INTEGRATION 1

Module 1
 SUB-TOPIC 1
Fundamentals in
Algebra
• To discuss the laws of exponents and radicals.
• To explain the properties of logarithms.
• To find unknown using quadratic equation.
• To expand binomial expression.
 NUMBERS

Real Numbers Imaginary

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

Integers Whole Numbers Natural Numbers

• Number of Roots of an Equation
“Every rational integral equation f(x) of the nth
degree has exactly ‘n’ roots”
• Consider:
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟓

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟗 + 𝟖𝒙𝟓 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
• The Remainder Theorem
“If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-k), the
remainder is f(k)”

• The Factor Theorem

“If (x-k) is a factor of a polynomial the
remainder is f(k)=0”
The polynomial x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 8 is divided
by x – 5. What is the remainder?

a. 821 c. 218
b. 812 d. 182
The polynomial x3 + 4x2 – 3x + 8 is divided by x – 5. What is the remainder?

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8
𝑥−𝑘 = 𝑥−5
𝑘=5

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑘 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 −5, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟

𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑘) = (𝑥 + 5)

Substituting k to f(x)
𝑓 𝑘 = 53 + 4𝑥 2 − 3 5 + 8
𝑓 𝑘 = 218
When the polynomial (x + 3) (x – 4) + 4 is
divided by (x – k), the remainder is k. Find
the value of k.

a. 4 or 2 c. 4 or – 2
b. 2 or – 4 d. – 4 or – 2
When the polynomial (x + 3) (x – 4) + 4 is divided by (x – k), the
remainder is k. Find the value of k.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+3 𝑥−4 +4 Therefore, there are two possible values
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 12 + 4 of k
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 8
𝑘−4=0
Substituting k to f(x) 𝑘=4
Or
𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 8 𝑘+2=0
𝑘 = −2
The problem states that the remainder is
k, which means that f(k)=k k could be 4 or -2

𝑘 = 𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 8
0 = 𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 − 8
0 = (𝑘 − 4)(𝑘 + 2)
Find the value of k so that (x – 3) is a factor
of x4 – k2x2 – kx – 39 = 0.

a. – 7/3 c. 3
b. 5/3 d. – 3
Find the value of k so that (x – 3) is a factor of x4 – k2x2 – kx – 39 = 0.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑘 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑘𝑥 − 39 For (x-3) to be a factor, the remainder should
be zero. Thus, the remainder f(k) = 0
The “k” in the function above is just a
numerical constant and different from the “k” 0 = −9𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 42
in the remainder theorem. As such, we could
change it to a different variable “z” Solve for the roots of the equation to get the
values of z. By quadratic formula,
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑧𝑥 − 39
−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑧=
𝑥−𝑘 = 𝑥−3 2𝑎
𝑘=3 𝑎 = −9 , 𝑏 = −3 , 𝑐 = 42

Substitute k to f(x) 7
𝑓 𝑘 = 34 − 𝑧 2 32 − 𝑧 3 − 39 𝑧 = − 𝑜𝑟 2
3
𝑓 𝑘 = 81 − 9𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 − 39
𝑓 𝑘 = −9𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 42
When a certain polynomial p(x) is divided by (x – 1), the
remainder is 12. When the same polynomial is divided
by (x – 4), the remainder is 3. Find the remainder when
the polynomial is divided by (x – 1)(x – 4).
a. x + 5 c. –3x+15
b. –2x–8 d. 4x – 1
When a certain polynomial p(x) is divided by (x – 1), the remainder is 12.
When the same polynomial is divided by (x – 4), the remainder is 3. Find the
remainder when the polynomial is divided by (x – 1)(x – 4).
When dividing a polynomial p(x), the resulting In this case, the divisor is (x-4)(x-1) which is a
equation is quadratic polynomial (2nd degree). Thus, the
𝑝 𝑥 𝑟 remainder is in 1st degree and in linear form
=𝑓 𝑥 + “ax+b”
𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
where r is the remainder
𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑘2 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑟
To get the remainder, remove (x-a) by 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 4 𝑓 𝑥 + (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
multiplying it on both sides
Substitute k1 = 1 to p(k)
𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑟 𝑝 𝑘1 = 1 − 1 1 − 4 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
12 = 𝑎(1) + 𝑏
The degree of the remainder polynomial “r” is Substitute k2 = 4 to p(k)
always less than the degree of the divisor 𝑝 𝑘2 = 4 − 1 4 − 4 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
polynomial by at least 1. 3 = 𝑎(4) + 𝑏
When a certain polynomial p(x) is divided by (x – 1), the remainder is 12.
When the same polynomial is divided by (x – 4), the remainder is 3. Find the
remainder when the polynomial is divided by (x – 1)(x – 4).
Solving simultaneously the two equations: QUICK SOLUTION:

12 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 By trial and error, substitute the values of k =

3 = 4𝑎 + 𝑏 1 and k = 4 from the choices and it should
produce values of 12 and 3, respectively.
𝑎 = −3 , 𝑏 = 15
−3𝑥 + 15
Thus the remainder “r” in form ax+b is Substitute k=1
−3 1 + 15 = 12 (ok!)
−3𝑥 + 15
Substitute k=4
−3 4 + 15 = 3 (ok!)
Descartes’ Rule of Signs:
• The number of positive real roots of a polynomial
f(x) is either equal to the number of variations in sign
of f(x) or less than that number by an even integer.
• The number of negative real roots of a polynomial
f(x) is either equal to the number of variations in sign
of f(-x) or less than that number by an even integer.
Find the least possible number of positive
real zeros of the polynomial P(x) = 3x6 + 4x5
+ 3x3 – x – 3.
a. 1 c. 2
b. 3 d. 4
 Find the least possible number of positive real zeros of the
polynomial P(x) = 3x6 + 4x5 + 3x3 – x – 3.

For positive real roots (or real zeroes), we use P(x)

𝑃 𝑥 = 3𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 3

Now, looking only at the sign of the numerical constants,

𝑃 𝑥 = +3 + 4 + 3 − 1 − 3

Notice that there is only 1 changing of sign, which is from positive 3 to negative 1.

Thus, there is only 1 possible positive real root.

