NUMBERS AND ALGEBRA

Chapter 1
Factors and Multiples
Classification of whole numbers
Whole numbers: 0,1,2,3,………..
Prime number (has only two factors, 1 and itself): 2,3,5,7,…..
Composite number (has more than two factors): 4,6,8,9,…….
Prime Factorisation
Prime factorization is the process or expressing a composite number as a product of
prime factors only.
Method 1: Factor tree

Method 2: Successive Short Division

Highest common factor (HCF) and lowest common factor (LCF)

Eg: 700 and 840

700=22×52×7
840=23×3×5×7
HCF=22×5×7=140 (multiply common prime factors with the lowest power)
LCF=23×3×5×7=4200 (multiply prime factors with the highest power)

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Square and Square root
Square of 3=32

Positive square root of 9=√9 = √32 =3

Perfect square: (eg; 1,4,9,16,25,…)
Cube and Cube root
Cube of 5=53=125
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Cube root of 125= √125 =5
Perfect cube: (eg; 1,8,27,64,125,….)

Chapter 2
Real Numbers
Classification of Numbers
Real Numbers
3 9 4 1
e.g., -9,-5,0,0.4,1.3,3,11, , , 3 , −2 , π,√2 ,0.232 232 223…
8 4 9 7

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

(terminating decimals and recurring decimals) (non-terminating and non-recurring decimals)
3 9 4 1
e.g., -9,-5,0,0.4,1.3,3,11,8 , 4 , 3 9 , −2 7 e.g., π,√2 ,0.232 232 223…

Integers Fractions
3 9 4 1
e.g., -9,-5,0,3,11 e.g., 8 , 4 , 3 9 , −2 7

Whole Numbers Negative Integers

(0 and positive integer) e.g., -9,-5

e.g., 0,3,11

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Operations On Real Numbers Order of Operations

Operations Symbols Brackets>> Powers and Roots >> Multiplication and

Addition + Division >> Addition and Subtraction
Subtraction -
Multiplication ×
Division ÷

Chapter 3
Approximation and Estimation
Approximation
To approximate is to find a suitable value for a quantity within a specified degree of accuracy.
Rounding off to place value
23645=23650 (correct to the nearest 10)
23645=23600 (correct to the nearest 100)
23645=24000 (correct to the nearest 1000)
Rounding off to decimal places
8.4695=8 (correct to nearest whole number)
8.4695=8.5 (correct to 1 d.p)
8.4695=8.47 (correct to 2 d.p)
Rounding off numbers to specified significant figures

No Rules Examples
Rule 1 All non-zero digits are significant. 54332 (5 s.f)
0.16 (2 s.f)
Rule 2 All zeros between non-zero digits are significant 100009 (6 s.f)
0.04005 (4 s.f)
Rule 3 For any integer, the zeros at the end may or may 495=500 (correct to nearest 100) (1 s.f)
not be significant. (depends on how the numbers 495=500 (correct to nearest 10) (2 s.f)
are approximated.)
Rule 4 For any decimal, all zeros before the first non-zero 0.0008 (1 s.f)
digit are not significant. 0.011 (2 s.f)
Rule 5 For any decimal, zeros after a non-zero digit are 1.60 (3 s.f)
significant. 0.07000 (4 s.f)

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Chapter 4
Basic Algebra and Algebraic Manipulations
Algebraic notations and Algebraic expressions
Operations Algebraic expression (a) An algebraic expression involves
Addition a+b numbers and letters that are connected
Subtraction a-b with operation symbols (+,-,×,÷) and /
or brackets.
Multiplication a×b (b) In an algebraic expression, there is
𝑎
Division a÷b or , where b≠ 0 no equal sign.
𝑏
Evaluation of algebraic expressions and formulae
Algebraic expression
3𝑎−𝑐 2 3×(−5)−(−1)2 −15−1 16
E.g, Substituting a=-5, b=4 and c=-1, = = =− = -1
𝑏2 42 16 16

Formulae
(a) A formula is an equality relating two or more variables.
(b) The value of a variable in a formula can be found by substitution when the values of other
variables are known.

E.g, 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 , where radius r is 3cm

𝐴 = 𝜋 × 32 = 9 𝜋
Simplification of linear expressions
Like term: 2xy and 5yx, -6c2 and 2c2
Unlike term: 2a and 8b, 3x2y and xy2
Algebraic expressions are simplified by removing brackets and collecting like terms.
Examples
(3a-4b) +(2a+3b) =3a-4b+2a+3b
=3a+2a-4b+3b
=5a-b
(-2x+3y)-(-3x+4y)= -2x+3y+3x-4y
=-2x+3x+3y-4y
=x-y

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Expansion and factorisation of algebraic expressions
The distribution law
a(x+y)= ax+ay a(x-y)= ax-ay a(x+y+z)= ax+ay+az
Examples;
4(-2x+3y)= 4(-2x)+4(3y)= -8x+12y
(-5)(7x-2y)= (-5)(7x) - (-5)(2y) = -35x+10y
Factorisation can be done by extracting the common factors.
Example:

12ax-15ya+3a=3a (4x)-3a (5y)+ 3a = 3a (4x-5y+1)

Chapter 5
Simple Equations in One Variable

Concept of an equation

- An equation is a statement which shows that the values of two mathematical expressions
are equal. An equation may involve one or more variables.
- ax+b=c, where a,b and c are constants, a≠0 and the variable x has a power of 1, is called a
linear equation in one variable, x.

Solving linear equations in one variable

Simple linear equations

Add a term to both Subtract a term from Multiply both sides Divide both sides by
sides both sides by a constant a constant
Example: Example: Example: Example:
x-3=6 X+2=14 𝑥 4x=12
=6 4𝑥 12
x-3+3=6+3 x-+2-2=14-2 5 =
𝑥 4 4
x=9 x=12 ×5= 6×5
5 x=3
x=30
Equations involving brackets and fractions
Expand each side by removing the brackets.
3(4x-7)=2(5x-4)+9
12x-21=10x-8+9

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12x-10x=-8+9+21
2x=22
x=11

Multiply both sides by the LCM of the denominators.

x x
−6=
2 3
x x
6( ) − 6 × 6 = 6( )
2 3

3x-36=2x
x=36

Fractional equations
𝑥 1
=−
3𝑥 + 4 2
𝑥 1
2(3x+4) × =2(3x+4)× (− )
3𝑥+4 2

2x=-(3x+4)
2x=-3x-4
2x+3x=-4
5x=-4
4
x=- 5

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 GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT

Chapter 6
Angles and Parallel Lines
Points, Lines and Planes

Classification of angles

According to the relationship between angles;

(1) if the sum of two angle is 90º, then the two angles are called complementary angles.
(2) If the sum of two angles is 180º, then the two angles are called supplementary angles.
(3) If two angles share a common side and a common vertex but do not overlap, then the two
angles are called adjacent angles.
Parallel lines and Transversals

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Chapter 7
Triangles, Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons
Triangles
Classifying triangles by sides

Classifying triangles by angles

For any triangle, the sum of its interior angles is 180º.

An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles.
In ∆ ABC, p = a + b

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Quadrilaterals
The sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360º,

e + f + g + h = 360

Polygons
The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided polygon is (n-2)×180º
The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360º.