1  2 x2  19; a1  5, a2  2 & b  19
and
2 x1  5 x2  16; a1  2, a2  5 & b  16

Note:

 Linear equations have no products or roots of variables and no variables

involved in transcendental function like trigonometric, exponential, or
logarithmic functions.
 Every terms variable will appear only in the first dgree.

(1). 3 x  2 y  7
1
(2). x  y   z  2
2
(3). x1  2 x2  10 x3  x4  0
(4). x12  2 x2  10 x3  x4  0
(5). x1  2 x2  10 x3  x1 x4  0
   
(6). sin    x1  4 x2  e 2
  2 
(7). xy  z  2
(8). e x  2 y  4
(9). sin x1  2 x2  3 x3  0
1 1
(10).  4
x y
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 Solution of the linear equations
A solution of the linear equation (1) is a list of real values for the unknowns

say,

And, these values will satisfy the equation (1) as

For example; the equation

is satisfied when x1  2 and x2  1.

Some other solutions for the above eqn. are

1. x1  4 and x2  4 ;
2. x1  0 and x2  2 ;
3. x1  2 and x2  3 .

The set of all solutions of a linear equation is called its solution set.

Solution set for above eqn.:  4,4  ,  0,2  ,  2,3 .... 

Parametric Representation of a Solution Set

To find the solution set of an equation involving two variables, solve for one of the
variables in terms of the other variable. If you solve for x1 in terms of x2 , we obtain

x1  4  2 x2

In this form x2 free and it means we can put any real value for x2 . And he value of x1
is depending on the value of x1 .
Hence, x2 letting x2  t for any real value representation of x2 . So, x1  4  2t.
Hence, the solution set would then have taken the form
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 s 
 4  2t, t  t  or  s, 2   s  
 2 
 Systems of Linear Equations
A system of linear equations in variables is a set of equations, each of which is
linear in the same variables:

The double-subscript notation indicates aij is the coefficient of x j in the ith equation.

Solution of Systems of Linear Equations

A solution of a system of linear equations is a sequence of numbers that is a
solution of each of the linear equations in the system.

For example, the system of Linear Equations in variables x & y

 x1  1 and x2  3 is a solution of the above Systems of Linear Equations as

these values are satisfying both the equations of the system.
 x1  1 and x2  0 is not a solution of the system because these values satisfy
only the first equation in the system, but not satisfying second one.

What are possibilities of solutions of the Systems of Linear Equations?

Consistent: A system of linear equations has at least one solution.

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Inconsistent: A system of linear equations has no solution.

Therefore, every system of linear equations has either

1. exactly one solution,

2. infinitely many solutions,
or
3. no solution. Inconsistent
 Graphical representation of consistent and inconsistent solutions of two variables in
xy-plane
The system has exactly one solution (Consistent)
Consider a system of two linear equations in two
unknowns x and y,
a11 x  a12 y  b1
a21 x  a22 y  b2
Here the two lines intersect in one point [Fig. (a)]. This
occurs when the lines have distinct slopes; i.e. the
coefficients of x and y are not proportional
a11 a12

a21 a22

The system has no solution (Inconsistent)

Consider a system of two linear equations in two
unknowns x and y,
a11 x  a12 y  b1
a21 x  a22 y  b2
Here the two lines are parallel [Fig.(b)]. This occurs when
the lines have the same slopes but different y intercepts,
a11 a12 b1
 
a21 a22 b2

The system has an infinite number of solutions (Consistent)

Consider a system of two linear equations in two
unknowns x and y,
a11 x  a12 y  b1
a21 x  a22 y  b2
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Here the two lines coincide [Fig.(c)]. This occurs when the
lines have the same slopes and same y intercepts
a11 a12 b1
 
a21 a22 b2
 Graphical representation of consistent and inconsistent solutions of three
variables in xyz-plane

Consider a system of 3 linear equations in three

unknowns x, y and z,
a11 x  a12 y  a13 z  b1 --------- (1)
a21 x  a22 y  a23 z  b2 --------- (2)
a31x  a32 y  a33 z  b3 --------- (3)

(a). Unique Solution:

(b). Infinite number of solutions:

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(c). No solution:
 Solution of System of Linear Equations
There are several methods available to solve a system of linear equation.