Given P(x) = 3x6 + 4x5 + 3x3 – x – 3. What is
the maximum number of real zeros in P(x)?

a. 3 c. 4
b. 5 d. 6
 Given P(x) = 3x6 + 4x5 + 3x3 – x – 3. What is the maximum number of
real zeros in P(x)?
For negative real roots (or real zeroes), we use P(x)
For positive real roots (or real zeroes), we use P(x)
𝑃 𝑥 = 3(−𝑥)6 +4(−𝑥)5 +3(−𝑥)3 −(−𝑥) − 3
𝑃 𝑥 = 3𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 − 3 𝑃 𝑥 = 3𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 3

Now, looking only at the sign of the numerical Now, looking only at the sign of the numerical
constants, constants,

𝑃 𝑥 = +3 + 4 + 3 − 1 − 3 𝑃 𝑥 = +3 − 4 − 3 + 1 − 3

Notice that there is only 1 changing of sign, which Notice that there is only 3 changing of sign.
is from positive 3 to negative 1.
Thus, there could be 3 or 1 (3 less than an even
Thus, there is only 1 possible positive real root. number) possible negative real roots. However, since
we are looking for maximum possible, use 3.

1 positive root + 3 negative roots = 4 maximum possible real zeroes

 EQUATION REMARKS
an = a × a ×a ×… n factors
am × an = am+n Multiplication
am / an = am−n Division
(am)n = amn Power
(abc)n = anbncn Distribution
𝑛
(a)m/n= 𝑎𝑚 Radical
(a)-m = 1/am Reciprocal
a0 = 1 Given a ≠ 0
Properties of Radicals
𝒏
a1/n = a
𝒏 𝒏
(a)m/n = a𝒎 = ( a)m
𝒏
a𝒏 = a
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
a× b= ab
𝒎 𝒏 𝒎𝒏
a= a
𝒏
a𝒏 = |a|, n = even
𝒏
a𝒏 = a, n = odd
Simplify the expression:
3 –3 –
x x-1 3 x-2

a. 3x-2 c. 5 × 3x-2

b. 33x-3 d. 12 × 3x
 Simplify the expression:
3x – 3x-1 – 3x-2
Using the division law of exponents: 5(3𝑥 )
am / an = am−n 9

3 𝑥 3 𝑥 5(3𝑥 )
3𝑥 − 1 − 2
3 3 32

3𝑥 3𝑥 5(3𝑥−2 )
3𝑥 − −
3 9

9 3𝑥 − 3 3𝑥 − 1(3𝑥 )
9
Solve for x:
3 ×5
x x+1 = 6 x+2

a. 2.1455 c. 2.4154
b. 2.1445 d. 2.1544
Solve for x:
3x×5x+1 = 6x+2
3𝑥 5𝑥+1 = 6𝑥+2 5 𝑥−𝑥 5
𝑥
3 =1
36 2
3𝑥 5𝑥 51 = 6𝑥 62
5 0
5 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 5𝑥 = 36 ∙ 6𝑥 3 2.5 𝑥
=1
36
5 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 5𝑥 = 36 ∙ (3 ∙ 2)𝑥
36
2.5𝑥 =
5 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 5𝑥 = 36 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥 5

36
5 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 5𝑥 log 2.5 2.5𝑥 = log 2.5
=1 5
36 ∙ 3𝑥 ∙ 2𝑥

5 3𝑥 5𝑥 𝑥 = 2.1544
=1
36 3𝑥 2𝑥
• The logarithm of a number to a given base is
the power or exponent to which the base must
be raised in order to produce the number.
Mathematically:

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑵 = 𝒙
𝒙
𝒂 =𝑵
Properties of Logarithms
log 𝑎 𝑀𝑁 = log 𝑎 𝑀 + log 𝑎 𝑁
𝑀
log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑀 − log 𝑎 𝑁
𝑁
log 𝑎 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑀
log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
log 𝑎 1 = 0
Properties of Logarithms
log 𝑀
log 𝑁 𝑀 =
log 𝑁
−∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 > 1
log 𝑎 0 = ቊ
+∞𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 1
𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥
log10 𝑎 = log 𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛)
log 𝑒 𝑎 = ln 𝑎 (𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙)
Solve for x:
𝑥
log 6 + 𝑥 log 4 = log 4 + log(32 + 4 )

a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
Solve for x:
log 6 + 𝑥 log 4 = log 4 + log(32 + 4𝑥 )
log 6 + 𝑥 log 4 = log 4 + log 32 + 4𝑥 Take logarithm on both sides:
log 6 + log 4𝑥 = log 4 + log 32 + 4𝑥 log 4𝑥 = log 64
log[6(4𝑥 )] = log[4(32 + 4𝑥 )] 𝑥 log 4 = log 64
6 4𝑥 = 4(32 + 4𝑥 ) log 64
𝑥=
6 4𝑥 = 4 32 + 4(4𝑥 ) log 4
6 4𝑥 − 4 4𝑥 = 128 𝑥=3
2 4𝑥 = 128
4𝑥 = 64
Find x:
log 𝑥 27 + log 𝑥 3 = 2

a. 9 c. 8
b. 12 d. 7
Find x:
log 𝑥 27 + log 𝑥 3 = 2

log 𝑥 (27 ∙ 3) = 2
log 𝑥 81 = 2
𝑥 log𝑥 81 = 𝑥 2
81 = 𝑥 2

81 = 𝑥2
±9 = 𝑥
From the choices, x = 9
What is the natural logarithm of 𝑒 to the xy
power?

a. 1/xy c. xy
b. 2.718/xy d. 2.718xy
What is the natural logarithm of 𝒆 to the xy power?

ln 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦 log 𝑒 𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
𝑥𝑦 1
𝑥𝑦
• General Form:
𝟐
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
• Solutions:
1. Factoring 3. Quadratic Formula
2. Completing the Square 4. By Calculator
• Quadratic Formula:
−𝑩 ± 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪
𝒙=
𝟐𝑨
• Where: 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 is called the discriminant
DISCRIMINANT NATURE OF ROOTS
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 = 𝟎 Real and equal
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 > 𝟎 Real and unequal
𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 < 𝟎 Complex Conjugate
• Relationship between roots and coefficients
𝟐
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
• Let r1 and r2 be the roots of the equation.
𝑩 𝑪
𝒓 𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 = − 𝒓𝟏 × 𝒓𝟐 =
𝑨 𝑨
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine
the sum of its roots.

a. – 4 c. 4
b. – 12 d. 12
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine the sum of its roots.

