CORRELATION

Module 1
Sub-Topic 1
Algebra
Fundamentals in
Algebra
• To discuss the laws of exponents and radicals.
• To explain the properties of logarithms.
• To find unknown using quadratic equation.
• To expand binomial expression.
 NUMBERS

Real Numbers Imaginary

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

Integers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers

• Number of Roots of an Equation
“Every rational integral equation f(x) of the nth
degree has exactly ‘n’ roots”
• Consider:
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟓

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟗 + 𝟖𝒙𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
• The Remainder Theorem
“If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-k), the
remainder is f(k)”

• The Factor Theorem

“If (x-k) is a factor of a polynomial the
remainder is f(k)=0”
The polynomial x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 8 is divided
by x – 5. What is the remainder?

a. 821 c. 218
b. 812 d. 182
The polynomial x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 8 is divided by x – 5. What is the remainder?

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 " − 3𝑥 + 8
𝑥−𝑘 = 𝑥−5
𝑘=5

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑘 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 −5, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟

𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑘) = (𝑥 + 5)

Substituting k to f(x)
𝑓 𝑘 = 5! + 4𝑥 " − 3 5 + 8
𝑓 𝑘 = 218
When the polynomial (x + 3) (x – 4) + 4 is
divided by (x – k), the remainder is k. Find
the value of k.
a. 4 or 2 c. 4 or – 2
b. 2 or – 4 d. – 4 or – 2
When the polynomial (x + 3) (x – 4) + 4 is divided by (x – k), the
remainder is k. Find the value of k.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+3 𝑥−4 +4 Therefore, there are two possible values
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 12 + 4 of k
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥! − 𝑥 − 8
𝑘−4=0
Substituting k to f(x) 𝑘=4
Or
𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑘! − 𝑘 − 8 𝑘+2=0
𝑘 = −2
The problem states that the remainder is
k, which means that f(k)=k k could be 4 or -2

𝑘 = 𝑘! − 𝑘 − 8
0 = 𝑘 ! − 2𝑘 − 8
0 = (𝑘 − 4)(𝑘 + 2)
Find the value of k so that (x – 3) is a factor
of x4 – k2x2 – kx – 39 = 0.

a. – 7/3 c. 3
b. 5/3 d. – 3
Find the value of k so that (x – 3) is a factor of x4 – k2x2 – kx – 39 = 0.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 " − 𝑘 ! 𝑥 ! − 𝑘𝑥 − 39
The “k” in the function above is just a
numerical constant and different from the “k”
in the remainder theorem. As such, we could
change it to a different variable “z”
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 " − 𝑧 ! 𝑥 ! − 𝑧𝑥 − 39
𝑥−𝑘 = 𝑥−3
𝑘=3
For (x-3) to be a factor, the remainder should
be zero. Thus, the remainder f(k) = 0
0 = −9𝑧 " − 3𝑧 + 42
Solve for the roots of the equation to get the
values of z. By quadratic formula,
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 " − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑧=
2𝑎
𝑎 = −9 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = 42

Substitute k to f(x) 7
𝑓 𝑘 = 3! − 𝑧 " 3" − 𝑧 3 − 39 𝑧 = − 𝑜𝑟 2
3
𝑓 𝑘 = 81 − 9𝑧 " − 3𝑧 − 39
𝑓 𝑘 = −9𝑧 " − 3𝑧 + 42
Descartes’ Rule of Signs:
• The number of positive real roots of a polynomial
f(x) is either equal to the number of variations in sign
of f(x) or less than that number by an even integer.
• The number of negative real roots of a polynomial
f(x) is either equal to the number of variations in sign
of f(-x) or less than that number by an even integer.
Find the least possible number of positive
real zeros of the polynomial P(x) = 3x6 + 4x5
+ 3x3 – x – 3.
a. 1 c. 2
b. 3 d. 4
 Find the least possible number of positive real zeros of the
polynomial P(x) = 3x6 + 4x5 + 3x3 – x – 3.

For positive real roots (or real zeroes), we use P(x)

𝑃 𝑥 = 3𝑥 # + 4𝑥 $ + 3𝑥 % − 𝑥 − 3

Now, looking only at the sign of the numerical constants,

𝑃 𝑥 = +3 + 4 + 3 − 1 − 3

Notice that there is only 1 changing of sign, which is from positive 3 to negative 1.