(A). Direct methods

 Elimination Method
 Substitution Method, etc…

(B). Matrix Methods

 Crammer’s Rule
 Matrix Inversion Method ( AX  B  X  A1B )
 Gauss Elemination Method
 Gauss-Jordan Elemination Method, etc…

(C). Iterative methods

 Jacobi Iterative Method

 Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method, etc…

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 C1 C2 C3 Cn Total n columns

Total m Rows
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Dr. PARVEZ ALAM
Ex.
 Some properties of matrices:

Note: Diagonal matrix is matrix which is both upper and lower triangular.
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 Matrix operations:

Matrix Addition/Subtraction:

If A  aij  and B  bij  are two matrices of the same order, then their sum
mn mn
A+B is also a matrix, and each element of that matrix is the sum of the
corresponding elements.

i.e., A  B   aij  bij 

mn

Consider the two matrices A & B of order 2 x 2. Then the difference is given by

Matrix Multiplication:
If A and B are two matrices, then their product AB will be defined only when the
number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B.

If A  aij  and B  bij  , then their product is given by

mn n p

 n 
AB  C  cij    air brj 
 
m p
 r 1  n p
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 Note:

 Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general, i.e. in general

 Consider the two matrices A & B of order 2 x 2. Then the difference is given by
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 Matrix representation of a System of Linear Equation
One very common use of matrices is to represent systems of linear equations.

Let, we have a system of ‘m’ linear equations of ‘n’ variables as given below:

We can represent this system two main kind of matrix from

(1). AX=B form;

where,

Note: A is called coefficients matrix, X is variable vector (column matrix) and B is

constant term vector.

Definition: The matrix containing only the coefficients of the system is called the
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coefficient matrix of the system.

Ex.
(2). Augmented matrix form:
The matrix derived from the coefficients and constant terms of a system of linear
equations is called the augmented matrix of the system.

Ex.

Ex.

Ex.

Remark:
 Use 0 to indicate coefficients of zero. The coefficient of in the third equation is zero, so
a 0 takes its place in the matrix.
 When forming either the coefficient matrix or the augmented matrix of a system,
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you should begin by aligning the variables in the equations vertically.

 Elementary Row Operations

1. Interchange two rows (swap). R  R 

i j


2. Multiply a row by a nonzero constant (scale) k Ri  R j ; k  0 

3. Add a multiple of a row to another row. k Ri  R j  R j ; k  0 

Ex.

Remark: Notice in (c) that adding (-2) times of row 1 to row 3 does not make any change
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row 1.
Forms of augmented matrix
1. Row-Echelon Form
A matrix is called to be in Row-Echelon Form if it satisfies following conditions
1) Maximum numbers of zeros ‘0’ should be gathered at the bottom of the matrix.
2) The first nonzero entry of each rows should be 1 (called a leading 1). (If the row does
not consist entirely of zeros).
3) The leading 1’s should be appeared from left to right in successive rows.

2. Reduced Row-Echelon Form

A matrix is called to be in Reduced Row-Echelon form if it satisfies following conditions
(First 3 conditions same as Row Echelon form)
1) Maximum numbers of zeros ‘0’ should be gathered at the bottom of the matrix.
2) The first nonzero entry of each rows should be 1 (called a leading 1). (If the row does
not consist entirely of zeros).
3) The leading 1’s should be appeared from left to right in successive rows.
4) Every column that has a leading 1 has zeros in every position above and below its
leading 1 in coefficient matrix.

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Rule to convert augmented matrix into Row-Echelon form:

1. First of all try to make 1 ate the leading element of first row, by dividing or
interchanging row.
2. Then, make zero at 1,2,3,4… places by row operations, so that maximum zeros we
can get at the bottom of the matrix (in the Lower triangular portion).
3. Then make ‘1’ the leading elements of each row by multiply row operation.

Rule to convert augmented matrix into Reduced Row-Echelon form:

Same above steps we have to follow, but in the last make upper triangle elements ‘0’ in
the upper triangular portion. Such that in each column of the coefficient matrix we can
get only leading 1 and rest others 0.