3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝐴 = 3 ; 𝐵 = 12 ; 𝐶 = −6
The sum of the roots:

𝐵
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = −
𝐴
12
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = −
3
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = −4
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine
the product of its roots.

a. – 2 c. 2
b. – 6 d. 6
Given the equation: 3x2 + 12x – 6 = 0, determine the product of its roots.

3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝐴 = 3 ; 𝐵 = 12 ; 𝐶 = −6
The product of the roots:

𝐶
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 =
𝐴
6
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = −
3
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = −2
The equation whose roots are reciprocals of the
roots of 2x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 is:
a. 5x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
b. 3x – 5x – 2 = 0
2

c. 5x – 2x – 3 = 0
2

d. 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
The equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of 2x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 is:

2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 The second equation is

𝐴 = 2 ; 𝐵 = −3 ; 𝐶 = −5 𝑥 − 0.4 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Solve for the roots of the equation to get the 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 0.4𝑥 − 0.4 = 0
values of z. By quadratic formula, 𝑥 2 + 0.6𝑥 − 0.4 = 0
Multiply both sides by 5,
−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 𝑥 2 + 0.6𝑥 − 0.4 = 0 5
2𝑎
𝑥1 = 2.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = −1 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0

The roots of the second equations is:

1 1
𝑥1 = = 0.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = = −1
2.5 −1
Find k so that 4x2 + kx + 1 = 0 will only have one
real solution.

a. 1 c. 4
b. 3 d. 2
Find k so that 4x2 + kx + 1 = 0 will only have one real solution.

4𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝐴 = 4 ;𝐵 = 𝑘 ;𝐶 = 1

For the equation to have only one real solution, the discriminant should be zero
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0
𝑘2 − 4 4 1 = 0
𝑘 2 − 16 = 0
𝑘 2 = 16

𝑘 2 = 16
𝑘 = ±4
From the choices, k = 4
The roots of the quadratic equation are 1/3 and
1/4. What is the equation?
a. 12x2 + 7x + 1 = 0
b. 12x + 5x – 1 = 0
2

c. 12x – 7x + 1 = 0
2

d. 12x2 – 7x – 1 = 0
The roots of the quadratic equation are 1/3 and 1/4. What is the equation?

1 1 Multiply both sides by 12:

𝑥1 = → 𝑥− =0
3 3
𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑥2 − − + =0 12
1 1 4 3 12
𝑥1 = → 𝑥− =0
4 4
12𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
The equation is:
12𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
1 1
𝑥− 𝑥− =0
3 4

𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑥2 − − + =0
4 3 12
1. The number of terms in the expansion of (x+y)n is n+1.
2. The first term is xn and the last term is yn.
3. The exponent of x decreases linearly from n to 0.
4. The exponent of y increases linearly from 0 to n.
5. The sum of the exponent of x and y in any of the terms is
equal to n.
6. The coefficient of every term follows the pascal’s triangle.
 𝒂 𝒃 𝒏
• Given: 𝒙 + 𝒚

𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = 𝒏𝑪𝒓−𝟏 𝒙 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒚𝒓−𝟏

𝚺𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇 = 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇 𝒚 𝒏 − 𝒌 𝒏

𝒂+𝒃
𝚺𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐 = 𝒏 𝒏 + 𝟏
𝟐
Find the 5th term of the expansion (a – 2y)20.

a. 77520a16y4 c. 77542a16y4
b. 87520a16y4 d. 97520a16y4
Find the 5th term of the expansion (a – 2b)20.

𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1

𝑛 = 20 ; 𝑟 = 5
𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 20𝐶5−1 = 20𝐶4 = 4845
𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 = 𝑎20−5+1 = 𝑎16
𝑦 𝑟−1 = 2𝑦 5−1
= 2𝑦 4
= 24 𝑦 4 = 16𝑦 4

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 4845 𝑎16 16𝑦 4
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 77520𝑎16 𝑦 4
Find the coefficient of the 6th term of the expansion
16
1
−3
2𝑎
a. - 66339/124 c. - 66339/125
b. - 66339/123 d. - 66339/128
Find the coefficient of the 6th term of the expansion
𝟏𝟔
𝟏
−𝟑
𝟐𝒂
𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1
𝑛 = 16 ; 𝑟 = 6
𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 16𝐶6−1 = 16𝐶5 = 4368

16−6+1 11 11 11
1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 = = = =
2𝑎 2𝑎 2 𝑎 2048𝑎11

𝑦 𝑟−1 = −3 6−1
= −3 5
= −243
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1

1
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 4368 −243
2048𝑎11

66339
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = −
128𝑎11
Find the term involving x13 in the expansion of:
14
2
1
4𝑥 +
𝑥
a. 524812288 x13 c. 524812286 x13
b. 544812288 x13 d. 624812288 x13
 Find the term involving x13 in the expansion of:
𝟏𝟒
𝟏
𝟒𝒙𝟐 +
𝒙
𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1 Getting the 6th term of the expansion of the binomial
𝑟−1
1 𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1
= 14𝐶𝑟−1 4𝑥 2 14−𝑟+1
𝑥
𝑛 = 14 , 𝑟 = 6
Collect factors involving x and equate to x13
𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 14𝐶6−1 = 14𝐶5 = 2002
𝑟−1
1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 = 4𝑥 2 14−6+1
= 4𝑥 2 9
= 49 𝑥 2 9
= 262144𝑥 18
2 14−𝑟+1 13
𝑥 =𝑥
𝑥
6−1 5
1 1 1
𝑥 28−2𝑟+2
𝑥 −𝑟+1
=𝑥 13 𝑦 𝑟−1 = = =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥5
𝑥 30−2𝑟 𝑥 −𝑟+1 = 𝑥 13 6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1
𝑥 31−3𝑟 = 𝑥 13 1
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 2002 262144𝑥 18
𝑥5
31 − 3𝑟 = 13
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 524812288𝑥 13
𝑟=6
Find the sum of the coefficients of
6
𝑎 + 2𝑏

a. 612 c. 711
b. 729 d. 741
Find the sum of the coefficients of
4
3𝑥 + 1

a. 242 c. 243
b. 244 d. 255
Find the sum of the coefficients of
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟒
𝑛
𝛴𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑘𝑛
𝑛=4
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑥 = 3
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓 𝑦 = 1
4
3+1 − 120 = 255
Find the sum of the exponents of
6
𝑥+𝑦

a. 40 c. 42
b. 41 d. 43
Find the sum of the exponents of
𝒙+𝒚 𝟔

𝑎+𝑏
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1
2

𝑛 = 6 ;𝑎 = 1 ;𝑏 = 1

1+1 2
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 6 6 + 1 =6 7 = 42 1
2 2

𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 42
Find the sum of the exponents of
3 4 10
3𝑥 + 2𝑦

a. 384 c. 386
b. 385 d. 387
Find the sum of the exponents of
𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟒

𝑎+𝑏
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 𝑛 𝑛 + 1
2

𝑛 = 10 ; 𝑎 = 3 ; 𝑏 = 4

3+4 7
𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 10 10 + 1 = 10 11
2 2

𝛴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 = 385
Find the term involving x2yz in the expansion of:
4
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧

a. 320 c. 240
b. 260 d. 280
 Find the term involving x2yz in the expansion of:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 𝟒

The general term for (Ax+By+Cz)n

𝑛!
𝐴𝑝 𝐵 𝑞 𝐶 𝑟
𝑝! 𝑞! 𝑟!
Where p, q, and r are the exponents of a particular term for x, y, and z, respectively.
For x2yz,
𝑝 = 2 ,𝑞 = 1 ,𝑧 = 1
𝐴 = 2 ,𝐵 = 1 ,𝐶 = 5

4!
22 11 51 = 240
2! 1! 1!
 SUB-TOPIC 2
Applications of
Algebra
• To solve worded problems in algebra such as
age, work, motion, mixtures, clock, digit and
miscellaneous problems.
 Let X = your age now

Past Present Future

X–3 X X+5

3 years ago 5 years hence

Six years ago, Jun was 4 times as old as John. In
4 years, he would be twice as old as John. How
old is Jun now?

a. 12 c. 13
b. 21 d. 26
Six years ago, Jun was 4 times as old as John. In 4 years, he would be twice as old as John.
How old is Jun now?

Let 𝑥 = 𝐽𝑢𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 Equating Equations 1 and 2

′
𝑦 = 𝐽𝑜ℎ𝑛 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
4𝑦 − 18 = 2𝑦 + 4
Six years ago: 𝑥−6=4 𝑦−6
2𝑦 = 22
𝑥 − 6 = 4𝑦 − 24
𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 18 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝑦 = 11

In four years: 𝑥+4=2 𝑦+4 Substituting y=11 to Eq. 1

𝑥 + 4 = 2𝑦 + 8 𝑥 = 4 11 − 18
𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 4 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝑥 = 26
𝐽𝑢𝑛 𝑖𝑠 26 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
In 5 years, Jose would be twice the age of Ana.
Five years ago, Jose was 4 times as old as Ana.
Find the sum of their present ages.

a. 35 c. 45
b. 40 d. 50
 In 5 years, Jose would be twice the age of Ana. Five years ago, Jose was 4
times as old as Ana. Find the sum of their present ages.
Let 𝑥 = 𝐽𝑜𝑠𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 Equating Equations 1 and 2
′
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑛𝑎 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
2𝑦 + 5 = 4𝑦 − 15
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
−2𝑦 = −20
In five years: 𝑥+5=2 𝑦+5
𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑦 + 10
𝑦 = 10

𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 5 𝐸𝑞. 1 Substituting y=11 to Eq. 1

Five years ago: 𝑥−5=4 𝑦−5 𝑥 = 2 10 + 5
𝑥 − 5 = 4𝑦 − 20 𝑥 = 25
𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 15 𝐸𝑞. 2

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25 + 10 = 35
Two times the father’s age is 8 more than six
times his son’s age. Ten years ago, the sum of
their ages was 44. The age of the son is:

a. 49 c. 20
b. 15 d. 18
 Two times the father’s age is 8 more than six times his son’s age. Ten years
ago, the sum of their ages was 44. The age of the son is:
Let 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 Equating Equations 1 and 2
′
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡
3𝑦 + 4 = −𝑦 + 64
4𝑦 = 60
Present: 2𝑥 = 6𝑦 + 8
𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 4 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝑦 = 15

Ten years ago: 𝑥 − 10 + 𝑦 − 10 = 44 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 15 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝑥 − 10 + 𝑦 − 10 = 44
𝑥 = −𝑦 + 64 𝐸𝑞. 2
Mary is 24 years old. Mary is twice as old as Ana
was when Mary was as old as Ana is now. How
old is Ana?

a. 16 c. 19
b. 18 d. 20
 Mary is 24 years old. Mary is twice as old as Ana was when Mary was as old
as Ana is now. How old is Ana?
′
Substitute Eq. 1 to Eq. 2
Let 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑎′ 𝑠 𝐴𝑔𝑒
24 − 𝑌 = 𝐴

𝑌 = # 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑌 = 24 − 𝐴 𝐸𝑞. 4
Mary is 24 years old, Substitute Eq. 1 and Eq. 4 to Eq. 3
𝑀 = 24 𝐸𝑞. 1 24 = 2 𝐴 − 24 − 𝐴
Mary was as old as Ana is now, 24 = 2 𝐴 − 24 + 𝐴
𝑀−𝑌 =𝐴 𝐸𝑞. 2
24 = 2 2𝐴 − 24
Mary is twice as old as Ana was,
24 = 4𝐴 − 48
𝑀 =2 𝐴−𝑌 𝐸𝑞. 3
72 = 4𝐴
𝐴 = 18
Case 1: Different rates
Steps to solve:
1. Compute the rate of work of each
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒃

2. Setup the equation

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅

One pipe can fill a tank in 5 hours and another can
fill the same tank in 4 hours. A drainpipe can empty
the full content of the tank in 20 hours. With all the
three pipes open, how long will it take to fill the tank?

