Bridge Course (After SEE)

Unit – 8

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Definition

A rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns enclosed between round (or
square) brackets is called a matrix. It is usually denoted by a capital letter.

Example:

1 2
i) A=[ ]
3 4
1 2 3
ii) B=[ ]
4 5 6

A 2×2 matrix can be written as:

𝑎11 𝑎12
A = [𝑎 𝑎22 ]
21

Similarly, a 3×3 matrix can be written as:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

A = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Some special types of matrices

i) Row matrix
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Example: A = [1 2]
ii) Column matrix
A column having only one column is called column matrix.
1
Example: A = [ ]
2
iii) Square matrix
A matrix having same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
1 2
Example: A = [ ] is a 2×2 square matrix.
3 4
iv) Diagonal matrix
A square matrix having all elements except its principal diagonal elements zero is
called a diagonal matrix.

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2 0 0
Example: A = [0 5 0] is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 3
v) Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix having all the diagonal element same is called a scalar matrix.
2 0 0
Example: A = [0 2 0] is a scalar matrix
0 0 2
vi) Unit matrix
A diagonal matrix having all the principal diagonal element unity is called a unit
matrix.
1 0 0
1 0
Example: I =v(1), I = [ ] and I = [0 1 0] are unit matrices.
0 1
0 0 1
vii) Upper triangular matrix
A square matrix A = (aij) is said to be an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i >
j.
Example:
1 2 3
[0 9 5] is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 8
viii) Lower triangular matrix.
A square matrix A = (aij) is called a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i and j.
Example:
1 2 3
[0 9 5] is a lower triangular matrix.
0 0 8
ix) Symmetric matrix
A square matrix A aij) is called a symmetric matrix if aij = aij for all i and j.
Example:
1 2 3
[2 5 −4] is a symmetric matrix
4 −4 3
x) Skew-symmetric matrix
A square matrix A = (aij) is called a skew-symmetric matrix if aij= -aij for all i and
j.

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Example:
0 1 5
[−1 0 6] is a skew-symmetric matrix.
−5 −6 0
Note that each element of principle diagonal of the skew-symmetric matrix must
be zero

Sum of two matrices

The sum of two matrices A and B is a new matrix whose each elements is the sum of the
corresponding elements of A and B. It is denoted by A+B. The order of A+B is same as order
of A or B.

1 2 4 5
Example: If A = [ ] and B = [ ]
3 4 6 7

1+4 2+5 5 7
Then, A+B=[ ]=[ ]
3+6 4+7 9 11

Multiple of two matrices

Let A = (aij) m×p and B=(bij) p×n be two matrices. The product of AB is defined by:

AB=(Cij)m×n

Where cij = ai1.b1j+ai2.b2j+.....+aip.bip

1 2 4 5
Example: If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then
3 4 6 7

1× 4+2×6 1×6+2×7 16 20
AB = [ ]=[ ]
3×4+4×6 3×6+4×7 36 46

Transpose of a matrix

The transpose of a matrix A is the matrix formed by interchanging all rows into column (or
columns into rows) of the matrix A. It is denoted by AT or A'.

1 5 7
Example: If A = [2 4 8], then
3 8 9

1 2 3
T
A = [5 4 8]
7 8 9

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Determinants

𝑎11 𝑎12
If A = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] be a 2×2 square matrix then the determinant of A is denoted by |A| and
21

defined by

𝑎11 𝑎12
|A| = |𝑎 𝑎22 |=a11.a22-a12.a21
21

1 2
Example: | |= 1×12 - 2×5=2
5 12

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝑎
If A = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] be a 3×3 square matrix, then the determinant of the matrix A is
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
denoted by |A| and defined by

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

|A| = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22

=a11|𝑎 𝑎33 |-a12|𝑎31 𝑎33 |+a13|𝑎31 𝑎32 |
32

1 5 6
Example: |3 2 1|
6 3 2

2 1 3 1 3 2
= 1| |-5| |+6| |
3 2 6 2 6 3

= 1(4-3) - 5(6-6) + 6(9-12)

= 1 – 5(0) + 6(3)

= 1 – 0 – 18

= -17

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Properties of Determinants

1. If each element of any row (or a column) is zero, the value of the determinant is zero.
2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of the
determinant is zero.
3. If all rows are changed into columns (or all columns are changed into rows), the value
of the determinant is same.
4. If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by a constant, the value of
the determinant is the multiple of the constant.
5. If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is the sum of two or more
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.
6. The interchange the sign of the determinant.
7. If to each element of a row (or column) of a determinant we add (or subtract) the
corresponding element of another row (or column) multiplied by the same number,
the determinant remains unchanged.

Minors and cofactors

The determinant formed by deleting ith and jth column of a matrix A is called the minor of
element aij and is denoted by Mij. The cofactor of element aij, denoted by Aij is define by
Aij=(1)i+j=(-1)i+j Mij.

Inverse of a matrix

A matrix B is said to be the inverse of a matrix A if AB = BA =I, where I be an identity

matrix and A and B are square matrices.

𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
In the other word, the inverse of a square matrix A is denoted A-1 and defined by A-1 = |𝐴|

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