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Q. Find Row and
Reduced Row
echelon form of
the augmented
matrix of given
system of Linear
equations.

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Q. Find Row
and Reduced
Row echelon
form of the
augmented
matrix of given
system of
Linear
equations.

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Exercise: Find Row and Reduced Row echelon form of the augmented matrix of the given
following systems of Linear equations.

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Methods to find solution of System of Linear Equations

1. Gauss Elimination Method

a) Find the Row-Echelon form of the augmented matrix for the given system.
b) Then, find the values of variables by back substitution.
2. Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method
a) Find the Reduced Row-Echelon form of the augmented matrix for the given
system.
b) After that, we can find the values of variables very easily.

(1). A system will have exactly one (unique) solution, if;

(2). A system will have infinitely many solution, if;

Note: We have to assume  n    or  n  R  free variables in this case.

(3). A system will have no solution, if;

Note:
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1. Number of non-zero rows in the coefficient matrix is called rank of the


coefficient matrix and we represent it here by ‘ ’ Rho.
2. Number of non-zero rows in the augmented matrix is called rank of the
augmented matrix and we represent it here by ‘ R ’.
3. And no. of variables we represent by n.
Q1. Solve the given systems of Linear equations by Gauss Elimination Method.

Note: Here
  3, R  3,
n3
 Rn.
 Unique
solution

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Q2. Solve the given systems of Linear equations by Gauss Elimination Method.

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Note: Here   3, R  3, n  3    R  n  Unique solution .

Q3. Solve the
given systems of
Linear equations
by Gauss- Jordan
Elimination
Method.

Note: Here
  3, R  3,
n  3
  Rn .
Unique
solution

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Q4. Solve the
given systems
of Linear
equations by
Gauss- Jordan
Elimination
Method.

Note: Here
  3, R  3,
n  3
  Rn .
Unique
solution

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Dr.PARVEZ ALAM
Note:
n   1
so,
assuming
any one
free
variable.
i.e., z=t.

As t
belonging
to the real
no., so the
system will
Dr.PARVEZ ALAM
have
infinitely
many
solutions
for different
values of t
Note:
n   1
so, assuming
any one free
variable. i.e.,
z=t.

As t
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belonging to
the real no.,
so the system
will have
infinitely
many
solutions for
different values of t
Solve by Gauss-Jordan Elimination method and Gauss Elimination method.

Dr.PARVEZ ALAM
Dr.PARVEZ ALAM
Homogeneous systems of linear equations:
A system of linear equations is said to be homogeneous, if all the constant terms are
zero.

all bi' s are zero

Note: If at least one constant term ( bi ) is non-zero then system is called non-
homogeneous.

Observation and Definitions:

 Homogeneous systems are ALWAYS consistent. This is because

x1  x2  x3  .....  xn  0 is always satisfy any homogeneous systems of linear
equations and hence it will always be a solution of Homogeneous systems.

 This special solution x1  x2  x3  .....  xn  0 is called trivial solution of the

system.
 Any other solution of homogeneous system is called a non-trivial solution.

Properties of a Homogeneous System:

1. A homogeneous system is ALWAYS consistent, since the zero solution (i.e.,
trivial solution) is always a solution to that system.

2. For a homogeneous system, any one of the following statement will be true
a) The system will have only the trivial solution (exactly one solution), i.e.,
x1  x2  x3  .....  xn  0 . (see Question no 1st).
or
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b) The system will have infinitely many non-trivial solutions in addition to

the trivial solution. (see Question no 2nd).

3. A homogeneous system with more number of variables than the number of

equations has infinitely many solutions. (see Question no 3rd and 4th).
Dr.PARVEZ ALAM
Dr.PARVEZ ALAM
Q3.

The augmented matrix of this system

The above matrix corresponds to the following homogeneous system

x1  x2  x3  3x4  0
x2  1 / 2 x3  x4  0
x3  x4  0
Here, n   =4-3=1, so assuming one free variable x3  c . Using the method of back
1 3
substitution we obtain x1   c, x2  c, x3  c .
2 2
 1 3  
Then the solution set:   c, c, c  c   .
Dr.PARVEZ ALAM

 2 2  
Q.