a. 2 hours c. 1.92 hours

b. 2.5 hours d. 1.8 hours
 One pipe can fill a tank in 5 hours and another can fill the same tank in 4 hours. A
drainpipe can empty the full content of the tank in 20 hours. With all the three
pipes open, how long will it take to fill the tank?
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 To complete 1 full work with three pipes open,
1
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 1
5
1 1 1
1 1= + − 𝑥
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 2 5 4 20
4
1 2
− = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 1= 𝑥
20
5
*Take note that rate for empty should be negative

1
=𝑥
2
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 5
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑥 = 2.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Mr. Brown can wash his car in 15 minutes, while his
son John takes twice as long to do the same job. If
they work together, how many minutes can they do
the washing?

a. 6 c. 10
b. 8 d. 12
 Mr. Brown can wash his car in 15 minutes, while his son John takes twice as long
to do the same job. If they work together, how many minutes can they do the
washing?
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 To complete 1 full work with Mr. Brown and John
working together,
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
1 1 1
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑟. 𝐵𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑛 1= + 𝑥
15 15 30
1 1
= = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑜ℎ𝑛 1
2(15) 30
1= 𝑥
10

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

1
=𝑥
1
10
𝑥 = 10 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
Jun can finish an accounting work in 8 hrs. Leo can
finish the same work in 6 hrs. After 2 hrs of working
together Jun left for lunch and Leo finished the job.
How long does it take Leo to finish the job?

a. 3 hrs c. 2.5 hrs

b. 3.5 hrs d. 4 hrs
 Jun can finish an accounting work in 8 hrs. Leo can finish the same work in 6 hrs.
After 2 hrs of working together Jun left for lunch and Leo finished the job. How
long does it take Leo to finish the job?
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐽𝑢𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
Work done by Leo after Jun left for lunch,
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1
1 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘2 = 𝑥
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐽𝑢𝑛 6
8

1 To complete the whole accounting work,

= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑒𝑜
6
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘1 + 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘2

7 1
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1= + x
12 6
5 1
Work done during 2 hours of working together, = 𝑥
12 6
1 1 7 𝑥 = 2.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘1 = + 2=
8 6 12
 Case 2: Same rates
Steps to solve:
1. Setup the equation

𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓 × 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 =
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒔𝒉
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓 × 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆 =
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒋𝒐𝒃 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅

If 10 bakers can make 7 cakes in 1.5 hours, then
how many bakers are needed make 14 cakes within
2 hours?

a. 10 c. 15
b. 12 d. 18
 If 10 bakers can make 7 cakes in 1.5 hours, then how many bakers are
needed make 14 cakes within 2 hours?

Let 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 15 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 = =
7 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑏 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑏 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 15 𝑥(2)
=
7 14
10(1.5) 15
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = =
7 7 15 𝑥
=
7 7
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑥 = 15 𝑏𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑏 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒
In current of water or air
Let:
X = speed in boat/plane
Y = speed in water/air
Then:
X + Y : downstream or with the wind
X – Y : upstream or against the wind
General Formula:
Let:
d = distance
v = speed
t = time
Then:
𝒅
𝒗=
𝒕
John left Pikit to drive to Davao at 6:15 PM and
arrived at 11:45 PM. If he averaged 30 mph and
stopped 1 hour for dinner, how far was Davao from
Pikit?

a. 128 c. 160
b. 135 d. 256
 John left Pikit to drive to Davao at 6:15 PM and arrived at 11:45 PM. If he
averaged 30 mph and stopped 1 hour for dinner, how far was Davao from
Pikit?
Let d = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑖𝑘𝑖𝑡 𝑑
𝑣=
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡1
𝑡1 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑 = 𝑣 𝑡1
𝑡2 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 = 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑 = 30 4.5
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 30𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑑 = 135 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

45 15
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 11 + − 6+ = 5.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
60 60

𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 5.5 = 𝑡1 + 1
𝑡1 = 4.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
A man travels in a motorized banca at the rate of 12
kph from his barrio to the poblacion and come back
to his barrio at the rate of 10 kph. If his total time of
travel back and forth is 3 hours 10 mins, the distance
from the barrio to poblacion is:
a. 17.27 km c. 12.77 km
b. 17.72 km d. 17.32 km
 A man travels in a motorized banca at the rate of 12 kph from his barrio to the
poblacion and come back to his barrio at the rate of 10 kph. If his total time of
travel back and forth is 3 hours 10 mins, the distance from the barrio to poblacion
is:
Let d = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 From población to barrio
10 19
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 3 + = ℎ𝑟𝑠 19
60 6 𝑑 = 10 𝑡2 = 10 − 𝑡1
6
𝑡1 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛
Since the distance between two points is fixed, we
𝑡2 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑜
can equate both “d”
19
= − 𝑡1
6
19
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 12𝑡1 = 10 − 𝑡1
6
From barrio to poblacion
95
𝑑 = 12(𝑡1 ) 𝑡1 = ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
66

95
𝑑 = 12𝑡1 = 12 = 17.27 𝑘𝑚
66
A boat takes 2/3 as much time to travel downstream
from point C to D, as to return. If the rate of the
river’s current is 8 kph, what is the speed of the boat
in still water?

a. 38 c. 40
b. 39 d. 41
 A boat takes 2/3 as much time to travel downstream from point C to D, as to
return. If the rate of the river’s current is 8 kph, what is the speed of the boat in
still water?

Let 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Downstream travel:

𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝐷 2
𝑑 = 𝑣 + 8 𝑡𝑑 = (𝑣 + 8)( 𝑡𝑢 )
𝑡𝑢 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 3
2 Since the distance between two points is fixed, we
𝑡𝑑 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑡
3 𝑢
can equate both “d”
𝑑
𝑣= 2
𝑡 𝑣 − 8 𝑡𝑢 = (𝑣 + 8)( 𝑡𝑢 )
3
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡
Cancelling tu on both sides,
Upstream travel:
2
𝑑 = 𝑣 − 8 𝑡𝑢 𝑣 − 8 = (𝑣 + 8)( )
3
𝑣 = 40 𝑘𝑝ℎ
General Formula:
Let:
X = distance travelled by the
clock’s minute hand
Then:
X/12 = distance travelled by the
clock’s hour hand

NOTE: 5 mins = 30 degrees

How many minutes after 10 o’clock will the
hands of the clock be opposite each other
for the first time?

a. 21.41 c. 21.81
b. 22.31 d. 22.61
 How many minutes after 10 o’clock will the hands of the clock be
opposite each other for the first time?