Thus, there is only 1 possible positive real root.

 EQUATION REMARKS
an = a × a ×a ×… n factors
am × an = am+n Multiplication
am / an = am−n Division
(am)n = amn Power
(abc)n = anbncn Distribution
!
(a)m/n= 𝑎1 Radical
(a)-m = 1/am Reciprocal
a0 = 1 Given a ≠ 0
Properties of Radicals
𝒏
a1/n = a
𝒏 𝒏
(a)m/n = a𝒎 = ( a)m
𝒏
a𝒏 = a
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
a× b= ab
𝒎 𝒏 𝒎𝒏
a= a
𝒏
a𝒏 = |a|, n = even
𝒏
a𝒏 = a, n = odd
Solve for x:
3 ×5
x x+1 = 6 x+2

a. 2.1455 c. 2.4154
b. 2.1445 d. 2.1544
Solve for x:
3x×5x+1 = 6x+2
3& 5&'( = 6&'" 5 &)& 5 &
3 =1
36 2
3& 5& 5( = 6& 6"
5 * &
& &
5 < 3 < 5 = 36 < 6 & 3 2.5 =1
36
5 < 3& < 5& = 36 < (3 < 2)& 36
2.5& =
5
5 < 3& < 5& = 36 < 3& < 2&
36
5 < 3& < 5& log ".$ 2.5& = log ".$
=1 5
36 < 3& < 2&
𝑥 = 2.1544
& &
5 3 5
=1
36 3& 2&
• The logarithm of a number to a given base is
the power or exponent to which the base must
be raised in order to produce the number.
Mathematically:

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑵 = 𝒙
𝒙
𝒂 =𝑵
Properties of Logarithms
log # 𝑀𝑁 = log # 𝑀 + log # 𝑁
𝑀
log # = log # 𝑀 − log # 𝑁
𝑁
log # 𝑀$ = 𝑛 log # 𝑀
log # 𝑎 = 1
log # 1 = 0
Properties of Logarithms
log 𝑀
log % 𝑀 =
log 𝑁
−∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 1
log # 0 = 1
+∞𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 1
𝑎!"#< $ = 𝑥
log&' 𝑎 = log 𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛)
log ( 𝑎 = ln 𝑎 (𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙)
Solve for x:
!
log 6 + 𝑥 log 4 = log 4 + log(32 + 4 )

a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
Solve for x:
log 6 + 𝑥 log 4 = log 4 + log(32 + 4C )
log 6 + 𝑥 log 4 = log 4 + log 32 + 4& Take logarithm on both sides:
log 6 + log 4& = log 4 + log 32 + 4& log 4& = log 64
log[6(4& )] = log[4(32 + 4& )] 𝑥 log 4 = log 64
6 4& = 4(32 + 4& ) log 64
𝑥=
6 4& = 4 32 + 4(4& ) log 4
6 4& − 4 4& = 128 𝑥=3
2 4& = 128
4& = 64
Find x:
log ! 27 + log ! 3 = 2

a. 9 c. 8
b. 12 d. 7
Find x:
log C 27 + log C 3 = 2

log & (27 < 3) = 2

log & 81 = 2
𝑥 ,-.! /( = 𝑥 "
81 = 𝑥 "

81 = 𝑥"
±9 = 𝑥
From the choices, x = 9
What is the natural logarithm of 𝑒 to the xy
power?

a. 1/xy c. xy
b. 2.718/xy d. 2.718xy
What is the natural logarithm of 𝒆 to the xy power?

ln 𝑒 &0
log 1 𝑒 &0
𝑥𝑦 log 1 𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 2 𝑎 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 log 1 𝑒 = 1
𝑥𝑦 1
𝑥𝑦
• General Form:
𝟐
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
• Solutions:
1. Factoring 3. Quadratic Formula
2. Completing the Square 4. By Calculator
• Quadratic Formula:
−𝑩 ± 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪
𝒙=
𝟐𝑨
• Where: 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 is called the discriminant
DISCRIMINANT NATURE OF ROOTS
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 = 𝟎 Real and equal
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 > 𝟎 Real and unequal
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 < 𝟎 Complex Conjugate
• Relationship between roots and coefficients
𝟐
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
• Let r1 and r2 be the roots of the equation.
𝑩 𝑪
𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 = − 𝒓𝟏 ×𝒓𝟐 =
𝑨 𝑨
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine
the sum of its roots.

a. – 4 c. 4
b. – 12 d. 12
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine the sum of its roots.