The augmented matrix of this system

The above matrix corresponds to the following homogeneous system

Here, n   =3-1=2, so assuming two free variables y  s, z  t , then we obtain

Then the solution set:  4s  3t, s, t  s,t   .

As s and t are belonging to the real no., so the system will have infinitely many solutions
(non-trivial) for different values of s and t.

If we take s=0 and t=0, we get trivial solution (0,0,0).

Dr.PARVEZ ALAM
Exercise:

or
Find the solution of the following homogeneous system of linear equations;
x yzw0
2x  2 y  z  w  0
5 x  5 y  2 z  4w  0

Q2. Find the solution of the following homogeneous system of linear equations

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 Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix (of n x n order) in which every element except
the principal diagonal elements is zero is called a Diagonal Matrix.

Scalar Matrix: It is a special kind of diagonal matrix, in which the diagonal

contains the same element.

Identity Matrix: Identity Matrix is the matrix which is n × n square matrix where
the diagonal consist of 1’s and the other elements are all zeros. It is also called as a Unit
Matrix. We represent it by I n

Null Matrix: Null Matrix is a matrix having zero as each of its elements.
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 The Inverse of a Matrix
Inverse matrix:

A matrix A of dimension n x n (should be square matrix only) is called invertible if and

only if there exists another matrix B of the same dimension, such that

AB  BA  I ,
where I is the is the identity matrix of the same order.
1
Matrix B is known as the inverse of matrix A and symbolically we represents B by A .

AA1  A1 A  I .
Definitions:

 Invertible Matrix: An invertible matrix is a square matrix that has an inverse.

 Non-Singular matrix: A matrix is said to be non-singular, if its determinant value

is not equal to zero, i.e. A  0. Hence, inverse of any matrix is possible if and only
if its determinant is non-zero. Therefore, Non-Singular matrix also known as
Invertible Matrix.

 Singular matrix: A matrix is said to be singular, if its determinant is zero, i.e.

A  0. Hence, inverse of Singular matrices are not possible. Therefore, Singular
matrices are known as Non-Invertible.

Properties of inverse matrices:

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 Finding inverse matrices by Gauss-Jordan Elimination method:

1. First we write the matrix A in the following form

2. Then we convert it into the Reduced Row Echelon, hence we get invers of A as
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 Exercise 1: Find the inverse of following matrices;
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Note: If you can’t get  I | A1  form, then it means the matrix is not invertible (singular).
See the Ex. (3), it’s not possible to get  I | A1  form for this.
 Finding solution of a system of linear equations after finding inverse of matrix by
using Gauss Jordan method

As we know that a system of ‘m’ linear equations of ‘n’ variables

can be written into the matrix from AX=B as

AX  B  …………………(1)

where,

Therefore, equation (1) can be written left multiplying of A 1 ;

X  A1B  …………………(2)

So, we can find solution of the system by finding A 1 and multiplying by B into A 1
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM

Note: If you can’t get  I | A1  form, then it means the coefficient matrix A is not
invertible (singular), then the system could be have no solution or could be have
infinitely many solutions.
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM
 Exercise: Write the following system of linear equations as AX=B and then solve it by
computing A 1 using the Gauss Jordan Elimination method.

a) 2 x  y  3z  2, y  4 z  5, 2 x  y  2 z  7
b) x  2 y  2 z  10, 2 x  2 y  3z  1, 4 x  3 y  5z  4
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 Elementary Matrix: A square matrix (of n x n order) is called an elementary
matrix if it is obtained from the identity matrix I n by a single elementary row
operation.
We have following possible elementary row operations:
1. Interchange two rows (swap). R  R 
i j


2. Multiply a row by a nonzero constant (scale) k Ri  R j ; k  0 

3. Add a multiple of a row to another row. k Ri  R j  R j ; k  0 

REMARK:
1. The identity matrix is elementary by this definition because it can be obtained
from itself by multiplying any one of its row by 1.
2. We do only one row operation for Elementary matrix.
1
3. Every elementary matrix E is invertible and that E is also an elementary
matrix.
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 Writing a Matrix as the Product of Elementary Matrices
Question: Find a sequence of elementary matrices whose product is

Soln.: We find the Reduced Row-Echelon (RRE) form of matrix A and we represent it as ARRE . Similarly row operations we
repeat in identity matrix I corresponding to A.