The direct opposite of 10 in the clock is 4. However, when the minute

hand moved from 12 to 4, the hour hand also moved at rate of x/12. x/12

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 12.

𝑥
𝑥 = 20 +
12
𝑥 = 21.81 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

x/12
At what time after 12:00 noon will the hour
hand and the minute hand of a clock first
form an angle of 120 degrees?

a. 12:21.41 c. 12:21.81
b. 12:22.31 d. 12:22.61
 At what time after 12:00 noon will the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock
first form an angle of 120 degrees?
x/12

If the hour will not move, the minute hand will be at 4 to form a 120
degrees. However, by the time it reached 4, the hour hand will move at a
distance of x/12.

Let 𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 12.

𝑥
𝑥 = 20 +
12
𝑥 = 21.81 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

Therefore, time is 12:21.81

x/12
General Form:

%A1 %A2 %A3

+ =
%B1 %B2 %B3

X Y X+Y
2000 kg of steel containing 8% nickel is to be
made by mixing a steel containing 14% and
another containing 6% nickel. How much of the
14% nickel is needed?

a. 1000 c. 700
b. 500 d. 400
2000 kg of steel containing 8% nickel is to be made by mixing a steel containing
14% and another containing 6% nickel. How much of the 14% nickel is needed?

14% + 6% = 8%

x kg (2000-x) kg 2000 kg
14𝑥 + 6 2000 − 𝑥 = 8 2000
14𝑥 + 12000 − 6𝑥 = 16000
8𝑥 = 4000
𝑥 = 500 𝑘𝑔
A chemist of a distillery experimented on two alcohol
solutions of different strength, 35% and 50 %. How many
cubic meters of 35% strength must he use to produce a
mixture of 60 cubic meters that contain 40% alcohol.

a. 40 c. 30
b. 35 d. 20
A chemist of a distillery experimented on two alcohol solutions of different strength, 35%
and 50 %. How many cubic meters of 35% strength must he use to produce a mixture of
60 cubic meters that contain 40% alcohol.

35% + 50% = 40%

x m3 (60-x) m3 60 m3
35𝑥 + 50 60 − 𝑥 = 40 60
35𝑥 + 3000 − 50𝑥 = 2400
−15𝑥 = −600
𝑥 = 40 𝑚3
Penny $0.01 Nickel $0.05 Dime $0.10

Quarter $0.25 Half Dollar $0.50

A wallet contains the same number of pennies, nickels, and
dimes. The coins total $1.44. How many of nickels does the
wallet contain?

a. 8 c. 7
b. 9 d. 6
A wallet contains the same number of pennies, nickels, and dimes. The coins total $1.44.
How many of nickels does the wallet contain?

Penny = 0.01 dollars ; Nickel = 0.05 dollars ; Dime = 0.10 dollars

Let 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛

0.01𝑥 + 0.05𝑥 + 0.10𝑥 = 1.44

0.16𝑥 = 1.44
1.44
𝑥=
0.16
𝑥 = 9 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 of each type

Since the wallet contains equal number of pennies, nickels and dimes,
There are 9 nickels inside
A collection of 33 coins, consisting of nickels, dimes, and
quarters, has a value of $3.30. If there are three times as
many nickels as quarters, and one-half as many dimes as
nickels, how many quarters are there?

a. 6 c. 4
b. 5 d. 3
 A collection of 33 coins, consisting of nickels, dimes, and quarters, has a value of $3.30. If
there are three times as many nickels as quarters, and one-half as many dimes as nickels,
how many quarters are there?
Let 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 If there are a collection of 33 coins,
𝑁 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑄 + 𝑁 + 𝐷 = 33
𝐷 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 3𝑄
𝑄 + 3𝑄 + = 33
There are three times as many nickels as quarters, 2
𝑁 = 3𝑄 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝑄 = 6 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

One-half as many dimes as nickels 𝑁 = 3𝑄 = 18 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑠

1 3 6
𝐷= 𝑁 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝐷= = 9 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
2
2
Substituting Eq. 1 to Eq. 2
Checking: 0.25 6 + 0.05 18 + 0.10 9 = $3.30 (𝑜𝑘!)
1 1
𝐷= 𝑁= 3𝑄
2 2

3𝑄
𝐷=
2
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

Algebra 2
The sum of two numbers is 21 and one number is
twice the other. Find the product of the numbers.

a. 100 c. 112
b. 98 d. 94
 The sum of two numbers is 21 and one number is twice the other. Find the
product of the numbers.
𝑦 = 2𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑦 = 2 7 = 14
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑥𝑦 = 7 14 = 98
One number is twice the other,
The product of the numbers is 98
𝑦 = 2𝑥
The sum of two numbers is 21,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 21
𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 21
3𝑥 = 21
𝑥=7
The sum of digits of a 3 digit number is 14. The
hundreds digit being 4 times the units digit. If 594 is
subtracted from the number, the order of the digits
will be reversed. Find the ten’s digit of the number.

a. 8 c. 6
b. 4 d. 2
 The sum of digits of a 3 digit number is 14. The hundreds digit being 4 times the units
digit. If 594 is subtracted from the number, the order of the digits will be reversed. Find
the ten’s digit of the number.
Let 𝑥 = ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 If 594 is subtracted from the number, the order of the digits will
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 be reversed,
𝑧 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 100𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 𝑧 − 594 = 100𝑧 + 10𝑦 + 𝑥
99𝑥 − 99𝑧 = 594 𝐸𝑞. 3
The sum of digits is 14,
Substituting Eq.2 to Eq. 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14 𝐸𝑞. 1
99 4𝑧 − 99𝑧 = 594

The hundreds digit being 4 times the units digit,

𝑧=2

𝑥 = 4𝑧 𝐸𝑞. 2 𝑥 = 4𝑧 = 4 2 = 8
8 + 𝑦 + 2 = 14
𝑦=4
 SUB-TOPIC 3
Advanced Algebra
• To solve problems in progression such as
arithmetic, geometric, infinite series,
harmonic and other related problems.
• To identify determinants of matrix
• To solve problems involving complex
numbers
• To identify counting techniques such as
permutation and combination
NUMBER PROGRESSIONS