3𝑥 " + 12𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝐴 = 3 ; 𝐵 = 12 ; 𝐶 = −6
The sum of the roots:

𝐵
𝑟( + 𝑟" = −
𝐴
12
𝑟( + 𝑟" = −
3
𝑟( + 𝑟" = −4
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine
the product of its roots.

a. – 2 c. 2
b. – 6 d. 6
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine the product of its roots.

3𝑥 " + 12𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝐴 = 3 ; 𝐵 = 12 ; 𝐶 = −6
The product of the roots:

𝐶
𝑟( + 𝑟" =
𝐴
6
𝑟( + 𝑟" = −
3
𝑟( + 𝑟" = −2
Find k so that 4x2 + kx + 1 = 0 will only have one
real solution.

a. 1 c. 4
b. 3 d. 2
Find k so that 4x2 + kx + 1 = 0 will only have one real solution.

4𝑥 " + 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝐴 = 4 ;𝐵 = 𝑘 ;𝐶 = 1

For the equation to have only one real solution, the discriminant should be zero
𝐵 " − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0
𝑘" − 4 4 1 = 0
𝑘 " − 16 = 0
𝑘 " = 16

𝑘 " = 16
𝑘 = ±4
From the choices, k = 4
The roots of the quadratic equation are 1/3 and
1/4. What is the equation?
a. 12x2 + 7x + 1 = 0
b. 12x + 5x – 1 = 0
2

c. 12x – 7x + 1 = 0
2

d. 12x2 – 7x – 1 = 0
The roots of the quadratic equation are 1/3 and 1/4. What is the equation?

1 1 Multiply both sides by 12:

𝑥( = → 𝑥− =0
3 3 𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑥" − − + = 0 12
1 1 4 3 12
𝑥( = → 𝑥− =0
4 4 12𝑥 " − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
The equation is: 12𝑥 " − 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
1 1
𝑥− 𝑥− =0
3 4
𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑥" − − + =0
4 3 12
1. The number of terms in the expansion of (x+y)n is n+1.
2. The first term is xn and the last term is yn.
3. The exponent of x decreases linearly from n to 0.
4. The exponent of y increases linearly from 0 to n.
5. The sum of the exponent of x and y in any of the terms is
equal to n.
6. The coefficient of every term follows the pascal’s triangle.
 𝒂 𝒃 𝒏
• Given: 𝒙 +𝒚
𝒏B𝒓E𝟏 𝒓B𝟏
𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = 𝒏𝑪𝒓B𝟏 𝒙 𝒚
𝒏 𝒏
𝚺𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇 = 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇 𝒚 −𝒌
𝒂+𝒃
𝚺𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐 = 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟐
Find the 5th term of the expansion (a – 2y)20.

a. 77520a16y4 c. 77542a16y4
b. 87520a16y4 d. 97520a16y4
Find the 5th term of the expansion (a – 2b)20.

𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶3)( 𝑥 4)3'( 𝑦 3)(

𝑛 = 20 ; 𝑟 = 5
𝑛𝐶3)( = 20𝐶$)( = 20𝐶! = 4845
𝑥 4)3'( = 𝑎"*)$'( = 𝑎(#
𝑦 3)( = 2𝑦 $)(
= 2𝑦 !
= 2! 𝑦 ! = 16𝑦 !

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶3)( 𝑥 4)3'( 𝑦 3)(

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 4845 𝑎(# 16𝑦 !
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 77520𝑎(# 𝑦 !
Find the coefficient of the 6th term of the expansion
GH
1
−3
2𝑎

a. - 66339/124 c. - 66339/125
b. - 66339/123 d. - 66339/128
Find the coefficient of the 6th term of the expansion
𝟏𝟔
𝟏
−𝟑
𝟐𝒂
𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶!"# 𝑥 $"!%# 𝑦 !"#
𝑛 = 16 ; 𝑟 = 6
𝑛𝐶!"# = 16𝐶&"# = 16𝐶' = 4368