We can see here,

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1 1 1 1 1
Therefore, by the left hand multiplication of inverse matrices E k ,E k 1 ,....,E3 ,E 2 ,E1 , we can get
Here we got a sequence of elementary matrices E11E21E31E41 whose product is A:
 Some results on Elementary matrices

 From the result we have a result for A1 as

 Earlier we have used a formula  A | I n    I n | A  to find inverse by Gauss

1

Jordan method, that formula also has been derived by using this result.
 E k E k 1....E3E 2E1  A | In 
  E k E k 1....E3E 2 E1  A |  E k E k 1....E 3E 2E1  I n 
 A | In   In | A 1 

 Any square matrix is invertible if and only if it can be written as the product of
elementary matrices.

 If we find only Row-Echelon (RE) form of matrix A and we represent it as A RE ,

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Therefore, we can have the following result

 Ek E k 1....E3E 2E1  A=A RE
.
 A=  E11E 21E31...E k 11E k 1  A RE

 We can get different number of elementary matrices for any given matrix, it will
depend of Row operations only.
 Permutation matrix: A square matrix (of n x n order) is called Permutation
matrix if it is obtained from the identity matrix by permuting rows:

 For 2 x 2 matrix, we have 2 Permutation matrices;

 For 2 x 2 matrix, we have 2 Permutation matrices;

Notes:
1. There are n! matrices of size ‘n’.
2. A permutation matrix is the product of finite number of elementary matrices.
3. Any permutation matrix P is invertible and P -1 =P T .
4. Product of permutation matrices is also a Permutation matrix.
5. Transpose of a Permutation matrix is also a Permutation matrix.
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 LU-factorization: If the square matrix (of n x n order) A can be written as the
product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, then A=LU is
called an LU-factorization of A.
A=LU;
L is a lower triangular matrix
U is an upper triangular matrix

Q: How we find LU-factorization of A?

Ans: Funding L and U factor matrices of A:

First, we do only row operation of adding a multiple of one row to another row below
k R  R
i j  R j ; k  0  to gather maximum zeros at the bottom, and it will give
upper matrix U.

(Here we are not interested to make pivot (leading) element’s 1, that’s why we are not using other
row operations. If you want, you also can get Row-Echelon A RE or Reduced Row-Echelon ARRE
form; hence you may get different L and U).

Then, we write used Elementary matrices of A corresponding to finding U. Then, we

1 1 1 1 1
can get lower matrix by using the formula L=E1 E 2 E3 ...E k 1E k . Then we can find LU
factor of A as;

A= E -1E -1E -1...E -1 E -1 U=LU
1 2 3 k-1 k 
Q: What is the application of LU-factorization?
Ans: And we use LU-factorization to find solve system of linear equations, by finding
LU factor of coefficient matrix A.

Example 1: Find the LU factor of matrix

 1 0  1 0
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM

We can calculate; E11     L  E11   .

 3 1   3 1 

 1 2  1 0   1 2 
We have U=   ; so we can have now A=LU= 
0 2  3 1   0 2 
1 0   1 2   1 2 
Check by multiplying L and U, its giving same A=  
1   0 2   3 8 
.
 3
Note: L and U are not unique, because we have many options to get upper matrix like ARE,
ARRE and above one also. But we give preference to above one.
 Example 1: Find the LU factor of matrix

Soln. First we find upper matrix U and Elementary matrices

1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0 
We can calculate; E  0 1 0 ,E2  0 1 0  L  E1 E2  0 1 0 .
1

1  1   1 1

 2 0 1  0 4 1  2 4 1 

1 3 0  1 0 0 1 3 0 
We have U= 0 1 3  ; so we can have now A=LU= 0 1 0 0 1 3  .
 