Algebra 2
• A sequence of numbers in which the difference of any
two adjacent terms is constant.
• nth term:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅
• Sum of terms:
𝒏 𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 = (𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅)
𝟐 𝟐
The sum of all even numbers from 0 to 420 is:

a. 43410 c. 44310
b. 44300 d. 44130
 The sum of all even numbers from 0 to 420 is:
This type of problem is an arithmetic progression
since there is a constant difference for even
numbers.
211
𝑎1 = 0 , 𝑎𝑛 = 420 , 𝑑 = 2 𝑆𝑛 = 0 + 420
2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑆𝑛 = 105.5 420
2 1
First, solve for n using the equation 𝑆𝑛 = 44310
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
420 = 0 + 𝑛 − 1 2
210 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 = 211
Find the 30th term of the sequence:
4, 7, 10, …

a. 88 c. 75
b. 91 d. 95
 Find the 30th term of the sequence:
4, 7, 10, …

This type of problem is an arithmetic progression since there is a constant difference of 3.

𝑎1 = 4 , 𝑑 = 3 , 𝑛 = 30

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = 4 + 30 − 1 3
𝑎𝑛 = 4 + 29 3
𝑎𝑛 = 4 + 87
𝑎𝑛 = 91
• A sequence of numbers in which the ratio of any two
adjacent terms is constant.
• nth term:
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
• Sum of terms:
𝒂𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏 )
(𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆)
𝑺𝒏 = 𝟏−𝒓
𝒂𝟏
(𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆)
𝟏−𝒓
The 3rd term of a geometric progression is 3 and the
6th term is 64/9. What is the 5th term?

a. 27/16 c. 16/3
b. 4/3 d. 9/2
 The 3rd term of a geometric progression is 3 and the 6th term is 64/9. What
is the 5th term?
64 Dividing Eq. 2 by Eq. 1,
𝑎3 = 3 , 𝑎6 =
9
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 64 5
9 = 𝑎1 𝑟 → 64 = 𝑟 3 → 3 64
=
3
𝑟3 →𝑟=
4
For the 3rd term, 3 𝑎1 𝑟 2 27 27 3
3 = 𝑎1 𝑟 3−1
Substitute r to Eq. 1,
3 = 𝑎1 𝑟 2 𝐸𝑞. 1
For the 6th term, 2
4 27
3 = 𝑎1 → 𝑎1 =
64 3 16
= 𝑎1 𝑟 6−1
9 Solve for the 5th term,
64
= 𝑎1 𝑟 5 𝐸𝑞. 2 27 4 5−1
16
9
𝑎5 = 𝑎1 𝑟 5−1 → 𝑎5 = =
16 3 3
If the 3rd term of a GP is 28 and the 5th term is
112, find the sum of the first 10 terms.

a. 7781 c. 7321
b. 7161 d. 7323
 If the 3rd term of a GP is 28 and the 5th term is 112, find the sum of the first 10 terms.
𝑎3 = 28 , 𝑎6 = 112 Substitute r to Eq. 1,
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 28 = 𝑎1 2 2
→ 𝑎1 = 7
For the 3rd term,
*If you use r = -2, the resulting first term would still be 7
3−1
28 = 𝑎1 𝑟
The sum of the first 10 terms,
2
28 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝐸𝑞. 1
For the 5th term, 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
112 = 𝑎1 𝑟 5−1
1−𝑟

112 = 𝑎1 𝑟 4 𝐸𝑞. 2 7(1 − 210 )

𝑆10 =
Dividing Eq. 2 by Eq. 1, 1−2
𝑆10 = 7161
112 𝑎1 𝑟4 2 →
= → 4 = 𝑟 4= 𝑟2 *If you use r = -2, the resulting answer would be different, but the
28 𝑎1 𝑟 2
choices only show the answers considering r = +2
𝑟 = ±2
• Sequence of numbers are in H.P. if their reciprocals
form A.P.

σ𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊
Arithmetic Mean: 𝑨𝑴 =
𝒏

𝒏
Geometric Mean: 𝑮𝑴 = ς𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒙𝒊

𝑮𝑴𝟐
Harmonic Mean: 𝑯𝑴 =
𝑨𝑴
The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 7.5 and
their harmonic mean is 4.8. Find the geometric
mean.

a. 8 c. 7
b. 6 d. 9
The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 7.5 and their harmonic mean is 4.8. Find the
geometric mean.

𝐴𝑀 = 7.5 , 𝐻𝑀 = 4.8

𝐺𝑀2
𝐻𝑀 =
𝐴𝑀
𝐺𝑀2 = 𝐻𝑀 𝐴𝑀
𝐺𝑀2 = 4.8 7.5
𝐺𝑀2 = 36
𝐺𝑀 = 6
The geometric mean and harmonic mean of two
numbers are 6 and 72/13 respectively. What is the
sum of the two numbers?

a. 5 c. 13
b. 18 d. 9
 The geometric mean and harmonic mean of two numbers are 6 and 72/13 respectively.
What is the sum of the two numbers?
Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the two numbers
2a𝑏
Since there are two numbers, 𝐻𝑀 =
a+b
𝑛=2 2
𝐺𝑀 = 6 = 𝑎𝑏 → 62 = 𝑎𝑏 → 36 = 𝑎𝑏
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑎+𝑏
𝐴𝑀 = =
𝑛 2 36
𝑎=
𝑏

𝑛
𝑛
2𝑎𝑏 72 2(36) 36
𝐺𝑀 = ෑ 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎𝑏 𝐻𝑀 = → = → + 𝑏 = 13 → 𝑏=4
𝑖=1
𝑎+𝑏 13 36 + 𝑏 𝑏
𝑏

2
36
𝐺𝑀2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎= =9
𝐻𝑀 = = 4
𝐴𝑀 𝑎+𝑏
2 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 9 + 4 = 13
 DETERMINANTS

Algebra 2
• Determinant can be solved by diagonal multiplication for a
3x3 matrix

𝒅𝒆𝒕 𝑨 = 𝑨 = (𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔)

𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒔 = 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑 + 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
Identify the determinant of matrix:
6 1 1
𝐴 = 4 −2 5
2 8 7

a. -306 c. 306
b. -603 d. 603
Identify the determinant of matrix:
𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟓
𝟐 𝟖 𝟕