#&"&%# ## ## ##
1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 $"!%# = = = =
2𝑎 2𝑎 2 𝑎 2048𝑎##
𝑦 !"# = −3 &"# = −3 ' = −243
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶!"# 𝑥 $"!%# 𝑦 !"#

1
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 4368 −243
2048𝑎##
66339
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = −
128𝑎##
Find the sum of the coefficients of
H
𝑎 + 2𝑏

a. 612 c. 711
b. 729 d. 741
Find the sum of the coefficients of
I
3𝑥 + 1

a. 242 c. 243
b. 244 d. 255
Find the sum of the coefficients of
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟒
4
𝛴𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑘4
𝑛=4
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑥 = 3
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑦 = 1
3+1 ! − 1"* = 255
Find the sum of the exponents of
H
𝑥+𝑦

a. 40 c. 42
b. 41 d. 43
Find the sum of the exponents of
𝒙+𝒚 𝟔

𝑎+𝑏
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1
2
𝑛 = 6 ;𝑎 = 1 ;𝑏 = 1

1+1 2
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 6 6 + 1 =6 7 = 42 1
2 2
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 42
Find the sum of the exponents of
J I GK
3𝑥 + 2𝑦

a. 384 c. 386
b. 385 d. 387
Find the sum of the exponents of
𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟒

𝑎+𝑏
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1
2
𝑛 = 10 ; 𝑎 = 3 ; 𝑏 = 4

3+4 7
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 10 10 + 1 = 10 11
2 2
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 385
Find the term involving x2yz in the expansion of:
I
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧

a. 320 c. 240
b. 260 d. 280
 Find the term involving x2yz in the expansion of:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 𝟒

The general term for (Ax+By+Cz)n

𝑛!
𝐴( 𝐵 ) 𝐶 !
𝑝! 𝑞! 𝑟!
Where p, q, and r are the exponents of a particular term for x, y, and z, respectively.
For x2yz,
𝑝 = 2 ,𝑞 = 1 ,𝑧 = 1
𝐴 = 2 ,𝐵 = 1 ,𝐶 = 5

4!
2*1#5# = 240
2! 1! 1!
Applications of
Algebra
• To solve worded problems in algebra such as
age, work, motion, mixtures, clock, digit and
miscellaneous problems.
 Let X = your age now

Past Present Future

X–3 X X+5

3 years ago 5 years hence

Six years ago, Jun was 4 times as old as John. In
4 years, he would be twice as old as John. How
old is Jun now?

a. 12 c. 13
b. 21 d. 26
Six years ago, Jun was 4 times as old as John. In 4 years, he would be twice as old as John.
How old is Jun now?

Let 𝑥 = 𝐽𝑢𝑛+ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 Equating Equations 1 and 2

𝑦= 𝐽𝑜ℎ𝑛+ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
4𝑦 − 18 = 2𝑦 + 4
Six years ago: 𝑥−6=4 𝑦−6
2𝑦 = 22
𝑥 − 6 = 4𝑦 − 24
𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 18 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝑦 = 11

In four years: 𝑥+4=2 𝑦+4 Substituting y=11 to Eq. 1

𝑥 + 4 = 2𝑦 + 8 𝑥 = 4 11 − 18
𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 4 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝑥 = 26
𝐽𝑢𝑛 𝑖𝑠 26 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
In 5 years, Jose would be twice the age of Ana.
Five years ago, Jose was 4 times as old as Ana.
Find the sum of their present ages.

a. 35 c. 45
b. 40 d. 50
 In 5 years, Jose would be twice the age of Ana. Five years ago, Jose was 4
times as old as Ana. Find the sum of their present ages.
Let 𝑥 = 𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 Equating Equations 1 and 2
𝑦= 𝐴𝑛𝑎+ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
2𝑦 + 5 = 4𝑦 − 15
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
−2𝑦 = −20
In five years: 𝑥+5=2 𝑦+5
𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑦 + 10
𝑦 = 10

𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 5 𝐸𝑞. 1 Substituting y=11 to Eq. 1

Five years ago: 𝑥−5=4 𝑦−5 𝑥 = 2 10 + 5
𝑥 − 5 = 4𝑦 − 20 𝑥 = 25
𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 15 𝐸𝑞. 2