0 0 14  2 4 1  0 0 14
1 0 0 1 3 0  1 3 0 
Check by multiplying L and U, its giving same A= 0 1 0 0 1 3  .   0 1 3 .
 2 4 1  0 0 14  2 10 2
Trick to find direct L:
First, we put ‘1’ at principle diagonal of the matrix and fill ‘0’ in the upper triangular
side. Then put (–1 x k) at the corresponding lower side entries, where k is the constant
used in row operations to get U. If at any place already ‘0’ is available, just keep it ‘0’.
For example in the upper question;
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM
 Solving liner system of equations by LU-Factorization method:
Let, we have a system of ‘m’ linear equations of ‘n’ variables as given below:

We can represent this system matrix form as AX=B

Then, we find L and U factors of coefficient matrix A, so we have put A=LU and we put it
in eqn(1).
AX=B
  LU  X=B; A=LU
 L  UX  =B;
Now, putting UX=M;  LM=B .
Then, we solve equation LM=B to get the values of r1 ,r2 ,r3 ,....rn
After finding r1 ,r2 ,r3 ,.... , we put these in M, then we solve UX=M and easily can calculate
x1 ,x2 ,x3 ,....xn .
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM
 1 1 1  1 0 0 
A   2 3 4  I  0 1 0 
 3 4 5  0 0 1 
1 1 1   1 0 0
 0 5 2  R2  2 R1  R2 E1   2 1 0 
1 0 0
 3 4 5   0 0 1  
1 1
 L  E E E  2
1 2
1
3 1 0
1 1 1  1 0 0
 3 1 / 5 1 
 0 5 2  R3  3R1  R3 E2   0 1 0 
0 1 2   3 0 1 
1 1 1  1 0 0
U  0 5 2  E3  0 1 0 
1
R3  R2  R3
5
0 0 12 / 5 0 1 / 5 1 
AX=B
  LU  X=B; A=LU
 L  UX  =B;
Now, putting UX=M;  LM=B ; where M= r1 , r2 , r3  
T

Then, we solve equation LM=B to get the values of r1 ,r2 ,r3 as

1 0 0   r1   9  r1  9 r1  9 9

LM   2 0   r2   13   2r1  r2  13  r2  5   M   5
    
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM

1
 3 1 / 5 1   r3   40  1 r3  12 12 
3r1  r2  r3  40
5
We have UX=M
1 1 1   x  9  r1  r2  r3  9 r1  1  x  1 

UX=M  0 5 2   y    5  5r2  2r3  5  r2  3   X   y   3 ;
    
0 0 12 / 5  z  12  12 r3  5  z  5
r3  12
5
Answer; x=1, y=3, z=5.
 2 1 1 0 1 0 0
A   4 1 0 1  I  0 1 0 
 2 2 1 1  0 0 1 
2 1 1 0 1 0 0
  0 1 2 1  R2  2 R1  R2 E1   2 1 0 
 1 0 0
 2 2 1 1   0 0 1 
 L  E1 E2 E3   2 1 0
1 1 1

 2 1 1 0 1 0 0
 1 3 1 
  0 1 2 1  R3  R1  R3 E2  0 1 0 
 0 3 2 1  1 0 1 
2 1 1 0 1 0 0 
U   0 1 2 1  R3  3R2  R3 E3  0 1 0 
 0 0 4 4  0 3 1 
AX=B
  LU  X=B; A=LU
 L  UX  =B;
 
T
Now, putting UX=M;  LM=B ; where M= r1 , r2 , r3
Then, we solve equation LM=B to get the values of r1 ,r2 ,r3 as
 1 0 0  r1   1  r1  1 r1  1 1
LM   2 1 0  r2    2  2r1  r2  2  r2  4   M  4
     
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM

 1 3 1   r3   7  r1  3r2  r3  7 r3  4 4

We have UX=M
 x1  x1  t  1  x1   t  1 
2 1 1 0    1   x  3t  2
   x2    x2  3t  2
UX=M  0 1 2 1   4  Let x4  t   X   2   ;
 x3    x3  1  t  x3   1  t 
0 0 4 4     4     
 x4  x4  t  x4   t 
Hint;   3 and n  4  n    1 free variable .
Dr. PARVEZ ALAM

Exercise