2 −2 1 + 8 5 6 + 7 4 1 = −4 + 240 + 28
= 264
6 1 1 6 1
4 −2 5 4 −2
2 8 7 2 8

6 −2 7 + 1 5 2 + 1 4 8 = −84 + 10 + 32
= −42

𝐴 = −42 − 264 = −306

 COMPLEX NUMBERS

Algebra 2
• Complex or imaginary number – noted as “i” – is used to
define squares of negative numbers

𝒊 = −𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝒊 = −𝟏 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊𝟐 𝒊 = −𝟏 𝒊 = −𝒊
Evaluate i100

a. -1 c. √-1
b. 0 d. 1
Evaluate i100

100 2 50
𝑖 = 𝑖
50
= −1
=1
Multiply (1 + 𝑖 2)(1 − 𝑖 2)

a. 1 c. √2
b. 3 d. -i
Multiply (𝟏 + 𝒊 𝟐)(𝟏 − 𝒊 𝟐)

(1 + 𝑖 2)(1 − 𝑖 2)
2
= 1 − 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 2 − 𝑖2 2
2
=1− −1 2
= 1 − −1 2
=1+2
=3
The value of x + y in the complex equation 3 + xi = y
+ 2i is:

a. 5 c. 2
b. 1 d. 3
The value of x + y in the complex equation 3 + xi = y + 2i is:

𝐼𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑
3 = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
𝑥+𝑦 =2+3
𝑥+𝑦 =5
COUNTING TECHNIQUES

Algebra 2
• Suppose that two events occur in order. If the first can
occur in m ways and the second in n ways (after the first),
then the two occur in m x n ways.
How many ways can ice cream be served if there are
3 cones and 4 flavors?

a. 7 c. 4
b. 3 d. 12
How many ways can ice cream be served if there are 3 cones and 4
flavors?
Let us say that the first step is to choose a cone, in this Manual Counting:
case there are 3 cones Let A, B, and C are the types of cones
𝑚=3 Let 1, 2, 3, and 4 are the flavors of ice cream
Then, the next step is to choose the flavor of the ice
cream, in this case there are 4 flavors Using cone A: A1, A2, A3, A4 = 4 ways
𝑛=3 Using cone B: B1, B2, B3, B4 = 4 ways
The total ways to serve 3 cones and 4 flavors of ice Using cone C: C1, C2, C3, C4 = 4 ways
cream is, _________
𝑥𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 𝑚 × 𝑛 12 ways
=3×4
𝑥𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 12
How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from 0 to 9
if it should be odd without repetition.

a. 320 c. 648
b. 720 d. 504
How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from 0 to 9 if it should be odd without
repetition.
Let 𝑥 = 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 The remaining digit is the tens place. Originally, there
are 10 digits but we already took two digits for units and
𝑦 = 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 hundreds, respectively. Thus, there are 8 digits
𝑧 = 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 remaining.
𝑦 = 8 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
There are a total of 10 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑧
=8×8×5
For the number to be odd, the units digit must be odd.
𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 320
Thus, the choices are: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
𝑧 = 5 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

After satisfying the condition of an odd number, we now

go to the hundreds digit. Originally, there are 10 digits
but zero cannot be at the start of the number and we
already took one digit for the units place. Thus, there
are 8 ways left for the hundreds place.
𝑥 = 8 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
• The order in which the objects come into the group is
important.
• AB is different from BA
𝒏!
Permutation of distinct objects: 𝒏𝑷𝒓 =
𝒏−𝒓 !

Permutation of objects of which

𝒏!
some are identical:
𝒏𝟏 !𝒏𝟐 !𝒏𝟑 !…

Circular Permutation: 𝒏−𝟏 !

In the long jump competition in Olympics, 10 athletes
participated. How many ways can the gold, silver,
and bronze medals be awarded?

a. 320 c. 120
b. 720 d. 520
In the long jump competition in Olympics, 10 athletes participated. How
many ways can the gold, silver, and bronze medals be awarded?
In permutation, the order is important. For example, 𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
athletes A, B, and C are the top 3 winners. 𝑛−𝑟 !
𝐴 = 𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 ; 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 ; 𝐶 = 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 10! 10! 10(9)(8)(7!)
10𝑃3 = = =
is different from 10 − 3 ! 7! 7!
𝐶 = 𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 ; 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 ; 𝐵 = 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 = 10 9 8
10𝑃3 = 720
Let 𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 10
𝑟 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑠 = 3
How many arrangements can be done for the
letters in the word STATISTICS?

a. 100,800 c. 302,400
b. 50,400 d. 604,800
How many arrangements can be done for the letters in the word STATISTICS?

The word STATISTICS has 10 letters Following the equation for permutation of objects of
𝑛 = 10 which some are identical:
However, there are only 5 distinct letters: S, T, A, I, C
𝑛!
Letter S appeared thrice 𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! …
𝑛1 = 3
10!
Letter T appeared thrice =
3! 3! 2!
𝑛2 = 3 = 50,400 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Letter I appeared twice
𝑛3 = 2
In how many ways can 8 persons be seated at
a round table?

a. 10,080 c. 5,040
b. 40,320 d. 2,520
In how many ways can 8 persons be seated at a round table?

Applying the rule for circular permutation:

𝑛−1 != 8−1 !
= 7!
= 5040
• The order in which the objects come into the group is
NOT important.
• AB is the same as BA
𝒏!
𝒏𝑪𝒓 =
𝒏 − 𝒓 ! 𝒓!
Six men (coded as A, B, C, D, E and F) are qualified
to run a machine that requires five operators as a
team. How many different teams can be formed?

a. 20 c. 720
b. 120 d. 6
Six men (coded as A, B, C, D, E and F) are qualified to run a machine that requires five
operators as a team. How many different teams can be formed?

In combination, the order is not important. For example, 𝑛!

𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
operators A, B, C, D, and E were chosen as a team 𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!
(𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸) 6! 6! 6(5!)
6𝐶5 = = =
is the same as 6 − 5 ! 5! 1! 5! 5!
(𝐸, 𝐷, 𝐶, 𝐵, 𝐴) 6𝐶5 = 6

Let 𝑛 = 𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 6

𝑟 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 5
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