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25 + 10 = 35
Two times the father’s age is 8 more than six
times his son’s age. Ten years ago, the sum of
their ages was 44. The age of the son is:

a. 49 c. 20
b. 15 d. 18
 Two times the father’s age is 8 more than six times his son’s age. Ten years
ago, the sum of their ages was 44. The age of the son is:
Let 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 + 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 Equating Equations 1 and 2
𝑦= 𝑠𝑜𝑛+ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
3𝑦 + 4 = −𝑦 + 64
4𝑦 = 60
Present: 2𝑥 = 6𝑦 + 8
𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 4 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝑦 = 15

Ten years ago: 𝑥 − 10 + 𝑦 − 10 = 44 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑛5 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 15 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝑥 − 10 + 𝑦 − 10 = 44
𝑥 = −𝑦 + 64 𝐸𝑞. 2
Case 1: Different rates
Steps to solve:
1. Compute the rate of work of each
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒃

2. Setup the equation

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅

Mr. Brown can wash his car in 15 minutes, while his
son John takes twice as long to do the same job. If
they work together, how many minutes can they do
the washing?

a. 6 c. 10
b. 8 d. 12
 Mr. Brown can wash his car in 15 minutes, while his son John takes twice as long
to do the same job. If they work together, how many minutes can they do the
washing?
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 To complete 1 full work with Mr. Brown and John
working together,
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
# 1 1
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑟. 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 1= + 𝑥
#' 15 30
# #
*(#')
= ./ = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑜ℎ𝑛 1
1= 𝑥
10

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1
=𝑥
1
10
𝑥 = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Jun can finish an accounting work in 8 hrs. Leo can
finish the same work in 6 hrs. After 2 hrs of working
together Jun left for lunch and Leo finished the job.
How long does it take Leo to finish the job?

a. 3 hrs c. 2.5 hrs

b. 3.5 hrs d. 4 hrs
 Jun can finish an accounting work in 8 hrs. Leo can finish the same work in 6 hrs.
After 2 hrs of working together Jun left for lunch and Leo finished the job. How
long does it take Leo to finish the job?
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐽𝑢𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 Work done by Leo after Jun left for lunch,
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1
# 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘* = 𝑥
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑢𝑛 6
0
# To complete the whole accounting work,
&
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑜
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘12134 = 1 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘# + 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘*

7 1
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒×𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1= + x
12 6

5 1
Work done during 2 hours of working together, = 𝑥
12 6
1 1 7 𝑥 = 2.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘# = + 2=
8 6 12
 Case 2: Same rates
Steps to solve:
1. Setup the equation

𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓×𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 =
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓×𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 =
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅

In current of water or air
Let:
X = speed in boat/plane
Y = speed in water/air
Then:
X + Y : downstream or with the wind
X – Y : upstream or against the wind
General Formula:
Let:
d = distance
v = speed
t = time
Then:
𝒅
𝒗=
𝒕
John left Pikit to drive to Davao at 6:15 PM and
arrived at 11:45 PM. If he averaged 30 mph and
stopped 1 hour for dinner, how far was Davao from
Pikit?

a. 128 c. 160
b. 135 d. 256
 John left Pikit to drive to Davao at 6:15 PM and arrived at 11:45 PM. If he
averaged 30 mph and stopped 1 hour for dinner, how far was Davao from
Pikit?
Let d = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑖𝑘𝑖𝑡 𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡12134 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡#

𝑡# = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑 = 𝑣 𝑡#
𝑡* = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑 = 30 4.5
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 30𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑑 = 135 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑡12134 = 𝑡# + 𝑡*

45 15
𝑡12134 = 11 + − 6+ = 5.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
60 60
𝑡12134 = 5.5 = 𝑡# + 1
𝑡# = 4.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
A man travels in a motorized banca at the rate of 12
kph from his barrio to the poblacion and come back
to his barrio at the rate of 10 kph. If his total time of
travel back and forth is 3 hours 10 mins, the distance
from the barrio to poblacion is:
a. 17.27 km c. 12.77 km
b. 17.72 km d. 17.32 km
 A man travels in a motorized banca at the rate of 12 kph from his barrio to the
poblacion and come back to his barrio at the rate of 10 kph. If his total time of
travel back and forth is 3 hours 10 mins, the distance from the barrio to poblacion
is:
Let d = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 From población to barrio

𝑡12134 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 3 +

#/
=
#5
ℎ𝑟𝑠 19
&/ & 𝑑 = 10 𝑡* = 10 − 𝑡#
6
𝑡# = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
Since the distance between two points is fixed, we
𝑡* = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜
can equate both “d”
19
= − 𝑡! 19
6 12𝑡# = 10 − 𝑡#
6
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡
From barrio to poblacion 95
𝑡# = ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
66
𝑑 = 12(𝑡#)
95
𝑑 = 12𝑡# = 12 = 17.27 𝑘𝑚
66
General Formula:
Let:
X = distance travelled by the
clock’s minute hand
Then:
X/12 = distance travelled by the
clock’s hour hand

NOTE: 5 mins = 30 degrees

At what time after 12:00 noon will the hour
hand and the minute hand of a clock first
form an angle of 120 degrees?

a. 12:21.41 c. 12:21.81
b. 12:22.31 d. 12:22.61
 At what time after 12:00 noon will the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock
first form an angle of 120 degrees?
x/12

If the hour will not move, the minute hand will be at 4 to form a 120
degrees. However, by the time it reached 4, the hour hand will move at a
distance of x/12.

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 12.

𝑥
𝑥 = 20 +
12
𝑥 = 21.81 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

Therefore, time is 12:21.81

x/12
General Form:

%A1 %A2 %A3

+ =
%B1 %B2 %B3

X Y X+Y
A chemist of a distillery experimented on two alcohol
solutions of different strength, 35% and 50 %. How many
cubic meters of 35% strength must he use to produce a
mixture of 60 cubic meters that contain 40% alcohol.

a. 40 c. 30
b. 35 d. 20
A chemist of a distillery experimented on two alcohol solutions of different strength, 35%
and 50 %. How many cubic meters of 35% strength must he use to produce a mixture of
60 cubic meters that contain 40% alcohol.

35% + 50% = 40%

x m3 (60-x) m3 60 m3
35𝑥 + 50 60 − 𝑥 = 40 60
35𝑥 + 3000 − 50𝑥 = 2400
−15𝑥 = −600
𝑥 = 40 𝑚.
Penny $0.01 Nickel $0.05 Dime $0.10

Quarter $0.25 Half Dollar $0.50

A collection of 33 coins, consisting of nickels, dimes, and
quarters, has a value of $3.30. If there are three times as
many nickels as quarters, and one-half as many dimes as
nickels, how many quarters are there?

a. 6 c. 4
b. 5 d. 3
 A collection of 33 coins, consisting of nickels, dimes, and quarters, has a value of $3.30. If
there are three times as many nickels as quarters, and one-half as many dimes as nickels,
how many quarters are there?
Let 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 If there are a collection of 33 coins,
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑄 + 𝑁 + 𝐷 = 33
𝐷 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 3𝑄
𝑄 + 3𝑄 + = 33
There are three times as many nickels as quarters, 2
𝑁 = 3𝑄 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝑄 = 6 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

One-half as many dimes as nickels 𝑁 = 3𝑄 = 18 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑠

# 3 6
𝐷 = *𝑁 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝐷= = 9 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
2
Substituting Eq. 1 to Eq. 2
Checking: 0.25 6 + 0.05 18 + 0.10 9 = $3.30 (𝑜𝑘!)
# #
𝐷= 𝑁= 3𝑄
* *

3𝑄
𝐷=
2
The sum of two numbers is 21 and one number is
twice the other. Find the product of the numbers.

a. 100 c. 112
b. 98 d. 94
 The sum of two numbers is 21 and one number is twice the other. Find the
product of the numbers.
𝑦 = 2𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦 = 2 7 = 14
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑥𝑦 = 7 14 = 98
One number is twice the other,
The product of the numbers is 98
𝑦 = 2𝑥
The sum of two numbers is 21,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 21
𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 21
3𝑥 = 21
𝑥=7
Advanced Algebra
• To solve problems in progression such as
arithmetic, geometric, infinite series,
harmonic and other related problems.
• To identify determinants of matrix
• To solve problems involving complex
numbers
• To identify counting techniques such as
permutation and combination
• A sequence of numbers in which the difference of any
two adjacent terms is constant.
• nth term:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅
• Sum of terms:
𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 = (𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅)
𝟐 𝟐
Find the 30th term of the sequence:
4, 7, 10, …

a. 88 c. 75
b. 91 d. 95
 Find the 30th term of the sequence:
4, 7, 10, …

This type of problem is an arithmetic progression since there is a constant difference of 3.

𝑎# = 4 , 𝑑 = 3 , 𝑛 = 30

𝑎$ = 𝑎# + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑎$ = 4 + 30 − 1 3
𝑎$ = 4 + 29 3
𝑎$ = 4 + 87
𝑎$ = 91
• A sequence of numbers in which the ratio of any two
adjacent terms is constant.
• nth term:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏$𝟏
• Sum of terms:
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏 )
(𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆)
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟏−𝒓
𝒂𝟏
(𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆)
𝟏−𝒓
The 3rd term of a geometric progression is 3 and the
6th term is 64/9. What is the 5th term?

a. 27/16 c. 16/3
b. 4/3 d. 9/2
 The 3rd term of a geometric progression is 3 and the 6th term is 64/9. What
is the 5th term?
64 Dividing Eq. 2 by Eq. 1,
𝑎. = 3 , 𝑎& =
9
𝑎$ = 𝑎#𝑟 $"# 64 $
9 = 𝑎( 𝑟 → 64 = 𝑟 % → 64 4
"
"
For the 3rd term, = 𝑟% →𝑟=
3 𝑎( 𝑟 " 27 27 3
3 = 𝑎#𝑟 ."#
Substitute r to Eq. 1,
3 = 𝑎#𝑟 * 𝐸𝑞. 1
For the 6th term, "
4 27
3 = 𝑎( → 𝑎( =
64 3 16
= 𝑎#𝑟 &"#
9 Solve for the 5th term,
64
= 𝑎#𝑟 ' 𝐸𝑞. 2 27 4 $)(
16
9
𝑎$ = 𝑎( 𝑟 $)( → 𝑎$ = =
16 3 3
• Sequence of numbers are in H.P. if their reciprocals
form A.P.

∑𝒏
𝒊c𝟏 𝒙𝒊
Arithmetic Mean: 𝑨𝑴 =
𝒏

Geometric Mean: 𝑮𝑴 = 𝒏
∏𝒏𝒊%𝟏 𝒙𝒊

𝑮𝑴𝟐
Harmonic Mean: 𝑯𝑴 =
𝑨𝑴
The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 7.5 and
their harmonic mean is 4.8. Find the geometric
mean.

a. 8 c. 7
b. 6 d. 9
The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 7.5 and their harmonic mean is 4.8. Find the
geometric mean.

𝐴𝑀 = 7.5 , 𝐻𝑀 = 4.8

𝐺𝑀*
𝐻𝑀 =
𝐴𝑀
𝐺𝑀* = 𝐻𝑀 𝐴𝑀
𝐺𝑀* = 4.8 7.5
𝐺𝑀* = 36
𝐺𝑀 = 6
• Determinant can be solved by diagonal multiplication for a
3x3 matrix

𝒅𝒆𝒕 𝑨 = 𝑨 = (𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔)

𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔 = 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑 + 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
Identify the determinant of matrix:
6 1 1
𝐴 = 4 −2 5
2 8 7

a. -306 c. 306
b. -603 d. 603
Identify the determinant of matrix:
𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨= 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟓
𝟐 𝟖 𝟕

2 −2 1 + 8 5 6 + 7 4 1 = −4 + 240 + 28
= 264
6 1 1 6 1
4 −2 5 4 −2
2 8 7 2 8

6 −2 7 + 1 5 2 + 1 4 8 = −84 + 10 + 32
= −42

𝐴 = −42 − 264 = −306

• Complex or imaginary number – noted as “i” – is used to
define squares of negative numbers

𝒊 = −𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝒊 = −𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊𝟐 𝒊 = −𝟏 𝒊 = −𝒊
Evaluate i100

a. -1 c. √-1
b. 0 d. 1
Evaluate i100

%&& ' (&

𝑖 = 𝑖
(&
= −1
=1
The value of x + y in the complex equation 3 + xi = y
+ 2i is:

a. 5 c. 2
b. 1 d. 3
The value of x + y in the complex equation 3 + xi = y + 2i is:

𝐼𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑
3 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
𝑥+𝑦 =2+3
𝑥+𝑦 =5
DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?